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ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
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ABSTRACT
It is desired to get rid of the spaghetti of wires connecting the various devices used daily
and so Bluetooth technology provides a low cost, low power and low complexity solution
for ad-hoc wireless connectivity. Bluetooth is a short range wireless technology that
forms the basis of communication platform which needs to be flexible, self organizing,
highly scalable and energy efficient.
The Bluetooth technology is capable of connecting a wide variety of devices like
Personal Digital Assistants (PDA), mobile and cordless phones, headsets, desktops and
notebook PCs, digital cameras, home appliances etc. The applications include eliminating
cables/wires between devices like PCs, printers, modems, projectors, self synchronization
between PDAs and PCs, wirelessly connecting to local area networks (LANs) through
access points and internet through mobile phones, providing home networking solutions
etc.
In this paper, the author presents an overview of Bluetooth technology and its
applications. The Bluetooth system is introduced and its various modes of operation are
also discussed. A description of functionalities of Bluetooth layers and the protocol
specifications is presented. The various links for communication among Bluetooth
devices are also illustrated. The author has made an attempt to enlighten various
important issues related to error correction, security and personalization of Bluetooth
devices. The literature is enriched by discussion of other wireless technology, WiFi
working together with Bluetooth. Thus the paper will provide helpful evaluation of
Bluetooth technology, for the budding engineers.
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CHAPTER 1
INTRODUCTION
Definition of Bluetooth .
Why Bluetooth ?
How need arise of Bluetooth?
History.
What is SIG ?
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What is Bluetooth?
What is it - a technology, a standard, an initiative, or a product?
Bluetooth wireless technology is a de facto standard, as well as a specification for small
form factor, low-cost, short range radio links between mobile PCs, mobile phones and
other portable devices. The Bluetooth Special Interest Group is an industry group
consisting of leaders in the telecommunications, computing, and networking industries
that are driving development of the technology and bringing it to market.
Bluetooth wireless technology fills this important communication need, with its ability to communicate
both voice and data wirelessly, using a standard low-power, low-cost technology which can be integrated in all
devices to enable total mobility. The price will be low and result in mass production. The more units around, the
more benefits for the customer.
Why Bluetooth ?
What will Bluetooth wireless technology deliver to end users?
It will enable users to connect a wide range of computing and
telecommunications devices easily and simply, without the need to buy, carry, or connect
cables. It delivers opportunities for rapid ad hoc connections, and the possibility of
automatic, unconscious, connections between devices. It will virtually eliminate the need
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to purchase additional or proprietary cabling to connect individual devices. Because
Bluetooth wireless technology can be used for a variety of purposes, it will also
potentially replace multiple cable connections via a single radio link. It creates the
possibility of using mobile data in a different way, for different applications such as
"Surfing on the sofa", "The instant postcard", "Three in one phone" and many others. It
will allow them to think about what they are working on, rather than how to make their
technology work. The solution eliminates the annoying cable and its limitations
regarding flexibility (often specific for a brand or pair of devices) and range. But,
Bluetooth implies more than that. The technique provides the means for connecting
several units to each other such as setting up small radio LANs between any types of
Bluetooth devices. A number of user scenarios are described. They highlight more
possibilities that reach far beyond just an elimination of the point-to-point cable.
History
By the way if, you're wondering where the Bluetooth name originally came from ,
it is named after a Danish Viking and King of Denmark between 940 and 981 AD, Harald
Blåtand (Bluetooth in English), who lived in the latter part of the 10TH century. Harald
Blåtand united and controlled Denmark and Norway (hence the inspiration on the name :
uniting devices through Bluetooth
The idea that resulted in the Bluetooth wireless technology was born in 1994 when Ericsson Mobile
Communications decided to investigate the feasibility of a low-power, low-cost radio interface between mobile
phones and their accessories. The idea was that a small radio built into both the cellular telephone and the laptop
would replace the cumbersome cable used today to connect the two devices.
A year later the engineering work began and the true potential of the technology began to crystallize.
But beyond unleashing devices by replacing cables, the radio technology showed possibilities to become a
universal bridge to existing data networks, a peripheral interface, and a mechanism to form small private ad hoc
groupings of connected devices away from fixed network infrastructures.
The requirements regarding price, capacity and size were set so that the new
technique would have the potential to outdo all cable solutions between mobile devices.
Initially a suitable radio interface with a corresponding frequency range had to be
specified. A number of criteria for the concept were defined regarding size, capacity and
global uniformity. The radio unit should be so small and consume such low power that it
could be fitted into portable devices with their limitations. The concept had to handle
both speech and data and finally the technique had to work all around the world. The
study soon showed that a short-range radio link solution was feasible.
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competing companies join the project. Ericsson Mobile Communications, Intel, IBM,
Toshiba and Nokia Mobile Phones formed a Special Interest Group (SIG) in 1998.
