c

 


  
 
 



 







 

 
 






 

?

 

 







 
? 


 


? 

À
 

 

The

 

  - a - is measured relative to the
  
a   - the pressure
that would occur at absolute vacuum. All calculation involving the gas laws requires pressure
(and temperature) to be in absolute units.

x
 

 

A 
 is often used to measure the pressure difference between a system and the
surrounding atmosphere. This pressure is often called the 
 

  and can be
expressed as

a

a

a



 

a

 
a  

a


a  

a

a 
a  

À 
  

 

Atmospheric pressure is pressure in the surrounding air at - or "close" to - the surface of the
earth. The atmospheric pressure vary with temperature and altitude above sea level.
 à Altitude and Air Density

›

À 
  

 

›

À 
  

  ( ) is used as a reference for gas densities and volumes.
The Standard Atmospheric Pressure is defined at sea-level at 
 and is º
º
or ºº


. The temperature of 
 is also used.

In imperial units the Standard Atmospheric Pressure is º


a

à º


º
º



ºº



º

a

!"

#
º

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"#

ºº



º

 !



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Since 1 Pa is a small pressure unit, the unit hectoPascal (hPa) is widely used, especially in
meteorology. The unit kiloPascal (kPa) is commonly used design of technical applications
like HVAC systems, piping systems and similar.

à º
  

º
  

º


à º
  

º
  

›  

 


à º
 - the pressure below 1 mm of water
à º
 - approximately the pressure exerted by a º

of mass on a º
 area
à º
 - the pressure below 1 m of water, or the drop in air pressure when moving
from sea level to 1000 m elevation
à º
% - nozzle pressure in a "high pressure" washer
à º
& - pressure enough to form diamonds

› À 

 

 

à º



º'

à º



º

à º
a 

ºº'

à º

#

º

à º
"
#

'(


A  (torr) is named after Torricelli and is the pressure produced by a column of mercury º

 high - equals to º
!
 of an atmosphere.

à º





º

a


 

 (psi) was common in U.K. but has now been replaced in almost
every country except in the U.S. by the SI units. Since atmospheric pressure is 14.696 psi - a
column of air on a area of one square inch area from the Earth's surface to the space - weights
14.696 pounds.
The
(bar) is common in the industry. One bar is 100,000 Pa, and for most practical
purposes can be approximated to one atmosphere even if

º
)


(


There are 1,000 

(mbar) in one bar, a unit common in meteorology.

º




º







º





  
  
 
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