( "'

I PB283-850 I
I~~III~~I_III_~
014926-F

Gripping Strength Measurements

of Children for Product
Safety Design

CLYDE·L. OWINGS, M.D., Ph.D.

RICHARD H. NORCUn, M.S.
RICHARD G. SNYDER, Ph.D.
D. HENRY GOLOMB, M.S.
KATHIE Y. LLOYD,B.S.

September 1977

Sponsored By
CONSUMER PRODUCT SAFETY COMMISSION

------,
: REPRODUCED BY 'I
· u.s. DEPARTMENT OF COMMERCE :
I
NATIONAL TECHNICAL I
! INFORMATION SERVICE
I,~_ SPRINGFIELD. VA22161 )
~IBLIOGRAPHIC
SHEET
DATA

4. Tide and Subtitle

11. Report No. r2. I FeRi~~)'s~ri)s~
5. Report D,ate
~.
.-/
n-
Gripping Strength Measurements of Children for Product September 1977
Safety Design 6.

7. Author(s)C.L. Owings,M.D. ,Ph.D., R.H. Norcutt ,M. S., R.G. Snyder, 8. Perfotming Organization Rept.
No.
Ph.D. D.H.Golomb M.S. K.Y. Llovd B.S. O14926-F
9. Petformmg Organization Name and Address 10. Project/Task/Work Unit No.
O14926-F
The University of Michigan 1 1. Contract/Grant No.
Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109 CPSC-C-76-0119

12. Sponsoring Organization Name and Address 13. Type of Report & Period
Covered
Consumer Product Safety Commission
5401 Westbard Avenue Final Reoort
Bethesda, Maryland 20207 14.
CPSC-C-7 6-0 11 g
15. SupplementatY Notes

16. Abstracts

The report describes anthropometric and isometric strength measurements of the

hand and upper extremity function obtained of a group of children, age two through
ten. Measurements were taken in the following areas (1) Linkage measurements
with concentration on the hand, (2) Grip strength in the three-point pinch, five-
point pinch, and squeeze or power grip positions corresponding to exertions on
objects between two and nine centimeters size, (3) Torque capability around the
elbow both for flexion and extension was measured at joint angles between 67.5
and 180 degees. Results (males and females combined) are presented with a picture
brief description of the measurement, data table and a scatter plot as a function
of age. Cumulative results are also given at the end of the three sections.

17. Key Words'and Document Analysis. 170. Descriptors

Children
Grip Strength
Elbow-Shoulder Movement
Hand Dimensions
Hand, Hand Force

17b. Identifiers/Open-Ended Terms

17c. COSATl Field/Group

1B. Availability Statement 19. Security Class (This 21. 'No. of Pages
Re~~~Tt), A ~~I
20. Security Class (This /'CAI3
22. Price
Page
UNCLASSIFIED mFA-oI
"OR'" NTIS-3S (REV. '073) ENDORSED BY ANSI AND UNESCO. THIS FORM MAY BE REPRODUCED U5COMM- DC B28S- P 74 '
CONTRACT CPSC-C-76-0119 FINAL REPORT
SEPTEMBER 77

GRIPPING STRENGTH MEASUREMENTS OF CHILDREN,

FOR PRODUCT SAFETY DESIGN

CLYDE L,. OWINGS, M.D., Ph.D.

Department of Pediatrics and Communicable Diseases
Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering

RICHARD H. NORCUTT, M.S. (Bioengineering)

Department of Pediatrics and Communicable Diseases

RICHARD G. SNYDER, Ph.D.

Biomedical Department, Highway Safety Research Institute
Department of Anthropology

D. HENRY GOLOMB, M.S.

Highway Safety 'Research Institute

KATHIE Y. LLOYD, B.S.

Department of Pediatrics and Communicable Diseases

THE UNIVERSITY OF MICHIGAN

ANN ARBOR, MICHIGAN 48109

Prepared for:

The Consumer Product Safety Commission

5401 West Bard Avenue
Bethesda, Maryland 20207

_ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ d_ I

i Preceding page blank il

1_,_ _ - - - , - - - - - - , _ 1
.\
\
"
 ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS

A large number of individuals have contributed

long hours of hard work to this mUltidisciplinary

study. We very much appreciate the encouragement

guidance and supervision of Dr. Albert F. Esch and

Mr. Donald T. Van Houten who served as technical

monitors for this project.

Finally, we are very grateful for the dedication

and effort of the children and their parents who made

this study possible.

i I' Preceding page blank-:

------ _~-l
 TABLE OF CONTENTS

ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . i
TABLE OF CONTENTS.................................... ii
LIST OF FIGURES ...•.................•..............•.. iii

1.0 INTRODUCTION. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . • . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1
1.1 Background.............. . . . . . • . . . . . . . . . . . . 2
1.2 Objectives and Scope 7
2.0 . METHODS AND TECHNIQUE ...•.........•......... : .. 8
2.1 Design of the Study 8
2.2 Elbow Transducer ...•....•....•............ 9
2.3 Giip Transducer 16
2.4 Anthropometer .••.......................... 27
2.5 Strength Criteria .......•....•....•....•.. 29
2.6 Calibration of equipment 29
2.7 Data Acquisition and Display ......•.. ~ 32
2.8 T~sting Procedure •••....•................. 32
2.9 Data Reduction ...............•............ 38
3.0 RESULTS
3.1 Description of Data Presentation ..•....... 40
3.1.1 Interpretation of ~trength Data .•••.....• 41
3.2 Linkage Measurements ....••...•...........• 49
3.2.1 Index of Data ....•.••.•••.••.•..... 49
3.2.2 Data 51
3.2.3 Statistical Tables ...........•..... ll9
3.3 Hand S~rength •••..••....•....•.•..•••...•. 127
3.3.1 Index of Data 129
3.3.2 Data -Strength vs. Age ....••...... 131
3.3.3 Data - Strength YS. Span ~.200
3.3.4 Statistical Tables .~ 203
3.4 Elbow Strength •................•.......... 214
3.4.1 Index of Data .........•.•.......... 218
3.4.2 Data - Strength YS. Age 219
3.4.3 Data - Strength vs. Other Variables 232
3.4.4 Statistical Tables ....•............ 240
3.5 Discussion 243
3.6 Sample Strength Calculations .•............ 248
4.0 APPENDICIES
4.1 Static Analysis of Limb Fixture 249
4.2 Principle of Grip Transducer Operation 252

5.0 BIBLIOGRAPHy 255

ii
 LIST OF FIGURES·

Figure No. Title Page

lo Complete Measurement System ...' ,. 9

2. Side View of Cha.ir 10

3. Front View· of Chair 11

4. Chair Adjusted For 9 Year Old 12

5. Child in Standard Test Position 14

6. Diagram of Arm Fixture 15

7. Grip Transducer with Three Handle Sets 17

8. Grip Transducer with Pinch Handle Set ..•...... 17

9. Pinch Transducer at 2, 5, and 9 em 18'

10. Grip: Squeeze - Force Diagram . . . . . • . . . . . . . . . . . 20

II. Grip: 3 Point Pinch - Force Diagram ............ 21

12. Grip: 5 Point Pinch - Force Diagra~,. . . . . . . . . . . . . 22

13. Table A - Selection Guide for Handle Sets ...... 24

14. Child Performing a Squeeze . . . . . . . . . • . . . . . . . . . . . 19

15. Automated Anthropometer .27

16. Automated Anthropometer (Internal Construction). 28

17. Attachment of Calibration Weights 31

18. Questionaire 36

19. Consent Form 37

20·. Anatomical Planes, Axes, and Directions 48

iii
 1.0 INTRODUCTION

This report describes isometric strength measurements of

hand and upper extremity function obtained on a group of

children, age two through ten. Three-point pinch, five-point

pinch, and squeeze or power grip were measured at different de-

grees of hand closure, corresponding to exertions on objects

between two and nine centimeters size. The torque capability

around the elbow both for flexion and extension was measured

at joint angles between 67.5° and 180°.

Over three hundred fifty children between the ages of two

and eleven served as subjects for hand measurements. The group

was chosen, for the most part, from children who had participa-

ted in a nationwide anthropometric study of over 8,000. Studies

of elbow strength were done on 104 boys and girls.

1
1.1 Background

An investigation of the strength characteristics of u.s.

children for product safety design was reported in 1975 (162).

A new measurement system was developed and validated for ob-

taining isometric strength measurements, expressed as torques,

at the major joint centers for children. The age range studied

was between two and eleven years, and over five hundred children

were measured. The torque values were obtained at a specified

anatomic position, but only a single position was used for

most measurements. Also force capabilities for squeeze, two

point pinch, three point pinch, five point pinch, and lateral

pinch were measured with each at a single degree of hand closure.

A computer based model for the prediction of strength from

these data was developed.

This report represents a continuation of the measurement

techniques described above and an expansion of the quantitative

strength data in two areas:

1) the elbow at different angles for flexion and ex-

tension

2) the hand at different degrees df hand closure for

squeeze, three point pinch, and five point pinch.

Both contain new data that relate strength and the position of

measurement.

Rather complete anthropometry was obtained on the subjects

of this investigation. Extensive measurements of hand dimensions

were included in order to investigate the relationship between

2
hand size and strength.

The hand, with its opposable thumb, is a mechanically com-

plex region of the body that is responsible for fine control

movements and, on occasion, can supply considerable power.

Many tests of manual dexterity have been developed to evaluate

hand movements in adults (117, 115, 206). Many methods have

been used to measure hand strength, also in adults, but there

is nQ single test that cdmpletely describes hand strength.

The situation is even more difficult to characterize for

children who have different size hands at different ages. As

a child grows his hand becomes both larger and stronger. Very

little information is available on how this growth affects

strength. Indeed, many measurements have been obtained with

little attention devoted to the size of the hand. Most measure-

ments of gripping strength fail to specify the size of the sur-

faces being gripped to secure a strength valrie (74, 134", 160).

One of the most popular instruments for gripping strength

measurements, the Jamar dynamometer, can be adjusted to vary

the spacing between the gripping surfaces. Only one study (151)

was found that evaluated the optimum setting of an adjustable

dynamometer (Stoelting). In this study, Montoye and Faulkner

concluded "a slight advantage is gained particularly for sub-

jects with large or small hand size, through the use of an

adjustable grip dynamometer." Subjects ranged in age between

4 and 52 years but the distance between gripping surfaces

ranged from 4.25 em. to 6.5 em. The data was only reported

according to hand size, and not age. Perhaps hand strength

3
depends upon more than just hand size. For example, a growing

ten year old boy might have the same hand breadth and hand

length as a small fifty year old female,but should one ~xpect

the same strength capability from both?

The size of a test fixture and the size of the hand it

measures interact in several ways. Obviously,a small hand may

not be large enough to grasp a large object, but the converse

also causes problems. For a large hand, a rod becomes more

difficult to grasp as its size becomes smaller. Closure of the

fingers around an object, together with the compressibility 0=

tissue, interferes with the ability to transmit force to an

object. The force measured for large hands is reduced as the

gripping span is decreased in Montoye's and Faulkner's study (151).

The loading forces on tissue become more important for smaller

objects since the force per unit area increases. For all of

these reasons, an adult would have much more difficulty climb-

ing a 1/8" diameter vertical rod than a 2" diameter vertical

rod.