What is SIG?
In February 1998 the Special Interest Group (SIG) was formed. Today the Bluetooth SIG includes
promoter companies 3Com, Ericsson, IBM, Intel, Lucent, Microsoft, Motorola, Nokia and Toshiba, and thousands
By signing a zero cost agreement, companies can join
of Adopter/Associate member companies.
the SIG and qualify for a royalty-free license to build products based on the Bluetooth
technology.
This group represented the diverse market support that was needed to generate
good support for the new Bluetooth technology. In May of the same year, the Bluetooth
consortium announced itself globally. The assignment of the SIG originally was to monitor the
technical development of short-range radio and to create an open global standard, thus preventing the
technology from becoming the property of a single company. This work resulted in the release of the first
Bluetooth Specification in July 1999.
The intention of the Bluetooth SIG is to form a de facto standard for the air
interface and the software that controls it. The further development of the Specification still is one of
the main tasks for the SIG, other important ones being interoperability requirements, frequency band
The Bluetooth wireless technology was developed
harmonization and promotion of the technology.
by the Bluetooth Special Interest Group, to define an industry-wide specification for
connecting personal and business mobile devices. More than 1,4000 companies are now
members of the Special Interest Group, signifying the industry’s unprecedented
acceptance of the Bluetooth wireless technology.
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CHAPTER 2.
Technology overview.
Network architecture.
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TECHNOLOGY OVERVIEW:
Printers, PDA’S, desktops, fax machines, keyboard, joysticks and virtually any
other device can be part of the Bluetooth system. But beyond untethering devices by
replacing the cables, Bluetooth radio technology provides a universal bridge to existing
data networks, a peripheral interface, and a mechanism to form small private ad hoc
grouping of connected devices away from fixed network infrastructures. Designed to
operate in noisy radio frequency environment, the Bluetooth radio uses a fast
acknowledgement and frequency hopping scheme to make the link robust. The Bluetooth
radio modules avoid interference from other signals by hopping to a new frequency after
transmitting or receiving a packet. Compared with other systems operating in the same
frequency band, the Bluetooth radio typically hops faster and uses shorter packets. This
makes the Bluetooth radio robust than the other system. Short packages and fast hopping
also limit the impact of random noise and long distance links. The encoding is optimized
for uncoordinated environment. Bluetooth radios operate in the unlicensed ISM band at
2.4GHz. a frequency hop transceiver is applied to combat interference and fading. A
shaped binary FM modulation is applied to minimize transceiver complexity. The gross
data rate is 1mbps. A Time Division Duplex scheme is used for full duplex transmission.
The Bluetooth base band protocol is a combination of circuit and packet switching. Slots
can be reserved for synchronous packet. Each packet is transmitted in a different hop
frequency. A packet nominally covers a single slot, but can be extended to cover up to 5
slots. Bluetooth can support an asynchronous data channel, up to 3 simultaneous
synchronous voice channels, or a channel that simultaneously supports asynchronous
data synchronous voice. Each voice channel supports 64 kbps synchronous (voice) link.
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INTRODUCTION :
The Bluetooth technology answers the need for short range wireless connectivity
within three areas :
The Bluetooth technology facilitates real time voice and data transmission. The
technology makes it possible to connect any portable and stationary communication
device as easily as switching on the light. You can, for instance, surf the Internet & send
e-mail on your potable PC or notebook regardless of whether you are wirelessly
connected through a mobile phone or through a wire bound connection (PSTN,
ISDN,LSN,XDLS).
Voice channel use the Continuous Variable Slope Delta Modulation (CVSD)
coding scheme, and never retransmit voice packets. The CVSD was chosen for its
robustness in handling dropped and damaged samples. Rising interference levels are
experienced as increased background noise; even at bit error rate up to 4% the CVSD
coded voice is quite audible.
CABLE REPLACEMENT:
The Bluetooth technology eliminates the use for numerous often proprietary cable
attachments for connection of practically any kind of device. Connections are instant and
they are maintained even when devices are not within line of sight. The range of each
radio is approximately 10 meters but it can be extended around 100 meters with an
optional amplifier.
AD-HOC NETWORKING:
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A device equipped with Bluetooth radio establishes instant connection to another
Bluetooth radio as soon as it comes into range. Since Bluetooth technology supports both
point to point and point to multi point connection, several piconets can be established and
linked together ad hoc. The Bluetooth technology is best described as multiple piconet
structure.
NETWORK ARCHITECTURE:
Bluetooth units that come within range of each other can set up ad hoc point-to-point and/or point-to-
multipoint connections. Units can dynamically be added or disconnected to the network. Two or more
Bluetooth units that share a channel form a piconet.
