Documenti di Didattica
Documenti di Professioni
Documenti di Cultura
5. Zoned dam with central vertical core, chimney filter and horizontal
blanket
6. Zoned dam with inclined core, chimney filter and horizontal blanket
TYPES OF ROCKFILL EMBANKMENT DAMS
1. Hydraulic failures
3. Structural failures
HYDRAULIC FAILURES
SEEPAGE FAILURES
STRUCTURAL FAILURES
RECOMMENDATIONS FOR SIZE OF AN EARTH DAM
Draw a line AB with A on dam axis and B on FRL so as to cover the maximum
reservoir water spread area within 450 on either side of line AB
Effective Fetch
X cos
Fe
cos
(2) Compute wind velocity on water
Read wind velocity on land from IS 875 for 50 year return period for the region
Fe αv
1 1.1
2 1.16
4 1.24
6 1.27
8 1.30
>10 1.31
(3) Compute wave height
0.47
gh w gFe
0. 0026 2
V2 V
and wave period T
0.25
gT gF
0.45 2e
V V
wave length
L 1.56T 2
hw (m); Fe (m); V (m/s); T (s); L(m)
V2 F
Wind set up S
62000D
A> 3m
For H 30 m
A 0.55 H1/2 0.2 H
For H 30 m
A 1.65H 1.5
1/3
Use SI unit
(C) Upstream and D/s Slopes (Terzaghi’s Side slopes)
Basic requirements for the design of an earth or rockfill dam is to ensure safety
against internal erosion, piping and excessive pore pressure in the dam.
The seepage of reservoir water through the body of the dam or at the
interfaces of the dam with the foundation or abutment creates two main
problems, apart from causing excessive water loss and thereby reducing
usable storage of reservoir:
2. Piping
SEEPAGE CONTROL AND DRAINAGE FEATURES - ADOPTED FOR
THE EMBANKMENT DAM
Impervious core
Inclined/vertical filter with horizontal filter
Network of inner longitudinal drain and cross drains
Horizontal filter
Transition zones/transition filters
Intermediate filters
Rock toe
Toe drain
Relief wells
Upstream Impervious Blanket
Section of homogenous dam showing seepage control features
Section of zoned dam showing seepage control features
Inclined/Vertical Filter
Inclined or vertical filter abutting downstream face of either impervious core or
downstream transition zone is provided to collect seepage emerging out of
core/transition zone and thereby keeping the downstream shell relatively dry.
Horizontal Filter
It collects the seepage from the inclined/vertical filter or from the body of the dam,
in the absence of inclined/vertical filter, and carries it to toe drain.
The horizontal filter may extend from 25 to 100% of the distance from d/s toe to
the centre line of the dam.
The filter material used for drainage system shall satisfy the following criteria:
These filter layers should not be connected with inclined or vertical filters. A
minimum space of 2.0 m or more, should be kept between the face of
inclined/vertical filter and downstream intermediate filter
Horizontal intermediate filters
Rock Toe
The principal function of the rock toe is to provide drainage. It also protects the
lower part of the downstream slope of an earth dam from tail water erosion.
The top level of the rock toe/pitching should be kept above the maximum tail
water level (TWL). In the reach where the ground level at the dam toe is above
the maximum tail water level, only conventional pitching should be adopted.
The top of such pitching should be kept 1.0 m above the top of horizontal filter,
or stripped level, whichever is higher.
Details of rock toe/pitching protection and toe drains are illustrated for various
combination of Tail Water Level (TWL) and stripped Ground Level (SGL).
Height of rock toe is generally 30 to 40% of the reservoir head and gradation
of material should satisfy the filter criteria.
TWL
Toe Drain
Toe drain is provided at the downstream toe of the earth/rockfill dam to collect
seepage from the horizontal filter or inner cross drains, through the foundation as
well as the rain water falling on the face of the dam.
The positive cutoff trench consists of an impervious fill placed in a trench formed
by open excavation into an impervious stratum. Grouting of the contact zone of
the fill and the underlying strata constitutes an integral part of the positive cut-off.
Concrete Diaphragm
Complete Partial
Grout Curtain
• Grouted cutoffs are produced by injection, within the zone assigned to the
cutoff, of the voids of the sediments with cement, clay, chemicals, or a
combination of these materials.
• Reduce permeability
Used in silty, sandy and fine gravel foundation, difficult to drive pile in boulders
UPSTREAM IMPERVIOUS BLANKET
With blanket
H
pQ k f Zf
L xd
1 p
L xd
p
(B) Blanket for finite permeability (Bennet’s solution)
x
dq f dq fo d x h
kb dx
dx dx dx 0 Z b
dq fo
As 0
dx
dq f h
kb
dx Zb
dh
for the foundation q f k f Zf
dx
dq f d 2h h
k f Z f 2 kb
dx dx Zb
d 2h kb h kb
2
a 2h where a 2
dx k f Z f Zb k f Z f Zb
d 2h Bennet’s basic differential equation for a blanket of
2
a 2
h
dx finite permeability and constant thickness
Without blanket
H
Q kf Zf
xd
With blanket
H
pQ k f Zf
xd xr
xd
p
xd xr
Finite length of blanket
h h n eax e-ax h n constant
ah n eax e-ax
dh
dx
as
dh h
dx x r
e2ax
1
a e 1
xr 2ax
Without blanket
H
Q kf Zf
xd
With blanket
H xd
pQ k f Zf p
xd xr xd xr
e2ax
1
a e 1
xr 2ax
for finite length
1
as x xr same as infinite length
a
e 2ax
1
Thus for finite length, effective length x r reduces by factor
e 2ax
1
This factor increase with increase of x, but rate of increase becomes
very slow after x 2 a , therefore for design optimum value of x 2 a
1.2
Z f 20m 0.8
factor
Z b 1.5m 0.6
k f 5 10 3 cm/s
0.4
0.2
5
k b 10 cm/s
0
a 0.008 0 50 100 150 200 250 300
optimum x 176 m x
DESIGN OF FILTER S (IS Code 9429-1999)
The filter material used for drainage system shall satisfy the following criteria:
Note: Wherever the base soil in categories 1, 2 and 3 contains particles larger than 4.75
mm, the percentage of particles passing 4.75 mm shall be adjusted to 100 percent.
(a) Minimum D15 (f)
≥ 0.2mm
< 0.5 20
0.5-1.0 25
1.0-2.0 30
2.0-5.0 40
5.0-10 50
10-50 60
DESIGN OF FILTER
IS Code 9429-1980
(iv) Gradation curve of filter should be nearly parallel to the gradation curve of
base material
G = Gravel; W = well graded; P = Poorly graded; C = clay; S = Sand
Upstream protection is required against the wave action. The dumped rock
riprap Is preferred type of protection.
Design of the dumped stone riprap is related to the criteria for the selection of
rock size and thickness of the rip rap layer directly to the design wave height.
(a) For embankment slopes 2:1 to 4:1 dumped riprap shall meet the following
criteria:
(b) Riprap shall be well graded from a maximum size at least 1.5 times the
average rock size to 2.5 cm spalls suitable to fill voids.
(c) Rip rap blanket shall extend to at least 2.4 m below the lowest low water.
(d) Filter shall be provided between the riprap and embankment to meet the
following criteria:
Thickness of riprap layer should be at least 1.5 times the size of the average
(D50) rock of weight W50.
SOIL-CEMENT SLOPE PROTECTION
• The most efficient construction 100 % of the soil should pass the 50 mm
sieve, at least 55% should pass the 4.75 mm sieve and between 5 and 35 %
should pass the 75 micron sieve.
Turfing is provided.