The most comprehensive measurement of gripping strength

contains data on 6000 males and ·females but only between the

ages of 10 years and 69 years (152). Thi~ study measured 82%

of the eligible age range in an entire community, as well as

including a measure of arm strength.

Many studies have reported strength measurements about

the elbow,but most were obtained at a single position. The

measurement methods used have been previously discussed (162)

4
but suffer from several defects. The poor dynamic response of

measurements using a cable tensiometer make it difficult to

evaluate the effect of "explosive" strength. The effect of

experimenter expectation (183) has been mentioned and is an

uncontrolled variable in many studies. The subjective nature

of numeric evaluation from chart records introduces an addi-

tional variable in the few studies that use strain gages.

Singh and Karpovitch (197) measured college students and

reported the torque generated about the elbow joint for both

flexion and extension. The instrument used a large electric

motor which moved the arm through its range of motion, as "an

electrogoniometer measured the joint angle. This technique

more nearly approximates isotonic strength rather than isometric

strength.

In an earlier study Williams and Stutzman measured strength

variation through the range of joint motion with a cable tensi-

ometer (231). The results were reported for "college men" and

are interesting mainly for the shape of the curves.

Since no precise data was available for children, this

study was undertaken to measure the variation of strength about

the elbow at different joint angles for both flexion and exten-

sion. These data are needed to improve the prediction process

for strength in a variety of positions.

The safety implications of strength are numerous. This is

especially true for children who may not be aware of their own

limitations. The force transmitted to an object may be suffi-

cient to move the object but not large enough to allow for com-

5
fortable control. A child who lifts a floor lamp may not be

strong enough to prevent it from toppling. As loss of control

is more likely to result in injury to the individual, grasping

force is important in estimating the haz~rd for injury of a

situation.

6
1.2 Objectives and Scope

The objectives of this study were:

1) To design and construct a device for the measurement

of hand strength in children between the age of three

and ten years. The device would have the capacity to

measure three point pinch, five point pinch, and

squeeze at different degrees of hand closure.

2) To develop data acquisition programs that control the

operation of both the new device ~nd the existing

strength chair.

3) To obtain gripping strength measurements on 350

children ranging in age from two to ten years. To

include:

a) Three point pinch at one centimeter increments

between 2 ern. and 9 cm.
b) Five point pinch at one centimeter increments
between 2 cm. and 9 cm.
c) Squeeze at one centimeter increments between 2 em.
and 7 cm.

4) To obtain measurements of elbow.flexi.on 9treQgth and

elbow extension strength on a. sub-population of 100

children. The strengths are measured at the following

angles of elbow flexion:

157.5°, and 180° (full extension).

5) To analyze and statistically reduce the data in such a

manner as to be convenient for product safety design.

7
 ·I

2.0 METHODS AND TECHNIQUES

2.1 Design of the Study

There are several ways to measure and report the results

of a strength test. Strength maybe considered as a force .

~cting at a distance so that a complete descr~ption must in~lude

the magnitude of the force and the direction and location at

which it was measured. An alternate way to present the same

information uses the rotational equivalent, or torque, around

a joint center of rotation. Both methods of reporting strength

are used in this report.

The measurements of elbow flexion and elbow extension are

most conveniently expressed as the torque about the elbow center

of rotation. This' is the same method used in the previous re-

port (162~ All· torques are expressed in (Kgf-cm) Kilogram force-

centimeters.

For gripping strength measurements it is more appropriate

to report the force magnitude and direction since the transducer

is adjustable to represent standard size objects between 2 and

9 centimeters. The immense mechanical complexity o·f the hand

with a large number of joints would require that the position

of each joint be known in order to express the measurements as

torques. All forces are expressed in (Kgf) Kilogram force.'

The direction of the force is reported as the angle formed with

the centerline of the grip transducer.

8
2.2 Elbow Transducer: Design and Function
j.

The transducer used to measure isometric elbow flexion/

extension at different elbow angular positions was part of a

versatile "strength chair" pr~vi6usly designed and used to make

similiar child strength measurements at other body joints.

(Figs~ 2,3). The chair fits the child sitting in it like an

exoskeleton for the right half of the body. The upper and lower

limbs rest on padded metal bars whose articulated lengths are

adjustable to fit any size child in the 2 to 10 year age range.

(Fig. 4). The child's trunk and limbs are snugly strapped to

supporting bars where their strength can be measured by strain

gages. All the electrical signals are amplified and fed via a

12 bit A/D converter to a Nova 1220 digital compu~er where spe-

cial programs control data a~q~isition (Fig. 1). Also while in

the chair, the child's weight can be measured by 'load cells.

Figure 1 Complete Measurement system

 BACK FIXTURE

SHOULDER FIXTURE ~ ../

CHEST STRAP
ARM STRAP ~-"~-

- WRIST STRAP

~~
HUMERAL FIXTURE
HANDLE

ELBOW FIXTURE
RADIAL FIXTURE
KNEE STRAP

~oo
PELVIC STRAP
HIP FIXTURE . KNEE .FIXTURE
o . \ ~

FEMORAL FIXTURE
I-'
a . . . . .111111111111I1111 1II1111111111111111111111111111ll1111111~ TIBIAL FIXTURE
ANKLE FIXTURE
ANKLE STRAP
FOOT STRAP

l : WEIGHT PLATFORM

Figure 2 Side View of Chair

 '-"

• BACK FIXTURE

SHOULDER FIXTURE
CHEST STRAP.
"3;"". . I
I LEFT SHOULDER IMMOBILIZER
HUMERAL FIXTURE "
ARM STRAP~
WRIST STRAP
RADIAL FIXTURE I-
~ 11I11I KNEE STRAP
ELBOW FIXTURE .
KNEE STRAP ~ I I \\ PELVIS IMMOBILIZER
KNEE FIXTURE II
......
......

TIBIAL FIXTURE - - -

ANKLE STRAP '.

FOOT STRAP ~
ANKLE FI XTURE ---l
I LEFT FOOT SUPPORT

: 11111I ,. r","" 111I1

J WEIGHT PLATFORM

Figure 3 Front View of Chair

12
 Specifically, the upper extremity portion of the chair was

used in this study (Figs. 5,6). The upper extremity fixture bends

and locks at the elbow and shoulder _anatomical joint centers.

Adjustable fixture lengths correspond to the radial and humeral

len~thi. The child climbs into the chair and his wrist and arm

are secured to the fixtures with Velcro straps. Another strap

is used across the chest to stabilize the child in the chair.

The child is allowed to grip a handle mounted at the end of the

radial.fixture. The elbow joint may be pivoted and locked to

any of six possible elbow positions: 67~5°, 90°, 112.5°, 135°,

157.5°, and 180°. (See Section 3.-4, page 214) ~oving the fixture

with the Child's arm secured causes negligible motion between the

arm and the arm fixture, since the axis of rotation of the elbow

follows closely with that of the arm fixture. Flexing the elbow

thus flexes the fixture as well.

Transduction of the elbow torque is accomplished by resistance

strain gages mounted on the metal fixture, aligned with the

J

effective elbow:axis. The electrical resistance of a strain

gage changes in proportion t6 the mechanical strain of the sup-

porting-fixtu~e. - F6r the upper extremity fiittir~,_ the mechanical

strain measured by the gages, is proportional to the torque

about the subject's elbow joint. A change in voltage drop across

th~ strain gages thus corresponds directly to the instantaneous

torque about the joint and is fed into the computer for further

analysis.

Along with the elbow flexion/extension gages, similiar gages

are positioned to measure torque about the wrist and shoulder.

13
 "
I

Figure 5 Child in standard te-st position

I

! •

14
 " STRAIN GAUGE SET A
" JOINT CENTER A
" LIMB A
" STRAP A
I JOINT CENTER B

It " STRAIN GAUGE SET B

1-'
~.,
/ LIMB B
, STRAP B
IA DISTAL END OF LIMB

+~r£ /;-··]i~~-)
y

d1
~~

B I I I I .. x

Figure 6 Diagram of Limb and Limb Fixture

 Since they are independent measurements, several torques may be

recorded simultaneously. In this study, two additional channels

were recorded from the arm along with the elbow flexion/extension

channel: shoulder flexion/extension and wrist adduction/

abduction. These motions occur in the same spatial plane as"the

elbow flexion/extension. Hip flexion/extension was recorded on

an' additional channel in order to evaluate reaction forces occur-

ing at this joint." ~or the elbow tests of this, study, the

shoulder was always positioned in a 0° flexed position and ab-

ducted ~o. The wrist was maintained in a mid pronation-supination

position and otherwise anatomically neutral.

. 2.3 Grip Transducer: Design and Function

The grip transducer has several removable parts that serve

to adapt the basic transducer mechanism to measure squeeze

(Fig. 7) or to measure 3 point pinch and 5 point pinch (Fig. 8).

The distance between two parallel rigi~ surfaces can be adjusted

in one centimeter increments so as to mimic the squeezing or

pinching of different size objects and to obtain measurements at

different positions of hand closure.

Figure nine shows the measurement of 5 poiht pinch at three

different positions. The tips of the fingers are positioned on

the transducer. Notice that the lower picture shows a pinch of

9 centimeters. The subject, because of his hand size is unable

to pinch a larger dimension.

The operation of the transducer can be described by consider-

ing a squeeze strength as shown in Figures 10 and 14. For each

16
~~ -...:. ~-:,.-:-.--~::::.~:!~
.,~ ..... ..,~;:.._.-"""'''; ..
"

iiJI" ....-.

Figure 7 Grip trans~ucer with three handle sets

Figure 8 Grip Transducer with pinch handle set

17
 i~ " I, IJ
' ..."

Fi~ilre 9 Pinch Transducer at 2, 5, and 9 cm.

18
 ! .,.'/

Figure 14 Child performing a squeeze

grip span, the 2-dimensional direction, :magnitude, and location

of the resultant force exerted by the ha~nd on the .handle is mea-

,\<' •

sured and recorded. This resultant force lies in thegeornetric

plane formed by the two par~llel handle halve~~ The component

norm~l or perpendicular to the handle surface~ (Fn) has been

classically measured in previous studies and is the greatest in

magnitude. A second component, a shear force, which is parallel

to the handle surfaces (Fs) was also measured by the transducer

to:

1) determine the shear effect of the hand on the

handle during a squeezing or pinching exertion,

2) better identify the ultimate 3-dimensional charac-

ter of forces generated in gripping, and

3) study the variation of force direction throughout the

course of a five second exertion ~nd from subject to subject.

Diagrams of the two force components for, 3 point pinch anc

pinch are given in Figures 11 and 12.

19
 GRIP: SQUEEZE
FORCE DIAGRAM

Distal Proximal
Handle Handle

+F
s

I~ S ...,

F Total resultant squeeze force·

F :::: Normal component of squeeze force (perpendicular to handle
n surface)
Shear component of squeeze force
Position (vector) of resultant force on distal handle
surface (measured from centerline between second and
third finger)
Angle of resultant force (F) with respect to handle
centerline
s Handle span

Figure 10

20

r
 GRIP: 3 POINT PINCH
FORCE DIAGRAM

Distal Proximal
Handle Handle

+F
s

I~ S ..,

F = Total resultant squeeze force

F = Normal component of squeeze force (perpendicular to handle
n
surface)
F = Shear component of squeeze force
s
L = Position (vector) of resultant force on distal handle
F
surface (measured from centerline between second and
third finger)
~ = Angle of resultant force (F) with respect to handle
centerline
5 = Handle span

Figure 11

21
 GRIP: 5 POINT PINCH
FORCE DIAGRAM

Distal Proximal
Handle Handle

+F
s

F-s
F = Total resultant squeeze force
F = Normal component of squeeze force (perpendicular to handle
n
surface)
F = Shear component of squeeze force
s
L = Position (vector) of resultant force on distal handle
F surface (measured from centerline between second and
third finger)
~ = Angle of resultant force (F) with respect to handle
centerline
S = Handle span

Figure 12

22
 The third force component, that perpendicular to the plane

of the handle, was not measured. Its magnitude is felt to be

much smaller than the normal and shear components and an insig-

nificant factor in determining significant gripping characteris-

tics.