Several piconets can be established and linked together in ad hoc scatternets to allow communication
and data exchange in flexible configurations. If several other piconets are within range they each work
independently and each have access to full bandwidth. Each piconet is established by a different frequency-
hopping channel. All users participating on the same piconet are synchronized to this channel.
Unlike infrared devices, Bluetooth units are not limited to line-of-sight communication. To
regulate traffic on the channel, one of the participating units becomes a master of the piconet, while all other
units become slaves. With the current Bluetooth Specification up to seven slaves can actively communicate with
one master. However, there can be almost an unlimited number of units virtually attached to a master being able
to start communication instantly.
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CHAPTER 3
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THE BLUETOOTH PROTOCOL STACK
&
IT’S NETWORK ARCHITECTURE
V C a r d / VW CA aE l
O B E X W A P
A T -
C o m m aT n Cd S SB D I NP
U D P T C P
I P
P P P
R F C O M M A u d i o
L 2 C A P
H o s t C o n t r o l l e r I n t e r f a c e
L M P
B a s e b a n d
B l u e t o o t h r a d i o
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Figure 1 The Bluetooth Protocol Stack
Abbreviations Used
OBEX OBject Exchange Protocol
WAP Web Application Protocol
UDP User Datagram Protocol
IP Internet Protocol
PPP Point to Point Protocol
RFCO Serial Cable emulation protocol based on ETSI TS
MM
HCI 07.10
Host Controller Interface
LLCAP Logical Link Control and Adaptation Protocol
SDP Service Discovery Protocol
TCP Telephony Control Protocol
LMP Link Manager Protocol
This section describes the Bluetooth architecture. The complete protocol stack
comprises, as seen in Figure 1, of both Bluetooth specific protocols and non-Bluetooth
specific protocols. In the figure, non-Bluetooth specific protocols are shaded.
Baseband
The Baseband and Link Control layer enables the physical RF link between
Bluetooth units forming a piconet. This layer controls the Bluetooth unit's
synchronization and transmission frequency hopping sequence. The two different link
types defined in Bluetooth, Synchronous Connection Oriented, SCO, and Asynchronous
Connectionless, ACL, described in the section Link types, are also managed by this layer.
The ACL links, for data, and the SCO links, mainly for audio, can be multiplexed
to use the same RF link [17].
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Audio
The Host Controller Interface, HCI, provides a uniform interface method for
accessing the Bluetooth hardware capabilities. It contains a command interface to the
Baseband controller and link manager and access to hardware status. Finally, it contains
control and event registers [8].
The Link Manager Protocol, LMP, is responsible for link set-up between
Bluetooth units. It handles the control and negotiation of packet sizes used when
transmitting data. The Link Manager Protocol also handles management of power modes,
power consumption, and state of a Bluetooth unit in a piconet. Finally, this layer handles
generation, exchange and control of link and encryption keys for authentication and
encryption [9].
The Bluetooth logical link control and adaptation protocol, L2CAP, is situated
over the Baseband layer and beside the Link Manager Protocol in the Bluetooth protocol
stack. The L2CAP layer provides connection-oriented and connectionless data services to
upper layers.
The four main tasks for L2CAP are:
• Multiplexing – L2CAP must support protocol multiplexing since a number of
protocols (e.g. SDP, RFCOMM and TCS Binary) can operate over L2CAP.
• Segmentation and Reassembly – Data packets exceeding the Maximum
Transmission Unit, MTU, must be segmented before being transmitted.
This and the reverse functionality, reassemble, is performed by L2CAP.
• Quality of Service – The establishment of an L2CAP connection allows the
exchange of information regarding current Quality of Service for the
connection between the two Bluetooth units.
• Groups – The L2CAP specification supports a group abstraction that permits
implementations for mapping groups on to a piconet.
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• An L2CAP implementation must be uncomplicated and implying low overhead
since it must be compatible with the limited computational resources in a small
Bluetooth unit [10].
RFCOMM
The RFCOMM protocol is a serial port emulation protocol. The protocol covers
applications that make use of the serial ports of the unit. RFCOMM emulates RS-232
control and data signals over the Bluetooth baseband. It provides transport capabilities
for upper level services, e.g. OBEX that use a serial line as the transport mechanism.
The Telephony Control protocol – Binary, TCS Binary or TCS BIN, is a bit-
oriented protocol, which defines the call control signalling for the establishment of
speech and data calls between Bluetooth units. The protocol defines the signalling for
establishment and release of calls between Bluetooth units. As well as signalling to ease
the handling of groups of Bluetooth units. Furthermore, TCS Binary provides
functionality to exchange signalling information unrelated to ongoing calls.
Establishment of a voice or data call in a point-to-point configuration as well as in a
point-to-multipoint configuration is covered in this protocol (note, after establishment,
the transmission is from point to point). The TCS Binary is based on the ITU-T
Recommendation.
