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Main article: Stratovolcano

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  or    
 are tall conical mountains composed of lava flows and
other ejecta in alternate layers, the strata that give rise to the name. Stratovolcanoes are also
known as composite volcanoes, created from several structures during different kinds of
eruptions. Strato/composite volcanoes are made of cinders, ash and lava. Cinders and ash pile on
top of each other, lava flows on top of the ash, where it cools and hardens, and then the process
begins again. Classic examples include Mt. Fuji in Japan, Mayon Volcano in the Philippines, and
Mount Vesuvius and Stromboli in Italy.

In recorded history, explosive eruptions by stratovolcanoes have posed the greatest hazard to
civilizations, as ash is produced by an explosive eruption. No supervolcano erupted in recorded
history. Shield volcanoes have not an enormous pressure build up from the lava flow. Fissure
vents and monogenetic volcanic fields (volcanic cones) have not powerful explosive eruptions,
as they are many times under extension. Stratovolcanoes (30±35°) are steeper than shield
volcanoes (generally 5±10°), their lose tephra are material for dangerous lahars.[3]

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Main article: Supervolcano

See also: List of largest volcanic eruptions

The Lake Toba volcano created a caldera 100 km long

A  
 is a large volcano that usually has a large caldera and can potentially produce
devastation on an enormous, sometimes continental, scale. Such eruptions would be able to cause
severe cooling of global temperatures for many years afterwards because of the huge volumes of
sulfur and ash erupted. They are the most dangerous type of volcano. Examples include
Yellowstone Caldera in Yellowstone National Park and Valles Caldera in New Mexico (both
western United States), Lake Taupo in New Zealand, Lake Toba in Sumatra, Indonesia and
Ngorogoro Crater in Tanzania, Krakatoa near Java and Sumatra, Indonesia. Supervolcanoes are
hard to identify centuries later, given the enormous areas they cover. Large igneous provinces are
also considered supervolcanoes because of the vast amount of basalt lava erupted, but are non-
explosive.
c



Main article: Submarine volcano

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 are common features on the ocean floor. Some are active and, in shallow
water, disclose their presence by blasting steam and rocky debris high above the surface of the
sea. Many others lie at such great depths that the tremendous weight of the water above them
prevents the explosive release of steam and gases, although they can be detected by hydrophones
and discoloration of water because of volcanic gases. Pumice rafts may also appear. Even large
submarine eruptions may not disturb the ocean surface. Because of the rapid cooling effect of
water as compared to air, and increased buoyancy, submarine volcanoes often form rather steep
pillars over their volcanic vents as compared to above-surface volcanoes. They may become so
large that they break the ocean surface as new islands. Pillow lava is a common eruptive product
of submarine volcanoes. Hydrothermal vents are common near these volcanoes, and some
support peculiar ecosystems based on dissolved minerals.

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Main article: Subglacial volcano

Herðubreið, one of the tuyas in Iceland

Mud volcano on Taman Peninsula, Russia

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 develop underneath icecaps. They are made up of flat lava which flows at
the top of extensive pillow lavas and palagonite. When the icecap melts, the lavas on the top
collapse, leaving a flat-topped mountain. These volcanoes are also called table mountains, tuyas
or (uncommonly) mobergs. Very good examples of this type of volcano can be seen in Iceland,
however, there are also tuyas in British Columbia. The origin of the term comes from Tuya
Butte, which is one of the several tuyas in the area of the Tuya River and Tuya Range in northern
British Columbia. Tuya Butte was the first such landform analyzed and so its name has entered
the geological literature for this kind of volcanic formation. The Tuya Mountains Provincial Park
was recently established to protect this unusual landscape, which lies north of Tuya Lake and
south of the Jennings River near the boundary with the Yukon Territory.




Main article: Mud volcano


 or 
 are formations created by geo-excreted liquids and gases,
although there are several processes which may cause such activity. The largest structures are 10
kilometers in diameter and reach 700 meters high.


 
 






MoIrazú Volcano, Costa Rica.unt Bromo, East JavCrater of Mount Tangkuban Perahu, West
Java, Indonesia.a, Indonesiac

 