The location (LF) of the resultant force in the. plane of the

handle was measured relative to a thin center brace (Fig. 10).

This brace serves as a centerline of the transducer and thus the

zero reference point for measuring LF. During gripping or pinch-

ing the hand is positioned so that as many fingers are on one side

of the centerline as on the other side. The distance (LF) when

compared with the anthropometric measurement of finger breadth

gives the resultant force position on a finger surface. Also,

with the handle span and force angle known, the_ resultant force

position may be determined on the proximal handle surface.

The basic transducer consists of a thin U-shaped aluminum·

bar onto which two handle halves may be mounted, one stationary

and one adjustable at I em. intervals of grip span. On the ~nner

surface of the bar frame, five sets of resistance strain gages

are mounted. The electrical output of the-gages is fed into the

computer and processed in a manner similiar to the elbow strain

gage signals. Three electrical channels of output from these

gages uniquely determine two components of the resultant force

and its location. .See the appendix for a description of the

principles of the grip strength transducer.

Four different pairs of handles are used on the transducer

and are described in Table A (Fig. 13). All handles are color-

23
 TABLE A

FINGER HANDLE HANDLE S·PAN MAXIMUM SPAN

TEST LENGTH GEOMETRY (1 ern increments) TESTED

Squeeze L ( 5 Small Radius (5 mm) 2.0 - 6.0 ern 1.1 L (ern)

Squeeze 5 ( L <6 Medium Radius (7 rom) 2.0 - 7.0 ern lolL (cm)

Squeeze L> 6 Large Radius (9 rom) 2.0 - 9.0 ern 1.1 L (ern)

3 pt/5 pt Pinch All Flat 2.0 - 15.0 cm 1.5L (ern)

l'-.l
ot>
REMARKS:

1. Middle finger measurement (L) is taken from tip of the second finger to
its palmar skinfold.

2. Handle radii chosen to fit average length of middle phalange of the

second finger for each hand size catagory.

3. Maximum span tested is limited to:

Pinch span = 1.5 L
Squeeze span = 1.1 L

Figure 13 Selection guide for handle sets

coded and coated with 2 rom thick hard rubber to distribute hand

pressure. One pair is used for all hand sizes in measuring 3

and 5 point pinch (Fig. 8) while the other three pairs are used

for small, medium, and large hand sizes in squeeze tests (Fig. 7).

The possible span range for pinch tests is 2-15 cm. and for

squeeze tests is 2-9 em. All spans are adjustable in I em. in-

crements with a minimum spacing of 2 em. Where necessary, the'

maximum span actually tested on a given child was limited to 1.5

times the middle finger length (MP joint to tip, phalanx III) in

the pinch tests and 1.1 times the middle finger length in the

squeeze tests. These limits were empirically determined to define

the maximum span at which a child could form a practical grip on

the handles. Radii on the three ~queeze handle sets were also

empirically derived to provide an average child; of a specified

hand size range, the greatest possible handle surface area over

which to distribute gripping pressure. Such a broad smooth grip

surface prevents the limitation of exertion due to the pain of

gripping too small an object. Handle widths were limited to 2

times the radius to accomodate full flexion of the fingers in the

2 em. span.

Positioning of the hand is controlled vertically along the

distal handle by the inter-finger center brace separating two

or four fingers used in the tests. Transverse positioning during

pinch tests is restricted to only distal phalange contact at the

handles. In the squeeze or power grip, the distal handle con-

tact is restricted to the middle phalange of the fingers.

25
Placement of the thenar eminance vertically along the proximal

handle is allowed to vary to suit the subject's comfort. Prox-

imal handle contact extends from the hypothenar eminance to the

finger web between the thumb and first finger. Flexion of the

metacarpal and interphalangeal joint positions in all test posi-

tions is allowed to vary.

Measurement of normal and shear forces, Fn and Fs, respec-

tively, are accurate within .1 Kgf. Each component is measured

independently. Determination of the lqcation of the resultant

force is accurate within ~ .8 mm. for forces" on the handle regions

used to determine the force location from the three channels of

information, the measurement error for force location tends to

approximately double when either the normal force component (Fri)

falls below 0.1 Kgf or the ratio ~~«l. In the application of

the instrument for pinch and squeeze measurements, however, these

Fn
extremes are either not encountered ( Fs>25 usually) or not

used for maximum strength determinations ( Fn> 1 Kgf usually).

26
2.4 Anthropometer: Design and Function

An automated anthropometer was constructed to minimize the

possibility of anthropometric linkage measurement error and re-

cording error and to increase the efficiency of the measuring

process. A conventional anthropometer was modified by the ad-

dition of a switch, potentiometers, and spring-cable assembly.

As shown in Figures 15 and 16, the potentiometer was mounted on

the end of the caliper and protected by a box. A double pulley

locked onto its shaft was fastened both to a cable-spring recoil

mechanism lying within the anthropometer shaft, and to the sliding

blade of the caliper external to its shaft. The potentiometer

was wired to the computer through the switch mounted" on the po-

tentiometer box.

Figure 15 Automated anthropometer

27
Sliding the caliper blade to a linkage dimension thus rotates

the potentiometer proportionally, while the spring maintains

proper cable tension. Depressing the switch allows the compu-

ter to record the voltage output of the potentiometer in pro-

portion to the anthropometric opening.

For measurements under 30 ern. the anthropometer is accurate

to, + 1 mm. Adding anthropometer shaft extensions allows measure-

ments up to 120 em., accurate to +

- 3 mm.

~~"OIr1\~~SPRING

POSITION SIGNAL

Figure 16 Automated Anthropometer

(internal construction)

28
2.5 Strength Criteria

Human strength researchers have been- in considerable disa-

greement as to the best measurement of strength. Assessment of

.strength must occur over ~ long enough period of tim~ to eliminate

effects due to "explosive" strength and yet must be over a short

enough duration to eliminate decreases in strength due to fatigue.

A variety of algorithms were investigated in the previous

study (162). The average torque (or force) generated over a

period of one second was chosen to represent strength. This

duration is long enough to minimize the effect of a single errOne-

ously high value produced by dynamic inertial effects'but short

enough to minimize the effect of fatigue and loss of motivation.

In this report, when a single number is assigned to "strength",

it is obtained by selecting the average value over one second

of contiguous data that has the greatest value of all possible

contiguous one second intervals in the five second exertion.

This algorithm has been implemented in the computer programs, and

has the advantage of not requiring human judgement and interven-

tion for its proper operation. Thus "strength" is represented by

an average over one second or 20 data points.

2.6 Calibration of Equipment

Calibration of the elbow transducer was accomplished using

a method devised to simultaneously calibrate all the upper ex-

tremity transducers of the strength chair. The arm of the chair

29
was abducted 45° and flexed 22.5° with the elbow in a 90° posi-

tion (Fig. 17) while locked in the position, a weight of 4.47

Kg. was suspended at a standard location on the hand fixture,

providing known components of torque to all gages of the extre-

mity. A. computer program automatically sampled the output from

each gage set in this loaded configuration and after the weight

was removed, the channels were again sampled to obtain baseline

readings. Finally, the difference ~n the gage outputs was ex-

pressed as a calibration factor.

Calibration factor = V load - V no load

input torque

All instruments in a data acquisition channel are thus calibrated

in a single step. Periodically during the study, the calibration

of the system was verified.

The grip t~ansducer was calibrated similiarly with a weight

suspended from the transducer handle to provide known force com-

ponents perpendicular and parallel to the handle surface. The

fixed position of the weight also provided information to calcu-

late a calibration factor for a force.

Anthropometer calibration was easily accomplished by first

obtaining a zero (closed) reading and then moving to a predeter-

mined measurement (read from the scale on its shaft) for a second

reading. The difference in voltage readings divided by the cali-

per span was used as a calibration factor for the instrument.

30
Figure 17 Attachment of Calibration Weights

31
 2.7 Data Acquisition and Display

The data acquisition system used for this project con-

. sisted of a 16 bit Data General Nova 1220 computer with 16K

words of memory, a 24 channel analog to digital converter, a

dual Linc tape magnetic tap~ system, and a Tektronix 4010

graphics terminal. Twenty-four instrumentation amplifiers,

with adjustable gain were used to amplify the strain gage signals

to a value of + 5 volts for the 12 bit analog to digital .con-

verter. This system allows a signal resolution of 1 part in

4096.

The data acquisition programs were written in an expanded

version of the Basic (R) language. The programs control the

acquisition of descriptive information such as age, name, birth-

date, as well as the sequencing of anthropometric and strength

measurements (approximately 63 measurements).

2.8 Testing Procedure

All testing in the Strength Study was done at the Child

Strength Laboratory at C.S. Mott Children's Hospital. Children

were tested during a six month period. Parents were contacted by

phone and appointments set up convenient for the child and parent.

The children ranged in age between 2 1/2 years and 10 1/2 years.

The younger children were usually tested during ,the mornin9 and

early afternoon hours of the day, while the older children came in

32
after school. Race and sex were carefully considered in the recrui-

ting, in order that the sample be a fair representation of the popu-

lation.

Each testing session, including the anthropometric measure-

ments, described in section 3.2, lasted about 30 to 40 minutes.

Each child was tested in a single session, with the exception of

those children who performed both the elbow and the grip tests.

Parents were required to sign a consent form which gave per-

mission for the child to be tested (Fig. 19) and to fill out a

questionaire containing general information, such as the child's

date of birth, address, etc. (Fig. 18). Parents were encouraged

to remain in the lab for the testing session, and most did so.

Many of the children who participated in the study came with a

sibling or a friend. A small play area was used in one part of the

lab l where oqe or more children could play while another was being

tested.· During this wait, the child could draw a picture, which

was later.put on the wall of the lab. This decoration on the walls

helped make a friendly environment for the children.

First, linkaqe ncasurcncnts wcre obtaincr; ~n( ~tnn~inq heiq~t

and weight were measured with the child's shoes removed. An

automatic anthropometer was used to enter the measurements directly

into the computer. The body weight was obtained with the child

seated on the back of the strength chair. When all linkage measure-

ments had been obtained, the results were displayed on the graphics

terminal for evaluation.

33
 Using the linkage measurements, the chair was adjusted accor-

ding to the child's size. In this way each child could sit com-

fortably in the chair during the testing session. A "zero weight"

was then taken before the session began. This was done by the

computer measuring the initial voltage produced on each of the

strain gages of the empty chair. Then the child was seated in the
R
strength chair and the velcrd ) straps were carefully placed over

the necessary limbs as a means of maintaining a known position

during each test. The child was encouraged to fasten some of the

straps himself to relieve any apprehensions which he might have.