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Telephony Control – AT Commands
Adopted protocols
This section describes a number of protocols that are defined to be adopted to the
Bluetooth protocol stack. Note some of these adaptations are at the moment incomplete.
PPP
TCP/UDP/IP
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also defines a folder-listing object, which is used to browse the contents of folders on
remote device. RFCOMM is used as the main transport layer for OBEX.
Content formats
The formats for transmitting vCard and vCalendar information are also defined in
the Bluetooth specification. The formats do not define transport mechanisms but the
format in which electronic business cards and personal calendar entries and scheduling
information are transported. vCard and vCalendar is transferred by OBEX.
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stack. It defines options in each protocol that are mandatory for the profile. It also defines
parameter ranges for each protocol. The profile concept is used to decrease the risk of
interoperability problems between different manufacturers' products.
v C A R D
O B E X
R F C O M M S D P T C S B i n a r y
L 2 C A P
L M P
B a s e B a n d
Figure 2: The Object Push Profile
There are four general profiles defined, on which some of the highest prioritized
user models and their profiles are directly based on. These four models are; the Generic
Access Profile (GAP), the Serial Port Profile, the Service Discovery Application Profile
(SDAP) and the Generic Object Exchange Profile (GOEP). Protocols such as OBEX and
UDP have been included in the protocol architecture to facilitate the adaptation of
applications using such existing protocols. This gives for instance a number of existing
applications supporting UDP an interface to the Bluetooth technology.
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CHAPTER 4.
Software architecture.
Hardware architecture.
Link types.
Authentication, Privacy & Security.
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DIVISION AS FUNCTIONAL UNITS
• A radio unit
• A link control unit
• Link management
• Software function
NETWORK TOPOLOGY:
As already mentioned, the Bluetooth system support both point to point and point
to multi point connections. In this, each piconet is identified by a different hopping
signal. All users participating on the same piconet are synchronized to this hopping
sequence.
The full duplex data rate within a multiple piconet structure with 10 fully loaded,
independent piconets is more than 6 mbps. This is due to a data throughput reduction rate
of less then 10% according to system simulation based on 0 dbm transmitting power (at
the antenna).
RADIO UNIT:
The Bluetooth air interface is based on a nominal antenna at 0 dBm. The air
interface compiles with the FCC rules for the ISM band at power levels up to 0 dBm.
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Spectrum spreading has been added to facilitate optional operation at power levels up to
100 mw worldwide. Spectrum spreading is accomplished by frequency hopping in 79
hops displaced by 1 MHz, starting at 2.402 MHz and stopping at 2.480GHz. Due to local
conditions the bandwidth has been reduced in Spain, France and Japan.
BASEBAND:
The baseband describes the digital signal processing hardware-the Bluetooth link
controller, which carries out the baseband protocols and other low level link routines.
Before establishing any network connections in a piconet structure, all devices are in the
stand-by mode. In this mode an unconnected unit periodically ‘listens’ for messages
every 1.28 seconds. Each time a device wakes up, it listens on a set of 32 hop frequencies
defined for that unit. The number of frequencies varies in different geographical regions ;
32 is a number for most countries ( except Spain, France and Japan).
The connection procedures are initiated by any of the devices which then become
master. A connection is made by a page message if the address is already known, or by
an enquiry message followed by a subsequent page message if the address is already
known. The master unit is the device in the piconet structure whose clock and hopping
frequencies are used to synchronize all other units in the piconet. The devices other than
master are called the slave units. In the initial page state, the master unit will send a train
of 16 identical page messages on 16 different hop frequencies defined for the device to
be paged(slave unit ). If no response, the master transmits a train on the remaining 16 hop
frequencies in the wake up sequence. The maximum sequence before the master reaches
the slave is twice the wake up period (2.56 sec.), while the average delay is the wake up
period (0.64 sec.). The enquiry typically used for finding Bluetooth devices, including
public printers, fax machines and similar devices with an unknown messages, but may
require 1 additional train period to collect all the responses. A power saving mode can be
used for connected units in a piconet if no data need to be transmitted. This power saving
mode is the sniff and hold mode in which the device activity is lower. The master unit
can put the slave units into the hold mode, Data transfer restarts instantly when units
transits out of the hold mode. The hold is used when connecting several piconet or
managing a low power device such as temperature sensor. Two more low power modes
are available, the sniff and the park mode. In the sniff mode, the slave devices listens to
the piconet reduced rate thus reducing its duty cycle. The sniff interval is programmable
and depends on the application. In the park mode a device is still synchronized to the
piconet but dose not participate in the traffic. Such a device is the parked device and does
not have a MAC address. The MAC address is a three bit address to distinguish the units
participating in the piconet structure. Parked device have given up their MAC addresses
and occasionally listen to the traffic of the master to resynchronize and check on
broadcast messages. If we list modes in increasing order of power efficiency, the sniff
mode has the higher duty cycled followed by the hold mode with a lower duty cycle .