 

i„ Crater Lake in Oregon was formed from a high volcano that lost its top after a series of
tremendous explosions about 6,600 years ago.
i„ Mount Vesuvius, in Italy, has erupted several times. The most devastating of the
eruptions occurred in A.D. 79, destroying the cities of Pompeii and Herculaneum.
i„ Indonesia's Krakatoa has erupted several times, with the last and most devastating
eruption in 1883. The resulting tsunami killed more than 36,000 people in the area of
Java and Sumatra. New islands were formed by the huge amount of lava and ash and
debris scattered as far away as Madagascar. The sound of the explosion was heard as far
away as Perth, Australia (nearly 2000 mi/3100 km), and Rodrigues, near Mauritius
(approximately 3000 mi/4800 km).
i„ In 1963, Mount Agung in Bali erupted, taking the lives of some 1,100 people.
i„ On May 18, 1980, after more than 100 years of dormancy, Mount St. Helens erupted in
Washington. The rock debris carried by a lateral blast of Mount St. Helens traveled as
fast as 250 mi/hr (402 km/hr). Fifty-eight people were killed and there was a resulting
$1.2 billion in damages.
i„ The 1992 eruption of Mount Pinatubo in the Philippines Islands caused 342 deaths; more
than 250,000 people had to be evacuated. Vast amounts of aerosols were spewed into the
stratosphere, forming a global layer of sulfuric acid haze that lasted for several months.
Global temperatures dropped by about 0.9 degrees F (0.5 C).

Read more: http://www.answers.com/topic/volcano#ixzz1CpsGwn9X

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This category has the following 35 subcategories, out of 35 total.

i„ [X] Volcanoes by 
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geochronology (26 C)
i„ [X] Hotspot i„ [o] Subglacial
i„ [X] Volcanoes by country (96 volcanoes (9 C, 100 mounds (28 P)
C) P) i„ [X] Subglacial
i„ [X] Volcanoes by continent (9 volcanoes (2 C, 10
C) 
P)
i„ [o] Lists of volcanoes (111 P) i„ [X] Submarine
i„ [X] Volcanoes by status (5 C) i„ [X] Volcanic islands volcanoes (4 C, 47
i„ [X] Volcanoes by highest (18 C, 5 P) P)
known Volcanic Explosivity i„ [X] Supervolcanoes
Index of eruption (8 C) 
(3 C, 20 P)

i„ [X] Lava domes (1 

C, 80 P)
i„ [X] Atolls (4 C, 4 P) i„ [o] Volcanic Seven

Summits (8 P)


i„ [X] Volcanic belts
i„ [o] Mud volcanoes (6 C, 30 P)
i„ [X] Complex volcanoes (1 C, (18 P) i„ [X] Volcanic
92 P) calderas (13 C, 86
P)



i„ [X] Volcanic cones
(3 C, 10 P)
i„ [o] Parasitic cones (7
[X] Decade Volcanoes (1 C, 20 i„ [X] Volcanic craters
i„ P)
P) (2 C, 2 P)
i„ [o] Polygenetic
i„ [X] Diatremes (8 C, 5 P) i„ [X] Volcanic fields
volcanoes (106 P)
(7 C, 30 P)
i„ [o] Pyroclastic

i„ [X] Volcanic groups
shields (10 P)
(3 C,
i„ [X] Extraterrestrial volcanoes 

(3 C, 4 P)
i„ [X] Ridge volcanoes

(5 C, 12 P)
i„ [o] Rift volcanoes
i„ [o] Fissure vents (24 P) (12 P)

i„ [X] Shield volcanoes

(3 C, 171 P)
i„ [X] Stratovolcanoes
(3 C, 664 P, 1 F)
 i„ [X] Subduction
volcanoes (10 C, 281
P)

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Areas that are near the edges of the techtonic plates of the Earth, especially the Pacific Ring of
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Measuring national income is crucial for various purposes. It allows to:

1.„ measure the size of the economy and level of country¶s economic
performance;
 2.„ trace the trend or the speed of the economic growth in relation to previous
year(s) also in other countries;
3.„ know the composition and structure of the national income in terms of
various sectors and the periodical variations in them.
4.„ make projection about the future development trend of the economy.
5.„ help government formulate suitable development plans and policies to
increase growth rates.
6.„ fix various development targets for different sectors of the economy on the
basis of the earlier performance.
7.„ help business firms in forecasting future demand for their products.
8.„ make international comparison of people¶s living standards.

 

National income is a measure of the total value of the goods and services (output)
produced by an economy over a period of time (normally a year). It also represents
the total value of the primary incomes receivable within an economy less the total
of the primary incomes payable by resident units (Glossary-OECD ). Economists
have defined national income using some variations. For example, Alfred Marshall
describes it as ³(

 
     




 
 





 


  

 

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!'. There are some variations among these definitions, but the basic idea
is that the national income is simply the income of the whole nation. It gives an
idea about the economic position of a nation and represents the capacity to acquire
goods and services for consumption. It is a determinant of material living standards
and is also important for other aspects of progress. Indeed, the basic objective of an
economy is to achieve economic progress. This is reached by coordinating natural
resources, human resources, capital, technology etc. Thus, national income will
help to assess and compare the progress achieved by a country over a period of
time. Further, measuring national income is essential for various purposes that
include projection about the future course of the economy, assisting government as
the basis to design (or redesign) suitable development policies, helping firms in
forecasting future demand for their products and facilitating international
comparison.