Simple instructions, which explained the test procedure, were

given each child before the testing session. Then, before each of

the tests specific directions and a demonstration helped the child

understand exactly how to perform the test. The child was asked

to sustain each movement as hard as he could for a time interval

of five seconds. At the end of this time an audible tone, genera-

ted by the computer program, signaled the end of the test.

Immediately after each test, a graph of the torque-force vs. time

was displayed on the computer terminal. This "picture" allowed

the child to see the results of his strength after each of the

tests. The tester could decide whether to accept, delete, or

repeat the test, depending on the child's performance~ If a sig-

nificant amount of time elapsed in which there was little or no exer-

tion by the child, or if the directions were not followed properly,

then the test was deleted and repeated. Later in the sequence the

omitted tests were performed. Because of the repetition in using

34
certain muscle groups of the arm and hand, the child was given

adequate rest between each test. If there was any doubt of the

child being able to, perform the test properly, it was omitted and

the next test done. Thus each t~st was hoped to be an accurate

display of the child's strength.

Following the test session, the child was given a snack.

Parents and children were very cooperative during the study and

there were very few times when-the tester did not receive the de-

sirable results.

Motivational techniques for this st,udy remained much the same

as those used in the previous study (162). Children were tested

on a volunteer basis and no child was tested that didn't want to

be. Important in the testing session was the interaction between

the child and the tester. The tester was a certified elementary

school teacher with extensive experience with children and parents.

Her techniques with the children helped determine the outcome of

the session, which was to obtain the best possible results from

each child during each test.

Verbal encouragement during the actual test worked as the

most important motivational technique. The graphics display on

the computer terminal, which allowed the child to view the results

immediately after each test, was also an, important factor in mo-

tivation. The child could see his "picture" of his strength right

after each test. This instant "f~edback" gave the child the in-

centive to perform his best each time.

To compensate for parking and travel costs, all the children,

or their parents, received reimbursement of $5.00 per visit. To'

some of the children this fee served as a type of motivation.

35
 CHILD ~TRENGTH STUDY
University of Michigan Department of Pediatrics
Ann Arbor, Michigan 48104

Name of School Name of Teacher

--------
Child's Name
---------------------------------
Address
-~-------------------------------,---

Child's Date of Birt~

------------'--- Male 0
Female 0
Child's Race
---------------
Mother's Occupation
-----------------------------
Father's Occupation
---------'--------------------
How long have you lived In this community?
---------------
Mother's Race: Blackc===J Oriental 0 White c===J

Other 0 Please specify-

------------
Father's Race: Black 0 Oriental 0 White

Other 0 Please specify

------------
Father's Education: 8 years or 9-12 yrs. Y10re than 12 yrs.
under0 o o
Completed More than
COllegeo 16 y r s . o
(16 yrs.)

Mother's Education: 8 years or 9-12 yrs. More than 12 yrs.

under I 0 o
Completed·
College 0 More than
16 yrs. D
Number of brothers - - - - - - - -Number of sisters - - - - - - - - - - - -

What is the birth order of this child in r.elation to brothers and

sisters?
------------
For example: 1 - oldest, 2 - second oldest, etc.

Has this child been under treatment for any serious illness? - - - - -

If so , please explain
---------------

Figure 18
36
 CHILD STRENGTH STUDY

Consent Form

I, the undersigned, understand that the purpose of this study is

to take some strength measurements of my child. I am aware that

these measurements will enable collection of information about

the physical strength of children at different age levels and use

of this information in constructing guidelines for the safer design

of children's products.

I have been informed that there will be no health hazards or dis-

comfort to my child associated with this, and that participation is

voluntary. In order to take measurements with accuracy, it is

necessary for the child to remove shoes only.

I further understand that all. of the data is confidential and I

agree to allow publication of any or all of the data collected

on my chi"ld if presented in a c.oded form.

Child's Name Signature of Parent

Figure 19

37
2.9 Data Reduction and Analysis

Description of the data acquisition program has already been

presented (Sec. 2.7). This program was used to generate 84 magne-

tic tapes filled with data files on each subject tested. Each file

represents a permanent "time" record.of a subject's tests,

making it possible to analyze the data via any method desired.

For quantitative and statistical analysis of the data, a

series of processing and reducing programs was written and utilized.

The first reduction prDgram condensed each data file into a more

compact and. analyzable form, coding the suject's background

information and replacing the 400 data points for each test with

four calculated strength values, based on the one-second-moving~

point-average technique (Sec. 2.5). Reduced files were then

transmitted to the University of Michigan's AMDAHL 470 computer

for further processing and statistical analysis.

Ages were computed by subtracting the birthdate from the

date of the subject's most recent testing session. Ages were

represented internally in days and were computed using the approxi-

mation of 365 days to the year and 30 days to the month. Ages

computed in this fashion are never more than seven days in error,

which was sufficient resolution for the purposes of this study.

Data was then analyzed statistically using the Michigan

Interactive Data Analysis System (MIDAS), a comprehensive set of

statistical analysis programs developed by the Statistical Research

Laboratory of the University of Michigan. For the purpose of

38
analysis, subjects were grouped into 8 yearly age groups, from

3 to 10 years. Ages were rounded to the nearest whole year so

that altogether an age range of 2.5 to 10.5 years was represented.

Each of the strength and linkage measurements were analyzed by age

for the following quantities: number of subjects (N), mean (X),

Standard Deviation (S ), median, 5th or 15th percentile, minimum

x
value, and maximum value. (Body weight was included here as a

linkage measurement.)· The exact percentile reported was depen-

dent on sample size. Where (N) was small «20) 15th and 85th

percentiles were more meaningful. Both sexes were combined to

insure sufficient sample size for statistical analysis. The

results of these analyses are reported in tabular form at the

end of each data section.

Graphicai presentation of the data use scatter plots for

an exact representation of the data and to avoid any bias which

might be introduced by curve fitting. The amount of grouping

is readily apparent along with the actual sample size. The scales

have been expanded to provide the best resolution of points.

Note that sample size decreases for large grip spans, reflecting

the limited grip spans capability of small ~and~~ All graphs of

strength vs body size include a first order regression line

drawn through the scatter plot to indicate the trend. Graphs

of strength vs position show the means for pooled age groups

plotted and connected via straight lines.

39
 3.0 RESULTS

3.1 Description of Data Presentation

The following sections present a summary of the data,

with both sexes combined, for the 33 linkage measurements,

3 hand strength tests at different spans, and elbow flexion/

extension strength tests at different joint positions. Infor-

mation on the interpretation of the strength data is contained

in the next section. The data section is arranged in modules

corresponding to a general test or measurement. Each module

consists of: 1) A description of the test, the anthropometric

measurements taken, adjustment of the equipment, and instruc-

tions to the subject, 2) A photograph of the subject performing

the test,and in many cases,a drawing which illustrates the

movement is included for clarity, 3) A statistical tabulation

of the data including the sample size (N), the mean (X), the

standard deviation (5 ), the minimum, 5th or 15th percentile,

. x
median, 85th or 95th percentile, and maximum values, tabulated

by one year intervals, 4) Scatter plot of the data. Items

3 and 4 are then sequentially repeated for the same test in a

different test position (span, angle).

The data are presented for linkage measurements in a

similiar format. The thirty three two-page modules contain

a definition of how the measurement was taken along with a

photograph or illustration of the measurement. A ~tatiscal

summary of-the data for one year age intervals together with a

graphical presentation of the data are given for combined sexes.

40
3.1.1 Interpretation of Strength Data

3.1.1.1 Physical Relationships and Units: In the follow-

ing tables and graphs, the strength data are presented in

the torque units of kilogram force-centimeter or force

I

uni ts of kilogram force' (squeeze and pinch tests). Kilo-

ponds (Kp) or kilogram force (Kgf) is defined to be the

magnitude of force required to accelerate a mass of. 1 kilo-

gram at 1 g (acceleration due to gravity). A kilogram

force-centimeter (Kgf-cm) is defined to be the magnitude of

torque generated about an axis of rotation due to the action

of a force of 1 kilogram force occuring 1 centimeter away

at right angles to the axis. These two general relation-

ships may be summarized along with metric units used in the

study as follows:

FORCE

From Newton's Second Law Where:

F = (m) (a) F = force (Newtons)

m mass (Kg) 2
a acceleration (M/sec )

or, in terms of Kiloponds:

F = (l/g) (m) (a) F = force (Kp or Kgf)
m mass (Kg)
2
a acceleration (M/sec )
.g acceleration due to gravity
at the Eart2's surface
(9.80 M/sec )
TORQUE
T = (F) (D) T torque in (Kgf-cm)
F force in (Kgf)
o = perpendicular distance from
force to axis of rotation (ern)

41
UNITS

The elbow strength data is presented in the torgue unit

of kilogram force-centimeters (Kgf-cm). It is worthwhile

to note that these are identical units to kilopond-centi-

I

meters (Kp-cm) since 1 Kgf = 1 Kp. The following conver-

sions may prove useful:

1 Kgf-cm = 1 .Kp-cm

9.806 N-cm = 0.09806 N-M

1 Kgf-cm = 0.806 in-lbf

Notice 1 Kgf-cm is only slightly less than 1 in-lbf which

is useful for estimaiing data in English units.

units for the grip strenqth data are in Kiloqram f6rce (Kqf) .
Conversion to Newtons or pound force is thus:

1 Kgf =.9.806 N

1 Kgf = 2.205 Ibf

3.1.1.2 Torgue: Data expressed in torque units may be in-

terpreted via the definition of mechanical torque previous-

ly mentioned. Each strength value is presented as equiva-

lent to a force times a distance. When a force or force

component acting at right angles to the limb at a particular

point must be known, it may be calculated by dividing the

strength value by the distance to the force from the joint

center. For example, an elbow flexion strength of 300 Kp-cm

implies that the forearm can generate an upward force of 10

Kp at 30 cm away from the elbow, 15 Kp at 20 em, 30 Kp at

42
10 ern, and so on. An estimate of the linkage length can

be obtained from'Section 3.2 to make an estimate of force

capability for a particular age child. For sample calcu-

lations see Section 4.2 of this report. It must be kept

in mind, however, that strict mathmatical interpretation

of torque may be erroneous for extremes of force and dis-

tance. In such cases a limitation of capability may be

imposed by considerations other than absolute muscle

strength. For example, very high loading press~re on the

soft tissue can cause pain and thereby limit the strength

capability. Also, exceeding the torque loading capability

of a proximal joint may result in a limitation of the

strength capability.

3.1.1.3 Motivation: Each strength value represents a

maximum voluntary effort obtainable through verbal encourage-

ment. It must be recognized that the child is capable of

stronger efforts than, the data indicate, especially in an

excited psychological state. Section 2.8 of this report des-

cribes in detail motivation used in this study.

3.1.1.4 Strength Criteria: Each strength value is the

average torque measured over a one second interv~l. This

one second is selected as the one second interval which

has the greatest average value of all possible contiguous

one second intervals in a five ,second exertion. Section

2.5 describes the criteria in more detail.

43
3.1.1.5 Photograph of Test: A photograph of a child

performing the test is presented to illustrate both the

position of the child and the relevant straps on the fix-

ture. The photographs are not intended to have any im-

plications of the subject's motivation.