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LINK MANAGEMENT:
The link manager software entity carries out link set up, authentication, link
configuration and other protocols. The Link Manager discovers other remote Link
Managers and communication with them via the Link Manager protocol. To perform its
service provider role, the Link Manager uses the service of the under lying controller.
Services provided are :
SOFTWARE FRAMEWORK:
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compliance, audio capability and device discovery protocols. More functionality would
be expected from cellular phones, handheld and notebook computer. To obtain this
functionality, the Bluetooth software framework will reuse existing specifications such as
OBEX, Vcard/Vcalender, Human Interface Device and TCP/IP rather than inventing yet
another set of new specifications. Device compliance will require conformation to both,
the Bluetooth specification and existing protocols. The software framework is
contemplating the following functions:
The link defines “what” of packets can be used on a particular link. The
Bluetooth baseband technology supports two link types:
Different master slave pairs of the same piconet structure can use different link
types and the link type may change arbitrarily during a session. Each link “supports up to
16 different packet types. Four of these are control packets and are common for both
SCO and ACL links. Both link types use a Time Division Duplex (TDD) scheme for full
duplex transmission.
The SCO link is symmetric and typically supports time bound voice traffic. SCO
packets are transmitted over reserved intervals. Once the connection is established, both
master and slave units may send SCO packets without being polled. One SCO packet
type allows both voice and data transmission ; with only the data portion being
retransmitted when corrupted.
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The ACL link is packet oriented and supports both, symmetric and asymmetric
traffic. The master unit controls the link bandwidth and decides how much piconet
bandwidth is given to each slave, and the symmetry of the traffic. Slaves must be polled
before they can transmit data. The ACL link also supports broadcast messages from the
master to all slaves in the piconet.
In order to make different hardware implementations compatible, Bluetooth devices use the HCI as a
common interface between the Bluetooth host (e.g. a portable PC) and the Bluetooth core.
Higher-level protocols like the SDP, RFCOMM (emulating a serial port connection) and the TCP are
interfaced to baseband services via the LLCAP. Among the issues LLCAP takes care of, is segmentation and
reassemble to allow larger data packets to be carried over a Bluetooth baseband connection. The service
discovery protocol allows applications to find out about available services and their characteristics when e.g.
devices are moved or switched off.
HARDWARE ARCHITECTURE :
The Bluetooth hardware consists of an analog radio part and a digital part - the Host Controller. The
Host Controller has a hardware digital signal processing part called the Link Controller (LC), a CPU core and
interfaces to the host environment
.
The Link Controller consists of hardware that performs baseband processing and physical layer
protocols such as ARQ (Automatic Repeat reQuest) protocol and FEC (Forward Error Correction) coding. The
function of the Link Controller includes Asynchronous transfers, Synchronous transfers, Audio coding and
Encryption.
The CPU core allows the Bluetooth module to handle Inquiries and filter Page requests without involving
the host device. The Host Controller can be programmed to answer certain Page messages and authenticate
remote links.
The Link Manager (LM) software runs on the CPU core. The LM discovers other LMs and communicates with them
via the Link Manager Protocol (LMP) to perform its service provider role and to use the services of the underlying
Link Controller.
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ERROR CORRECTION:
There are three error correction schemes defined by the Bluetooth baseband
controllers.
• 1/3 rate Forward Error Correction code (FEC)
• 2/3 rate Forward Error Correction code
• automatic repeat request (ARQ) scheme for data
The purpose of the FEC on the data payload is to reduce the number of
retransmission. However, in a reasonably error free environment, FEC creates
unnecessary overhead that reduces the throughput. Therefore, the packet definitions have
been kept flexible as to whether or not to use the FEC in the payload. The packet header
is always protected by a 1/3 rate FEC; it contains valuable link information and should
survive bit errors.
An unnumbered ARQ scheme is applied in which the data transmitted in one slot
is directly acknowledged by the recipient in the next slot. For a data transmission to be
acknowledged, both the header error check and the cyclic redundancy check must be
maintained otherwise a negative acknowledge is returned.
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encouraged to use stronger security mechanisms available in network transport protocols
and application programs.
Bluetooth security
Service-level security
Link-level security
The Link-level security mode is based on the concept of link keys. These keys are
secret 128 bit random numbers stored individually for each pair of devices in a Bluetooth
connection. Each time two Bluetooth units communicate, the link key is used for
authentication and encryption.
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CHAPTER 5.
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The Frequency Hopping Technique
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The channel using the white packet. starts the illustrated sequence with a multi-slot
packet covering three slots. Note that the hopping channel after the multi-slot packet is
the same (compare with Figure 4) as if there had not been a multi-slot packet.
Bluetooth networking
H o p s e l e c t i o n
H o p
s l a v e P h a s e
c l o c k
S e q u e n c e
O f f s e t
M a s t e r i d e n t i t y
When Bluetooth units are communicating, one unit is master and the rest of the
units act as slaves. The master unit's system clock and the master identity are the central
parts in the frequency hop technology. The hop channel is determined by the hop
sequence and by the phase in this sequence. The identity of the master determines the
sequence and the master unit's system clock determines the phase. In the slave unit, an
offset may be added to its system clock to create a copy of the master's clock. In this way
every unit in the Bluetooth connection holds synchronized clocks and the master identity,
that uniquely identifies the connection. Hops synchronized with the master can therefore
be achieved as described in Figure 6. 79 hop carriers have been defined for the Bluetooth
Technology except for France and Spain where 23 hop carriers have been
defined, because the ISM-band is narrower there. Slave
The Bluetooth packets have a fixed format. A 72-bit access code comes first in
the packet. The access code is based on the master's identity and the master's system
clock, i.e. it provides the means for the synchronization. This code is unique for the
channel and used by all packets transmitting on a specific channel. A 54-bit header
follows the access code. This header contains error correction, retransmission and flow
control information. The error correction information can. be used for correcting faults in
the payload and in the header itself. Finally
Comes he payload field with anything between zero and 2,745 bits, i.e. up to 340 bytes.
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f n + 2
f n + 1 A c c e s sP a c k e t P a y l o a d
c o d e h e a d e r
fn
7 2 B i t5 s 4 b i t s) - 2 7 4 5 b i t s
6 2 m5 s
Radio parameters
Bluetooth units operate on the ISM band, at 2.45 GHz. The transmitting power is
between 1 and 100 mW. The radio-frequency transmitters are very small. Ericsson's 1
mW Bluetooth radio module is only 10.2x14x1.6 mm. The low power consumption
implies that a Bluetooth unit can operate on the power from a small battery for a long
time (months). These hardware characteristics make it possible to fit a Bluetooth unit in
many electrical devices. The maximum Bluetooth range is 10 m, with a possibility to
extend it to 100 m. The maximum bit rate is 1 Mbit/s. Maximum effective payload is
lower because the different protocol layers require data payload for signalling to their
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Any two Bluetooth devices that come within range of each other can set up a so-called ad
hoc connection. When such a connection is established a piconet is formed. There is
always a master unit in a piconet and the rest of the units act as slaves. Up to eight active
units can form a piconet, which is defined by the channel these units share. The number
of devices in a piconet is actually unlimited even though you can have only eight active
devices at any given moment. There is no difference in hardware or software between a
master and a slave, hence any unit can be master. The unit that establishes the piconet
becomes the master unit.
The roles in a piconet can change but there can never be more than one master.
The master unit controls all traffic in the piconet. It allocates capacity for SCO links and
handles a polling scheme for ACL links. Slave units may only send in the slave-to-master
slot after being addressed in the preceding master-to-slave slot. If the master does not
have any information to send in the master-to-slave slot, a packet with access code and
header only is sent. That is, every slave unit is addressed in a specific order, and polling
scheme, and may only send upon being addressed. In this way, packet collisions between
sending slave units are eliminated.
The wake-up sequence is transmitted by the master over the 32 (or 16 for Spain
and France, below is the 32 hop carrier system described) wake up carriers. Initially, the
16 first hop carriers are used, if there is no response, the rest of the carriers are used. The
slave's system clock determines the phase in the wake-up sequence. The slave listens for
18 slots on the wake-up carrier and compares the incoming signal with the access code
derived from its own identity. If there is a match, the unit invokes a connection-set-up
procedure and enters Connected mode. The master unit must know the slave's identity
and its system clock. This is required to calculate the proper access code and the wake-up
sequence and to predict the wake-up sequence phase. To keep track of the slaves' system
clocks, a paging procedure is defined for the master unit. It defines how identities are.
transmitted between master and slave units and how the slaves' current system clocks are
distributed to the master. To connect units with an unknown address an inquiry signal is
transmitted initially. This signal is used to inform the master unit of the slave's identity
within transmission range. The paging unit on the inquiry wake-up carriers sends an
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inquiry access code. Units receiving this message respond with their identity and system
clock. The inquiry message is typically used for finding Bluetooth devices, including
public printers, fax machines and similar devices with an unknown address.
Three different power saving modes have been defined, Hold, Sniff and Park.