3.1.1.6 Description of the Tests: A precise anatomic

definition. of the strengths being measured is given with

respect to the anatomic position. Figure 20 shows a sub-

ject in the anatomic position with illustration of the sagit-

tal, coronal, and transverse planes together with their axes:

Figure 21 contains definitions of terms used. All joint

angles are defined to be zero when the subject assumes the

anatomic position and rotates his wrist so that the palms

face the thighs.

3.1.1.7 Test position: The body position is described

with respect to the anatomic position and joint angles are

/
defined as zero in the anatomic position but with the wrists

pronated so that the palms face the thighs. For a series

of tests pertaining to one limb, only relevant joint posi-

tions for that limb are given. The rest of the body remains

in the standard test position as shown in Figures 4 and 5.

Grip and pinch tests are obtained with the right upper ex-

tremity unrestrained.

3.1.1.8 Anthropometric Measurement: These measurements are

obtained in order to adjust ~he size of the strength chair.

These measurements are described in detail in Section 3.2.

44
3.1.1.9 Adjustment of Equipment: The adjustment procedure

necessary to fit the strength chair to a particular child

is given. This is intended to help describe the system

of body restraints provided by the strength chair.

3.1.1.10 Instructions to the Subject: The specific test

instructions are given to the subject depending upon his

or her level of comprehension. This section contains a

condensed and stylized version of these instructions and

does not reflect attempts to motivate the child. The topic

of motivation is discussed in Section 2.8.

3.1.1.11 Sketch of Test: A drawing is presented to.clari-

fy the description of the test by illustrating, with some

exaggeration, the motion attempted in perfnrming the test.

3.1.1.12 Statistical Data: The page heading consists of

a test name and a joint angle position as shown in the index.

The data are represented by age groups from 2 1/2 to 10 1/2

years. The 15th and 85th percentiles .were reported since

the sample size in some age groups was insufficient to obtain

a 5th or 95th percentile.

3.1.1.13 Graphs: The data is presented also as scatter

plots of the individual strength values. Elbow strength

was plotted against age,as is conveniently done. Plots

against height, weight, and forearm length appear in Section

3.4.3. The scales are expandea to preserve the resolution

45
between individual points and therefore care must be taken

when comparing graphs. Note that both elbow flexion and

extension were measured in all positions except 180 0 where

only flexion was measured.

Grip strength, the location of force, and the angle

formed by the force vector with the center-lin~ of the trans-

ducer are plotted against age for each setting of the trans-

ducer (2 em, 3 em, ... ). These plots appear in Section 3.3,3.

3.1.1.14 Multiple Positions: Subsequent pages contain

tables and plots of larger elbow angles. Means from these

graphs at various pooled age groups are summarized across

elbow position in Section 3.4.2.

3.1.1.15 Strength vs. Other Variables: Included in this

section are plots of elbow flexion and extension vs. subject

height, body weight, and the sum of the radial and carpal

linkages,since this is a commom lever arm in work performed

by the hand. Also included in this section is elbow flexion

and extension strength plotted against elbow joint angle.

In the graphs involving height, weight, and forearm

linkage, scatter plots are used similiarto previous sections.

However, in addition to the individual data points, a linear

regression line has been calculated and drawn in to fit the

data. The purpose is meant to b~ for convenience and not to

{

imply a first order fit is the best for the data. This line

is labeled "Trend" on the graphs.

46
47
 ILONGITUDINAL
lAXIS

~
SAGITTAL
-------- ~QR_O~~L
AXIS AXIS

CORONAL SAGITTAL TRANSVERSE

ol>o
co PLANE PLANE PLANE

MEDIAL
ANTERIOR POSTERIOR
LATERAl

INFERIOR

Figure 20 Anatomic Planes, Axes, and Directions

:.
 3.2 LINKAGE MEASUREMENTS

3.2.1 Index of Linkage Measurements

Measurement Page
1. Standing Height .~ 51
.~..
,r' - 2. Body Weight . . • . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 53
3. Carpal 55
4. Radial 57
5. Humeral 59
6. Sacral . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 61
7. Thoracolumbar. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 63
8. Cervical 65
9. F emo r a 1 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 67
10. Tibial . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 69
11. Tarsal 71
12. Clavical , 73
13. Pelvic . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 75
14. Wrist Breadth . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 77
15. Hand Breadth at Thumb 79
16. Hand Breadth . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 81
.-,""'-. 17. Finger Breadth at Proximal Interphalangeal Joint 83
18. Finger Breadth at Distal Interphalangeal Joint 85
19 . Hand Leng th . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . • . . . . . . . . . • 87
20. Middle Finger Length 89
21. Wrist Thickness . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 91
22. Metacarpal Phalangeal Joint Thickness 93
23. Proximal Interphalangeal Joint Thickness 95
24. Distal Interphalangeal Joint Thickness 97
25. Third Phalanx 99
26. Proximal Phalangeal ~ . • . . . . • . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 101
27. Middle Phalangeal 103
28. Distal Phalangeal • . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 105
29. Outside Carpal . . • . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 107
30. Outside Proximal Phalangeal 109
31. Outside Middle Phalangeal 111
32. Outside Distal Phalangeal 113
33. Outside Gr ip Diameter 115
34. Inside Grip Diameter 117

49
 CERVICAL CLAVICAL

HUMERAL
HEIGHT
t
THORACOLUMBAR
RADIAL
Ul
o PELVIC
SACRAL
~
CARPAL
fTpEMORAL

IJ61-
t
BODY WEIGHT

"\'
'{

~"fI
 ;) ~j
)~
I
.... , ...
~;;~ t
, ... ,,-
~: ~
~g

50 b
_ _ L.
 STANDING HEIGHT

DESCRIP.TION: Measure the perpendicular distance from the floor to

the vertex with the child standing in bare feet or
socks.

51
! Preceding page blank 1
,_.~--
 STANDING HEIG'flT (elR)
(!'1ales and Females)

Age (yrs) N ~ean s.d. Iii n 5th 50th 95.th l"I ax

2.5- 3.5 31 97.3 4.3 Fl8.1 89.3 96.6 104.5 104.9
3.5-q.5 45 102. 1 4.1 93.6 94.2 101. 7 1013.8 110.4
4.5-5.5 44 111.4 5.5 102.3 102.7 111.0 122.3 125.0
5.5-6.5 49 114. 5 4.8 99.6 104.9 113. B 12 1.2 124.2
6.5- 7.j 46 121 • 3 6.5 103.4 1'2.0 121.0 13 1. 9 132.5
7.5-8.5 52 126.8 5.7 114.1 117.0 125. a 136.0 13 8. 4
9.5- 9.5 42 1.33.1 5.6 118.3 124.4 133.0 H5.2 1qa.9
9.5-10.5 45 140.5 7.2 126.6 127.8 139.2 151. 6 158.0

180.00

150.00 .
" ,

1"0.00 " . ..
• • ' •• ' 1/
I' .. • :1_, •
~ .' "
.. .. ,
I.:', . :. :...
'I ..

... ... : . . .. .. .. , .
, '

-
~ 130.00 ' '
<.:)
.,'
L&J .. ..
.. ..
'. I, \
..... I
,.....
• ..
~
. . ., : ... . ." .. ~ .'

-
z 120.00
<.:)
~ .. ' '.... " . I'
c
z ..
,,:. '1:"
.
a:
.. ... ..."'::
... ' . ' II I." .. I I :,

110.00 " .'" ' . ~

.. .... .. .
~ ' "
U)
. .' "

. -.'; ... .... .... '.

" ,
100.00' . : : .: :
~

. .. ; .
.1 .

:' .
90.00

, 80.00
2 3' S 6 7 B 9 10 1
AGE (YEARS)

52
 BODY WETGHT

DESCRIPTION: Seat subject on back side of chair with shoes off.

Computer records voltage output from all four load
cells supporting the chair. Remove,the subject from
chair. Computer similarily records empty chair
weight. The difference between the two readings,
the child's weight, is displayed on the graphics
terminal and is stored.

53
 BODY WEIGHT (kg)
(''I a les and Fellales)
Age (yrs) N !'lean s.d. lIIin 5th ')Oth 9')tb !'lax
2.5-3.5 31 15.2 1.9 11.2 11.3 15.3 17. b 18.8
3.5-4.5 45 16.8 1.9 13.4 14.0 16.5 2 0.0 20.7
/1.5- 5.5 44 1 (). 6 2.7 15.2 15.4 19.2 24.1 26.4
,.5-6.5 49 21.0 2.8 16.2 16.5 20.7 25.5 29.3
6.5-1 :"5 46 23.4 3.2 15.6 18.0 23.3 28.1 30.5
7.5-8.5 52 26.4 4.7 19.2 19.5 2').2 34.4 39.6
q. 5- 9.5 42 30.1 . 5.0 19.7 22.6 30.0 37.1 44.9
9.5-10.5 45 33.0 4.9 24.3 25.2 31.6 41.6 42.6

so. 00

IQ.OO

0:
o
...
• 0
..

~ 31&.00 .
- •• .. .o
C)

. ....... .. ......
~ 'I.
0"
.-
." .
o 0
)- -I' ... o • •

8CD 28.00
•

.~,
0 •

._ . ;.... ..

.. . . ..
.. . ," --:.. : :........ ...
..
.............. , .. :: ..
........ ••:
..
..
.. )
~..
.... ..
•••: .. ~ .. ,.eJ I ~ .. "
-.. -... -.
. ; ...... "
. ..
..

18.00
..... ..
._.-......
.... I .. . . ' " ..
•
-, ...... .. ......
. .
I' .
..
. .... .: .•...
.. ......
. .. ..

10.00+----+---~--_+--- .....- - _ + _ - - _ _ _ l t _ _ - - . . . _ - - _ _ f - - - _ 1
2 5 8 7 8 9 10 11
RGE (YERRS)

54
 CARPAL LINKAGE

DESCRIPTION: Measure from the wrist (radiocarpal joint center)

to the third knuckle (third carpophalangeal joint
center) . 0 1

55
 CARPAL LINKAGE (cm)
(!'Iales and Females)

Age (yrs) N Pilea n s.d. ~in 5th 50th 95th Max

2.5-.3.5 :fa 4•1 0.5 3.0 3.0 3.9 4.8 5.0
3.5-4.5 45 4.3 0.5 2.8 3.5 4.2 5. , 5.2
4.5-5.5 44 4.9 0.6 3.7 3.1 4.6 5.7 5.8
5.5-6.5 49 5.2 0.5 3.8 4. 1 5. 1 6.0 6.3
6.5-7.5 46 5.5 0.5 4.4 4.6 5.4 6.2 6.8
7. 5-8:"5 52 C;.A 0.7 4.4 4.6 5.6 7.0 7.4
8.5- 9.5 42 6.0 0.8 4.8 4.8 6 •.0 7.4 8.0
9.5-10.5 45 6.2 0.9 4.7 4.8 6.0 7.8 8.5

9.00

8.00

7.00

"" .
'- ... ... ....
t.:)
. .
~
,

-
. .J
..J
6.00
. -...
.
.
.. .......
"

..
. .... .
..
...... . ..
a: 5.00 . .. ..
..... .. .. .
Q..
a:
~
u .. . . .
... . _ ....
.
-
.... 00

3.00

2.00+---_+--~~--+_--_+--___1l__--+_--_+_-,.....~1__-­
2 5 6 7 8 9 10
AGE (YEARS)

56
 RADIAL L"INKAGE

DESCRIPTION: Measure from the elbow joint thurnero-ulnar joint

center}' to the wrist (radiocarpal joint center).