They can be used if there is no data transmission ongoing in the piconet. A slave can
either demand to be put in Hold mode or be put in Hold by the master unit. In Hold mode
only an internal timer is running. Data transfer restarts instantly when units make the
transition out of Hold mode. The mode is used when connecting several piconets or
managing a low power device such as a temperature sensor. In the Sniff mode, a slave
device listens to the piconet at reduced rate, thereby reducing its duty cycle. In the Park
mode a unit remains synchronized in the piconet but does not participate in the traffic
[13].
Scatternet
To optimize the use of the available spectrum, several piconets can exist in the
same area. This is called Scatternet. Within one Scatternet all units share the same
frequency range but each piconet uses different hop sequences and transmits on different
1 MHz hop channels. Thus, a way to optimize the data transmission capability is to keep
the piconets small (i.e. few units). All piconets share the 80 MHz band, where each
piconet uses 1 MHz, thus, as long as the piconets pick different hop frequencies, no
sharing of 1 MHz hop channels occurs.
Why B
CHAPTER 6.
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Bluetooth usage models.
In this section a number of Bluetooth usage models are described. For each usage
model there is one or more corresponding profiles defining protocol layers and functions
to be used. The profiles are not described in detail in this document, for more information
refer to the Bluetooth standardization documents.
File Transfer
The File Transfer usage model offers the capability to transfer data objects from
one Bluetooth device to another. Files, entire folders, directories and streaming media
formats are supported in this usage model. The model also offers the possibility of
browsing the contents of the folders on a remote device. Furthermore, push and exchange
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operations are covered in this usage model, e.g. business card exchange using the vCard
format. The File Transfer model is based on GOEP.
Internet Bridge
The Internet Bridge usage model describes how a mobile phone or cordless
modem provides a PC with dial-up networking capabilities without the need for physical
connection to the PC. This networking scenario requires a two-piece protocol stack, one
for AT-commands to control the mobile phone and another stack to transfer payload
data..
LAN Access
The LAN Access usage model is similar to the Internet Bridge user model. The
difference is that the LAN Access usage model does not use the protocols for AT-
commands. The usage model describes how data terminals use a LAN access point as a
wireless connection to a Local Area Network. When connected, the data terminals
operate as if it they were connected to the LAN via dial-up networking.
Synchronization
Three-in-One Phone
The Three-in-One Phone usage model describes how a telephone handset may
connect to three different service providers. The telephone may act as a cordless
telephone connecting to the public switched telephone network at home, charged at a
fixed line charge. This scenario includes making calls via a voice base station, and
making direct calls between two terminals via the base station. The telephone can also
connect directly to other telephones acting as a “walkie-talkie” or handset extension i.e.
no charging needed. Finally, the telephone may act as a cellular telephone connecting to
the cellular infrastructure. The cordless and intercom scenarios use the same protocol
stack.
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Ultimate Headset
The Ultimate Headset usage model defines how a Bluetooth equipped wireless
headset can be connected, to act as a remote unit’s audio input and output interface. The
unit is probably a mobile phone or a PC for audio input and output. As for the Internet
Bridge user model, this model requires a two-piece protocol stack; one for AT-
commands to control the mobile phone and another stack to transfer payload data, i.e.
speech. The AT-commands control the telephone regarding for instance answering and
terminating calls.
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COMPETING TECHNIQUES
&
BLUETOOTH.
Competing techniques.
Bluetooth strength.
Competing techniques
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There are a number of competitors to the Bluetooth technology. However, there is
no obvious single competitor in all the market segments in which the Bluetooth
technology can operate.
IrDA
The main competitor in the cable replacement market segment is IrDA. IrDA is
an infrared interface standard providing wireless solutions between, for instance, mobile
phones and PDAs. The technique is well known in the market but has had problems
because some IrDA manufacturers have made implementations incompatible with
standard implementations. The maximum payload in the IrDA technology exceeds the
maximum Bluetooth payload. The two main disadvantages with IrDA are that it is
limited to point-to-point connections (only two parties in a connection) and its need for
line of sight (since it is based on infrared light).
The main competitors in the market segment for wireless LAN are the
implementations based on the IEEE 802.11 standard. Some of these implementations also
use the frequency hopping technology. The main differences between Bluetooth and
these implementations are: I mplementations based on IEEE 802.11 have higher
transmission capacity
* The number of simultaneous users is higher for IEEE 802.11-based systems
* The Bluetooth hardware size is considerably smaller
* The five Euro unit is 10 to 20 times cheaper than an IEEE 802.11 unit
* The number of frequency hops is considerably higher for Bluetooth than for
an IEEE 802.11 implementation.
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Home RF
T E C H N O LM O A G X Y B A N D C WO MI D MT HE N T
P a c k e t o r i e n t e d f o r d a t a a
f u l l d u p l e x d a t a r a t e i s 4 3 2
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P r i m a r i l y d e s i g n e d a s n o i c
p a c k e t , e x p e n s i v e ( t y p i c a l
D E C T 1 4 4 k b p s
h a n d s e t a n d h o m e b a s e s t
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I R 4 m b p s i n s t a l l a t i o n ) l o w r a n g e ( ~ 1
s i g h t o n l y
Bluetooth strengths
The Bluetooth concept offers several benefits compared with other techniques.
The main advantages of Bluetooth are:
The advantages make it possible to introduce support for Bluetooth in many types
of devices at a low price. The diversity in product offerings (mobile phones, PDAs,
computers, computer hardware, notebooks etc) from companies in the Bluetooth SIG and
their broad support for the technique creates a unique market position. Both hardware
and device manufacturers will work for the introduction of Bluetooth in many different
devices.
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The capabilities provided by Bluetooth, approximately 720 kbit/s, can be used for
cable replacement and several other applications such as speech, LAN and so on, as
described in the use cases, described in the section entitled Bluetooth Usage Models.
Figure 8 indicates in what areas the Bluetooth concept can be used. Defining of specific
user models and corresponding profiles combined with the four general profiles will most
likely lead to a market situation where applications covered by the user models will use
the defined user models and their profiles. Furthermore, it is likely that new applications
will use the standard profiles and thereby avoid interoperability problems between
different manufacturers.
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CHAPTER 8.
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MAJOR APPLICATIONS IN THE 3-G WORLD
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predictions of terminal penetration being very high (every member of the population
above the age of 12 in a few years), the PC itself does not have to be a 3G terminal in
order to receive e-mails on the move. A Bluetooth/3G terminal can receive e-mail as a
data transmission and forward it, via Bluetooth to the PC (assuming it is within close
proximity). When the reception is complete, the PC can notify the user via Bluetooth and
a short message to his mobile terminal that he has e-mail, and if an item is urgent, this
fact can be forwarded too. This concept allows the 3G terminal to be the local “headend”
for a variety of applications that are locally interconnected via Bluetooth. If for example,
such an e-mail was received while waiting for a train or plane, the user could approach a
Bluetooth services booth (example new commercial enterprise for business travelers).
Here, for a fee chargeable to his charge/credit card or e-Wallet, he can instruct his PC to
print the e-mails of interest (using his 3G/Bluetooth terminal to control it, leaving the PC
in the briefcase).
The e-Wallet
Many people believe that the mobile phone can become the portal of first choice
to the e-commerce world. At present however a separate Smart Card is required to hold
electronic cash - no-one wants to remove their SIM from the phone in order have it read
by a Point of Sale terminal. Bluetooth of course will allow the SIM (which now becomes
a multi-function Smart Card) to be read while it remains in the phone. With 100 Kbytes
Smart Cards on the horizon we can foresee our mobile phones becoming the main
repository for our cash, health info, personal preferences, season tickets, etc. etc. The
wide area cellular world will be one of the main routes for updating it.
The 3G/Bluetooth terminal mentioned in the above example does not in fact need
to be in the user’s hand or pocket during most of the noted transactions. The user will
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have a Bluetooth headset (a product already announced by Ericsson) allowing him to
leave the terminal in his briefcase too. This may provide voice control/recognition
functionality, removing most of the need for a keyboard or display on the 3G terminal.
These suggestions may raise the question as to where the terminal (3G) in fact should
reside. Much of the functionality delivered by 3G systems will be directed towards a data
terminal device such as a PC or palm top computer and it may be logical to build the 3G
terminal into it. With an external (Bluetooth) headset, there would be nothing to hold,
though a simple MMI (Man Machine Interface) device to allow dialing and displaying of
short messages (connected to the main terminal by Bluetooth of course) may be required.
If this could be made credit card sized it becomes a small version of the bpad discussed
above and may well replace the handset/terminal as we know it. Alternatively, as has
been suggested previously in this paper, the PC and 3G terminal may be physically
separate devices while being functionally connected when in close proximity to each
other. This perhaps offers greater flexibility (it wouldn’t be necessary to carry a PC
everywhere simply to make and receive calls), while losing none of the functionality of
the combined device. In some cases it may even be possible to leave the PC at home
connected to the Home Base Station (via Bluetooth), and retrieve data from it directly to
the bpad using Bluetooth and 3G together.
TECHNICAL DEFINITIONS :
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connection. The Bluetooth system supports both point-to-point and point-to-multi point
connections.
MASTER UNIT : The devices in the piconet whose clock and hopping sequence are used
to synchronize all other devices in the piconet.
SLAVE UNITS : All devices in the piconet that are not the master.
MAC ADDRESS : 3-bit address to distinguish between units participating in the piconet.
PARKED UNITS : Devices in a piconet, which are synchronized but do not have a MAC
address.
SNIFF AND HOLD MODE : Devices synchronized to a piconet can enter power saving
modes in which device activity is lowered.
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