II

57
 25.00

22.00

L&J
~
19.00
z~
-
. .J .'
..
.:. .. II
.........
, .'
II....
.,
.'

-
..J '
a: • I . . . . . . . . .. .. I, \ .. II"

o 16.00 "
a: .. • I' .. I I. ,', I,:
a: , ::.'-:•• ~ ': ...1. ': \ • :.

", ...'
.
., .
'..'. ..
'
,
..
II

' .
....

13.00 . ':'... .. .. "

..... I ••

.....
= ....

"

10.00 +----+----+-----il----+----+----+---+---t-----of
2 3 5 6 7 8 9 10 11
AGE (YEARS)

58
.....
"
 HUMERAL LINKAGE

DESCRIPTION: Measure from the shoulder joint (glenohumeral joint

center) to the elbow joint (humero-ulnar joint
center) .

I
I

)
\
) \
U

59
 HU!'IERAL L! NU.GE (em)
(l1ales and Felllales)

Age (yrs) N t'lean s.d. !'lin 5th 50th CJ5th "lax

11 • 3 14. 1 16. 9 , g. ":l
2.5-].5 31 14.2 1.6 ".1
3.5-4.5 45 15.2 1.5 ".3 12.3 15. 1 11.4 1 B. 1
4.5-5.5 44 17.0 1.8 13.9 1 q. 1 17.0 1q.6 22. 3
5.5-6.5 49 17.3 1. (, 13.2 14.2 17.2 20.1 21.4
6.5- 7.5 )46 19.2 1.8 14.6 15.3 19.5 21.7 22.3
7.5-8. ') 52 19.7 1.6 16.2 16.6 ' 111.5 22.7 24.1
A. 5- 9.5 42 21.4 1.7 11.7 18.0 21.2 24.4 25.5
9.5-10.5 45 22.2 1.8 18.5 19.7 21.7 25.4 25.9

30.00

26.67

L&J 23.33 -.'

Co:) ..
a:
:.:: . : .,.
-
z
...J
...J
20.00
'. .. I
.'. .';. ..e.
~
.. , ,.
'. • •• "
.'

.'
.. : .
....
,•• I

",

.'
a:
a::
L&J
" .... ... ', ... ,
,
.. I
.
•
.'
,"
z:
:::>
r 16.61
. '
• • II ':.

":, ,
•

."
.. ",
I
• ..

....
"
.. ..
:.
.. I. I

.'",".. .'..
; ...., " I
, . .......

13.33

10.00 t;'-:-----::-t:::-----::-t:-------+----:---t-------l
2.00 3.80 5.60 7,~0 9.20 11.00
AGE (YEARS)

60

......--
. '
 SACRAL LINKAGE

DESCRIPTION: Measure from the hip joint (femoral head) to the

"hip top (crest of ilium).

J\
J~
-------

61
 SACRAL LINUGE {c. )
("liil €s and Fe Dla les)

A.qe (yrs) N Mean s.d. !'lin 5th 50th 95th . Max

2.5- 3.5 31 5.2 0.8 4.0 4.0 4.9 6.5 7.6
1.5-4.5 qq 5.7 , •1 3.6 3.8 5.6 7.3 8.3
4.5-5.5 44 6.5 1.3 4.0 4.3 6.3 8.8 9.9
'j.5-6.'j 49 6.9 1.5 4.4 4.5 6.5 9.2 10.4
6.5-7.5 4£ 7.2 1•1 5.1 5.3 7.0 8.1 9.1
7.5- 8.5 52 7.5 1.3 5.2 5.4 7.4 9.9 11.0
f3.S-Q.5 42 7.9 1.6 5.3 5.4 7.6 10.6 , 1. .,
9.5-10.5 45 8.8 1.6 4.9 6.0 q.7 , 1.2 13.3

111.00

12.00

10.00
l.&J
<.:)
cr
zx
-
....J
....J
8.00 .- ....
a: '.... .
a::
u
a:
(f)
8.00
"

, ' .. ,
.., .'
..
,'

!' .' :

It. 00

2.00 +----+---+----+---t----+-----lr----t-----I---....
2 3 II 5 6 7 8 9 10 11
AGE (YEARS)

62

.... -
"

-
 THORACOLUMBAR LINKAGE

DESCRIPTION: Measure from the hip top (crest of the ilium) to

the shoulder joint (glenohumeral joint center) .

'p,~
........ 'l\'"
-1"- " 1 : . \1'I~
.:
j' - ... ,'\ !

~~~
'. '. -.", /'
,--,\,~ ~'
--

.
,~
.
"r,
,'
.~

63
 TRORACOLU"B~R lIlfHGE (CIII)
(!'Iales and Females)

Age (yrs) N ~ean s.r1. l1in 5th 50th 95th Max

2.5- 3.5 31 18.9 2.0 14.1 14.3 19.4 21.5 22.1
3.5-4.5 45 20.B 2. , 14.9 16.3 20.7 211.4 25.3
4.5-5.5 44 22.3 2.6 16.4 16.7 21.9 26.2 27.8
5.5- 6. I) 49 22.2 2.3 16.6 18.4 22.0 26.4 27.4
6.5-7.5... 46 24.0 2.1 19.9 20.3 23.5 27.6 29.2
7.5-8.5 52 24.9 2.2 20.4 20.8 24.8 28.0 31.3
8.5-9.5 42 26.3 2.8 19.8 20.5 25.8 30.0 33.8
9.5-10.5 45 26.7 2.4 2 O. 5 21.7 26.9 29.9 32.2

35.00

90.00

,1,1 . .:
I" ••
"
.. .,
LLI " , .. : ...... : . . ,"
'.
'"a: 25.00
.'
,
.
,
.'
- ..
:lIC
: ,
'. .'. ..
"" "
Z
: " . :. " , ~
"

-'
a:
, '
.
I' •• ' .:.
..
II ••• : • .'
"
.
• II \. • ,.

. , . ,.' ..
a: " I, ••••
m "

~ 20.00 '
..,
-' :
, .

15.00

10.00 +----+----+---t----+----+----+---t----+----i
2 3 5 6 7 8 9 10 11
AGE CYEARS)

64
 CERVICAL LINKAGE

DESCRIPTION: Measure from the shoulder joint (glenohumeral joint

center) to the ear canal (external auditory meatus).

65
 CERVICAL tI NUGE (ell)
( "ales and Females)

~ge (yrs) N Mean s.d. !!in 5th 50th QSth Max

2.5- 3.5 31 11.4 1.3 9.0 9. 1 1 1. 5 13.0 13.6
3.5- 11.5 45 12.9 1.4 9.0 "9.3 13. 1 14.6 15.1
4.5-5.5 44 13.4 1•q 9.9 10.2 13.3 16.3 18.2
5.5-6.5 49 13.7 1.9 9.1 10.6 13.9 16.5 19.3
14.7 1 • "] 9.7 10.6 14.8 17.0 17.6
{~
6.5-7.5
7.5-8.5 15.8 1.7 12.8 12.9 15.5 18.8 19.5
B. 5- 9. 5 42 16.4 1.7 13.] 13.4 16.3 19.0 20.1
9.5-10.5 45 17.3 '.5 13.3 111.3 17.4 19.6 20.4

22.00

20.00
:

, . "
18.00
lLJ , ~

~
a: , ' ,
.,
. ..
-
~ :
z 16.00
...J
.
'
"
,
"
" ,\ , ,
, . . ,

...J ..
- ., .
a: "
w ,',
Ill. 00 , ,,
> ,
a: ," " ,
lLJ
W
,
.,
.,, .
, .
12.00 '. .,
.' . I

10.00
., -"

8.00
2 3 5 6 7 e 9 10 1
AGE (YEARS)

66
 FEMORAL LINKAGE

~ESCRIPTION: Measure from the hip joint to the knee joint

(femorotibial joint center).

67
 PE!OlUL LlIUr:AGE (c.)
("'ales and Females)
Age (yrs) N l'Iean s.d, "'in 5th 50th 95th l'Iax
2.5-3.5 31 21.2 1.9 11.1 11. B 21.2 23.9 2?O
3.5-4.5 45 22.5 1.9 19.0 19.3 22.3 25.7 26.4
4.5- 5.5 44 25.4 1.B 21.5 22.5 25.1 28.5 30.3
5.5-6.5 49 26.1 1.8 22.0 23.5 26.7 29.1 30.6
6.5- 7.5 46 28.3 2.1 24.7 25.2 27.1 31.5 32.3
7.5- B. 5 "'52 30.4 2.2 21t.8 25.6 30.2 33.8 35.1
8.5- (). 5 42 31.5 2.4 24.7 25.3 31.9 34.4 35.8
9.5-10.5 45 33.6 2.5 27.8 29.5 32.9 37.9 39.4

1&5.00

39.00

I.LJ "
c.:l
~ 33.00
". . ..
-
• •• ••1 • : '" 1 ,', •
, , • I, ::. I' \
z
....J
. .... "
.:.
• •• f

..
' . I,
....J o , \

a: . '. " .~
a::
~
: #. • :
27.00 , , • I"
I.LJ
lL.

.' . .
•••' 't . '
I

"
•

"
• •
. '"

.
'; I'

. ... ..
I,
' .' •
,,-

... "

•
,
II • I'
., .
0, •
21.00 o ,
1 ' :- II.
,"
.. , "

"

15. OO+----+---~I--'---+---_+--~I__'_--+_--_+--__il__'_-__i
2 3 5 6 7 8 9 10 11
AGE (YEARS)

68
,
.... -
.
 TIBIAL LINKAGE

DESCRIPTION: Measure from the ankle joint (tibiotarsal joint

center) to the knee joint (femorotibial joint center).

69
 TIBIAL LIRUGE (ell )
(Males and Fellales)
f>.ge (yrs) N Plean s.d. IHn 5th '50th 95th !'lax
2.5-3.5 31 20.0 2.1 16.1 16.2 19.9 23. ; 23.7
J. 5-4.5 45 21.4 1.6 18.2 18.8 21. 3 23.9 24.5
4.5- 5.5 44 23.8 1.2 21.0 21 .7 23.5 25.9 :>6.6
5.5-6.1) 49 24.7 1.9 20.5 21. 1 24.4 27.5 29.0
6.5-1.5 46 26.9 1.9 23.0 23.4 26.6 30.4 30.5
1 • 5 - B• S i "'5 2 28.5 2.2 24.2 24.1 28.2 31.6 32.9
IL5-9.5 42 30.2 2.1 25.9 26. , 30.0 33.8 ~4.5
9.5-10.5 QS 32.0 2.5 27.8 28.1 31.5 36.6 37.2

110.00

35.00
"

a . . . . . -,

UJ
~
ex: 30.00
.... '
'::.
"
.. . ',
,t, ....
"."

.... t....
• to

, ..

-
~
z " , . .. :.

-1 , .
--
-1
ex:
CD
.....
25.00

.. ..
..
.. . :.: : .....' ..
:..:"
" "
.. ': ~ .. "
':..':
,
"
. '. ,
.

"
,
..
"
-. ,
I.' ....
"
.. .. .1 "
,
..

.'

20.00
. '
.. .. - : '

., ...
I,
"
,: I.

15.00 +----+----t---t---+----+-------lf----+----+-----f
2 5 6 7 e 9 10 11
AGE (YEARS)

70

--
 TARSAL LINKAGE

DESCRIPTION: Measure from the ball of the foot (first tarso-

phalangeal joint center) to ankle joint (tibio-
tarsal joint center).

~I

71
 'f!

TAR SA L LINU.GE (ell )

(I''1ales and Fellales)

Age (yrs) N "'ean s.d. "'in 5th 50th 95th !'lax

2.5- 3.5 31 7.8 0.9 6.1 6.2 1.9 9.2 9.7
3.5-4.5 45 8.6 , •0 6.8 6.8 8.5 10.0 10.9
4.5- 5.5 44 9.4 0.9 7.6 7.8 9.4 10.8 11. 7
5.5-6.5 49 9.5 1.0 7.1 7.4 9.5 11.0 11 .4
6.5- 7.5 46 10.] 1.0 8.6 8.9 10.3 12.0 12.6
7.5- 8.5 "'52 10.6 1. 1 8.9 8.9 10.6 12. 1 14.1
8.5-9.5 42 11.4 1.4 8.8 9.0 11.2 13.4 15.4
9.5-10.5 45 11.6 1.2, 8.6 9.2 11.5 13.6 14.2

20.00

17.00

1~.OO
"
,, ,
,
" ,
"
, • I

I
'\
,
..
.. . "'
',9\'.' I, I'':,',
"
11.00 , . ,,'
"
"
't
1. '.-.
.." .:. .. . ::
II':
.,' ..
\
• II .,'

"
.,'

• II
,.
,. ,
• II. •
II .' ' •• ' I" . . . ••
I • ,

. . I.
.. ,. I ...,••,'. I' I, :

, '

'.. '.,: ., .... ..

, • ..' • • I, •
• I' I- ,',
I, ••••••• - •

~
• • • t- II • •• "
8.00 ,
"
,',
"
. ., "

5.00+----+----+----+----+---+---+----+-----lf----
2 3 5 8 9 10 1

72
 CLAVICLE LINKAGE

DESCRIPTION: Measure from the left shoulder joint (left gleno-

humeral joint) to the right shoulder joint (right
glenohumeral joint center). Subject standing.

73
 CLAVICAL LINKAGE (em)
(~ales and Females)

Age (yrs) N Mean s.d. !'lin 5th 50th 95th r'lax

2.5- 3.5 31 14.7 1 .3 1 1.7 12.2 14.3 H.7 n.6
3.5-4.5 45 15.8 1~6 11.9 12.5 15.8 17.8 '9.2
4.5- 5.5 44 17.3 1.6 12.9· 14.9 17.5 20.2 21.5
5.5-6.5 49 17.8 1.5 14.9 15.3 17.6 20.1 21.7
6.5-1.5 46 fA.1 1.7 14.2 15.2 18. 1 21.0 21.7
7.5-8.5 ....52 19.3 2.0 15.1 16. 1 19.3 22.6 24.8
8.5-9.5 42 19.4 1.6 16.4 16.5 19.2 22.5 22.9
9.5-10.5 45 20.7 2.0 16.2 17.5 20.4 23.B 25.7

so. 00

26.00

I.iJ
.. .,.
C)

xa: .
- . ..
' 0'
22.00
z o .0 • .'
...J
. • II' ': ...
. ..
, , II' .: • • II I I ' •

:e.: .'
- ' . I' " .. "..
...J • •••• II _._. ',. •
a: , ..._1
u
'.
.. .1 •• II • • 1

~.
1

.. .. .... ' .
',.. ..'
• .. : .1

.
II.. ':...... • II • •

~ 18.00 " ~
'. ..-'
. '.
.. . .
:,. .. ..
.......... .. ."
-I
u
, '. .. ~ .. ..
:'\ .'
• :. II II

. II
.... :.
II I, ....

II II II II II II

. .
.. 11'1 II II II

. . . II II II' I

.
• II II II

,
11£.00
.
,I II

•••••
II

II

10.OO+2-----I----+----iSI----·+6----f7---e+----+9---1+-O----i1:
AGE (YEARS)

74
 PELVIC LINKAGE·

DESCRIPTION: Measure from the left hip joint (left femoral head)
to the right hip joint (right femoral head).
Subject standing .

.•.......
': .
...
: :.
.::::~-::.::::::::
" . : ..
..
·4 .

."

~I

75
 PELVIC LINKAGE (em)
(I'Iales and Fellales)

Age (yrs) N ~ean s.d. Min 5th CiOth 95th !'lax

2.5-3.5 31 13.3 1.7 10.0 10.2 13.3 15.8 17.0
3.5-11.5 45 14.0 1.8 10.0 10.9 13.4 17.2 18.3
4.5-5.5 44 15.4 1.8 11.3 11.7 15.6 17.9 18.6
5.5-6.5 119 15.8 1.7 12.7 13.1 15.5 18.4 19.8
6.5-7.5 .... 46 16.3 2.2 11.4 12.2 16.0 19.4 22.5
7.5-8.5 52 11.9 2.4 13.9 14. 1 17.2 21.9 23.1
'3.5- 9.5 42 18.2 2.5 14.1 14.2 17.8 22.9 25.1
9.5-10.5 _5 19.1 2.2 14.7 15.1 18.8 23.1 24.7

30.00

25.00

.
o " . -,
·0

~
~ 20.00 . . .. . ," .. •

-z
....J .. . " ..
. ",.. '". ...
',' .' . . ..... ,,"
0 •

: "': . .,
o
..
'.'
"
" '0 ,

o o.

-
00
.' I" '
o " '"
"
".: '0

U
> I 0
o
•0•
.
:.'c'
"I • .::
o ..

. ". .
. ",. • .
..
" .., . o o.
o
',,.:-" .~'
LLf
a..
15.00
o
'" '. 0 0
" ;.", . 00

" " •• : " ", I. ". • ' "1 .' ":.

• o•
.... II .". • ' •

. .0
o •

10.00

5.oot---""!---+---+---+---+---+---+---+--~
2 3 .Q 5 6 7 8 9 10 11
AGE (YEARS)

76
 WRIST BREADTH

DESCRIPTION: Measure the maximum width of the wrist across

the radius and ulna at the distal end of the
radius and ulna.

77
 IIIIS'! BIH'ADTH (em)
(P'lales and Females)
Age (rrs) N Mean s.d. "in 5th 50th 95th !'lax
2.5- 3.5 31 3.6 . 0.2 3.1 3.2 3.5 3.9 4. 1
3.5- 4.5 45 3.7 0.2 3.3 3.3 3.7 4. 1 4.2
4.5-5.5 ijij 3.9 0.2 3.5 3.5 3.8 4.3 4.4
5.5- 6.5 49 4.0 0.2 3.5 3.5 3.9 4.2 4.4
6.5-1.5 _45 4.2 0.3 . 3.6 3.6 4. 1 4.5 4.6
7.5- 8.5 52 4.3 0.3 3.6 3.1 4.2 4.8 5.2
~. 5- 9.5 42 4.5 0.3 3.8 3.8 4.4 4.9 5.1
9.5-10.5 45 4.6 . O. J 4.1 4.1 4.5 5.1 5.5

6.00

5.50

5.00
z:
~
c
cz:
L&J
ii ~.50

-
~
en
a::
:z:

.. . .-.. . .
~.oo
...
.. . ...
3.50 •........

3.00 +---+---+----+----+----+----+----+-......:...--+-----1
2 3 5 8 9 10

78
 HAND BREADTH AT THUMB

DESCRIPTION: Measure the maximum width of the hand at the

second knuckle of the thumb (metacarpal-phalangeal
joint of phalanx I) with the thumb fully .
adducted.

79
 HAND BRF~DTB-THUPIB (ell)
(I'lales and Fellales)

Age (yrs) N !'lean s.d. !'lin 5th 50th 95th !'lax

2.5-3.5 31 5.5 0.5 3.1 4.4 5.6 6. , 6.4
3.5-4.5 45 5.9 0.5 4.9 5. 1 5.8 6.8 1.1
4.5- 5.5 44 6.1 0.4 5.4 5.5 6.1 6.7 7.2
5.5-6.5 49 6.4 0.5 5.5 5.5 6.3 7.1 7.6
6.5-7.5 ...46 6.6 0.5 5.3 5.6 6.5 7.3 8. 1
7.5-8.5 51 7.0 0.5 5.8 6.0 7.0 7.7 8.3
9.5- 9.5 42 7.4 0.6 6.1 6.2 7.4 8. 1 8.6
9.5-10.5 45 7.5 0.6 6.6 6.6 7.3 8.7 9.4

10.00

8.00

8.00
a3
:c
~ • 0
...
_
I II

. . ....
'•• 1
.. ••
I.
..

••
..
..

0
..

..I... ...... . ... . .

I' _ •• '1" ....
~ I ......

.- ..'..._.
o •
t- 7.00
0

.... . ..
00 0

..
..
o •

t-
a:
:
...- ....... .. - . .
.. ... - 00 •
o

~
I ._ .

t-
0
6.00 ~ .. '::. . .... 1- : .. " - I,
.... .....
. ...... ..... .. -.. .. II. ....
:'.. ..,
a:
w
.. ..
.
.. II..

.....
.0 0
.. ....
.. ......

lfi 5.00
. ........
0
z
a:
%:
'l.oo

3.00

2.00
2 3 6 7 8 .9 10 11
RGE (YERRS)

80

... -.
 HAND BREADTH

DESCRIPTION: Measure the maximum width of the hand at the

third knuckle of the first finger (metacarpal
phalangeal joint center of phalanx II).

:.,;~'lr~~'

81
 HilI: Ell! H'TR cc.)
(!!ales and Felllales)
Age (yrs) . N Mean s.d. Min 5th 50th 95th PI ax
2.5-3.5 31 4.9 0.4 4.2 4.2 4.8 5.4 5.8
3. ~- 4.5 45 5.1 0.3 4.3 4.5 5.0 5.5 6.0
4.5-5.5 44 5.4 0.3 4.9 4.9 5.2 6.0 6.5
5.5-6.5 49 5.5 0.3 4.B 4.9 5.5 5.9 6.2
6.5-7.5 46 5.7 0.4 4.6 4.9 5.7 6.3 6~5
7.5- 8.5 ... 52 6.0 0.4 5.2 5.3 5.9 6.6 7.4
8.5-9.5 42 6.3 0.4 5.6 5.6 6.3 6.8 7.0
9.5- 10.5 45 6.5 0.5 5.5 5.8 6.4 7.2 7.1

8.00

7.50

7.00 ... .
::z::: 6.50
~
c
a:
L4J
a::::
CD 8.00 ',' .
c
~
::z::: 5.50 . .. ."

5.00 ........ ' .

'.00 +----t----+----+----+----+-......;--+----+----+-----l
2 S 5 6 7 8 9 10 11
AGE CYEARS)

82
 FINGER BREADTH AT PROXIMAL INTERPHALANGEAL JOINT

DESCRIPTION: Measure .the maximum width of the second finger

at the second knuckle (proximal interphalangeal
joint center of phalanx III).

83
 FIHGFR-BREADTB-PROXI~AL IRTEBPHALANGEAL JOINT
(~ales a~nd Females)
Age (yrs) .N f'Iean s. d. P1in 5th 50th 95th Max
2.5-3.5 31 1.2 0.1 0.9 0.9 1.2 1.3 1.4
3.5-4.5 45 1.2 O. , 1.0 1.0 1. 2 1.4 1.5
4.5-5.5 44 .,. 3 O. 1 1.0 1.0 1.2 '1.4 1•5
5.5-6.5 48 1.3 0." ., • 1 1• 1 1.2 1.4 1• 5
6.5-7.5 46 1.3 0.2 1.0 1.0 1.3 1.6 1.7
"'.5- 8.5 '"52 1.3 0.1 1.1 1.1 1.3 1.5 1.6
1:\.5- 9.5 42 1.4 O. 1 1.2 1.2 1.4 1.6 ".7
9.5-10.5 45 1.~ 0.1 1.2 1.2 1.4 1. b 1.7

2.00

1.80

1.80

-.,
I-
z ••• I" • ..... • ••• ••••• •

0
1.~O

-
• • _.... _.. • • - • _ I ••

Q.. ..................._ .
Q.. 1.20 ....................................
I-
a:: ......... 1 •

::I: 1.00
l-
e
a::
~
a::: 0.80
m
a:::
~ 0.80

-
~
z
u..
O.~O

0.20

0.00
2 3 5 6 7 e 9 10 11
AGE (YEARS)

"-
84
 FINGER BREADTH AT DISTAL INTERPHALANGEAL JOINT

DESCRIPTION: Measure the maximum width of the second finger

at the first knuckle (distal interphalangeal
joint center of phalanx III).

85
 FINGEF BR U DTH-DI STAL IN.TEBPH HANG EAL JOINT
(l'Iales and Felllales)

Age (yrs) N !'lean s.d. l'Ilin 5th .50th 95th !'lax

2.5-3.5 31 1.1 0.1 0.8 0.8 1.0 1.3 1.4
3.5-4.5 45 1. 1 o. 1 0.8 0.9 1.0 1.2 1 .3
4.5- 5. 5
5.5-6.5
44
49
46
1.1
1.2
1.2
0.1
0.1
0.1
0.9
1.0
0.9
O.q
1.0
0.9
,. ,
1• ,

1. 1
1.3
1.3
1.3
1. II
1.3
1.5
6.5-7.5
7.5-8.5 "'51 1.2 0.1 1.0 '.0 1. , 1.4 1.5
8.5- 9. 5
q. 5-10.5
42
f15
'.2
1.2
O. 1
0.1
1.0
1.0
1.0
1.0
1. 2
1.2
1.4
1.4
1.5
, •5

.11

• __ _ _ •• _ to

........ _....... _--_...... .. ... ..... ... ... ..1. .

3 5 6 7 8 9 10 11
AGE (YEARS)

86
.,.
 HAND LENGTH

DESCRIPTION: Measure from the wrist (radiocarpal joint

center) to the tip of the second finger
(phalanx III). All fingers and thumb are
fully adducted and extended.

1,_, .'

\: M

\
. \.'

\~''';''''

' .... '

(·_ .. v',-.. ..,;: ••

87
 HA RD L!RG'fH LIUAG! (c.)
(!'Ial es and Felllales)

hge (yrs) N !'lean s.d. l"Iin 5th 50th 95th !'lax

2. 5- 3.5 31 10.4 O.q 8.1 B.7 10.4 11.6 12.2
],5-4.5 45 11 • 1 0.6 9.9 9.9 11.0 12.0 12.2
4.5-5.5 44 12.0 0.8 10.4 10. q' 11. e 13.4 13.9
5.5-6.5 49 12.2 0.7 10.5 10.9 12. 1 1].2 13.6
6.5-1.5 46 12.9 0.8 i 1.5 11.8 12.9 14.2 15.0
7.5- 8.5 ..52 13.4 0.9 11.4 11.6 13.5 14.5 14.9
~.5-9.5 42 14.2 0.8 12.3 12.9 14.1 15.4 15.9
9.5-10.5 45 14.1 1. 1 12.9 13.0 14.5 16.1 11.5

18.00

16.00

.,.., , , .,
,,
. .... ,
:

... ',- .'

, '.
o

.., .. :.,: ~; ::;,. .

• • 0

.
. .. " , II ,

12.00
. ...
....
... ... .... . .., .
...... ....
I:. • . ~

. .., . -, • • • ' ••••••• ,I ••

\..
0'
o "

. ..... .."
.1 • •
'

10.00

8.00+----+-.....:..--+--...-j~--+_--_+_--_+--__+---t_-__t
2 S 5 6 7 e 9 10 11
AGE CYEARS)

88
 MIDDLE FINGER LENGTH

DESCRIPTION: Measure from the palmer skinfold of the second

finger (phalanx III) to the tip of the second
finger (phalanx III).

-'''''~~
---
'. . .
'

., ~ ". -. ~.,'-,:~, ,

. ~. .'

",.

'~.";:'.'.'
, (,.
"~
~
.

89
 til DOLE FINGER LENGTH (em)
("!ales and Females)

Age (yrs) N ~ean s.d. /'lin 5th 50th 95th Max

2.5- 3.5 31 q.5 0.4 3.8 3.8 4.4 5. 1 5.1
3. 5-q. 5 45 4.7 0.3 4.1 4. , 4.7 5.1 5.4
4.5-5.5 43 5.2 0.4 4.3 4.4 5. 1 5.9 6.'
5.5-6.5 49 5.2 0.4 4.3 4.4 5 •., 5.8 6.3
6.5-1.5 46 5.6 0.4 4.R q.9 5.5 6.3 6.6
7.5-q.5 52 5.8 0.5 4.7 5.0 5.8 6.4 6.7
8.5- 9.5 1f2 6 • .2 0.4 5.3 s.q 6.1 6.9 7.1
9.5-10.5 45 6.4 0.6 5.3 5.4 6.2 7.4 B.O

9.00

8.00

7.00

· ..... .....
· - ... ...
.. . . .......
..
6.00

. .. ..- . ..
II • • II •

- ..
.. • II ..
II • II •

.·
.. .. .......
• I' I II II II ......
••• .. •• II
II • II II II II

5.00 • II ••

I..
II • II II' • II II' II
II II • II II
•• II 'I'
• • • • II II ••
•• .._ II' II
•• , II

1£.00

3.00+----+-- I-----+---......---+----+-----+---+--~_t
2 3 5 8 9 10 11

90
 WRIST THICKNESS

DESCRIPTION: Measure the maximum thickness of the wrist

(radiocarpal joint center) at the distal end
of the radius.

'~--

.-
r.-.. .:,~,~,~,>~;c'~
- ,,-

':; .
. ;,.
; . '. - ~-. ". :" , ":~;

91
 ii RIST THICKNESS (c III)
( f'lales and Females)
Age (yrs) N Mean s.d. "in . 5th 50th 95th roIax
2.5- 3.5 30 2.7 0.2 2.3 2.3 2.6 3. 1 3.2
1.5-4.5 45 2.8 0.2 2.4 2.4 2.7 3.2 3.3
11.5-5.5 44 2.9 0.2 2.3 2.4 2.8 3.2 3.11
5.5-6.5 49 2.9 0.2 2.4 2.5 2.9 3.2 3.3
6.5-7.5 45 3.0 0.3 2.4 2.5 3.0 3.4 3.7
7.5-A.5 5) 3. 1 0.3 2.5 2.6 3.0 3.4 3.7
8.5- 9.5 42 3.2 0.2 2.6 2.1 3. 1 3.5 3.9
9.5-10.5 45 3.3 0.3 2.8 2.8 3.2 3.7 3.8

5.00

~.50

~.OO

3.50

.. ...........
.. ..
en
en
LU
z 3.00 ...... _
.. . ... _. .. .
.
:lIC
....U7:
• •

...
••

•
•

II.
II

• •
••

.. .
~
2.50 .,
~
en
.... 2.00
a=
:%
1.50

1.00

0.50

0.00
2 3 5 6 7 8 9 10 11
AGE (YEARS)

92
...... _-
 METACARPAL PHALANGEAL JOINT THICKNESS

DESCRIPTION: Measure the maximum thickness of,the third

knuckle of the second finger (metacarpal
phalangeal joint of phalanx III).

93
 P!ETACARPAL THICKNESS (ca)
(!'Iales and 'ellales)
Age Cyrs) N !'lean s.d. "'in 5th 50th 95th !"lax
2.5-3.5 31 1.7 0.2 1.3 1.3 1.6 2. 1 2.3 .
3.5-4.5 45 1.8 0.2 1.4 1.4 1.7 2.2 2.5
4.5-5.5 42 1.8 0.2 1.5 1.5 1.1 2.0 2.4
5.5-6.5 49 1.9 0.2 , •4 1.4 1.8 2.1 2.2
6.5-1.5 46
7.5- 8.5 "'52
1.9
2.0
0.2
0.3
1.3
1.2
1.4
1.4
'.8 2.2
2.4
2.6
2.9
'.9
~. 5- q. 5 42 2.1 0.2 1.8 1.8 2. 1 2.4 2.6
9.5-10.5 45 2.2 0.2 1.8 1.8 2. 1 2.6 2.7

11.00

3.50

3.00
en
en
w
z 2.50
-
~
u
~
~

...J 2.00
a:
Q..
a:
a:
u 1.50 .... I •• • • It ••

a:
~
w
~

1.00

0.50

0.00 2
3 5 6 7 8 9 10 11
AGE (YEARS)

94

....
.,
 PROXIMAL. INTERPHALANGEAL JOINT THICKNESS

DESCRIPTION: Measure the maximum thickness of the second

knuckle of the second finger (proximal inter~
phalangeal joint of phalanx III).

95
 PRnXIM.U I NTERPHAL ANGE~L JOINT THICKNESS (em)
( "'ales and Females)

Age (yrs) N !'!ean s. d •. "fin 5th 50th 95th ~a.x

2.5-3.5 31 1 .1 0.1 O.B O.B 1. 1 1.3 1 .3

3.5-ij.5 45 1. 1 O. 1 0.9 0.9 1. 1 1.3 1.ij
4.5-5.5 ij4 1.2 0.1 0.9 0.9 1. 1 1.3 1.5
5.5-6.5 48 1.2 O. 1 1.0 1.0 1. 2 1.ij 1.6
6.5-7.50 45 1.3 0.1 1.0 1.0 1.2 1 • ij 1.7
7.5-8., 51 1.3 0.2 1.0 1.0 1.3 1.6 1.7
8.5-9.5 42 1.4 0.1 1.2 1.2 1.4 1.6 1.7
9.5-10.5 44 1.4 O. 1 1.2 1.2 1. 4 1.6 1.8

2.00

1.80

1.80
.,

en
en
1.1iI.0 -- -- .. -..-
LLJ
Z
. ..... _.. ..... _.. _... . . - .... ... --
-
~ 1.20 .~ .
u ,
II •• •• •• _.. .
~
~
1.00

-...,
~
z
0
0.80

-
Cl..
Cl.. 0.80

0."0

0.20

0.00
2 5 6 7 8 9 10 11
AGE (YEARS)

96
 DISTAL INTERPHALANGEAL JOINT THICKNESS

DESCRIPTION: Measure the maximurnthickness of the first

knuckle of the second finger (distal inter-
phalangeal joint of phalanx 1111.

97
 DISTU INTERPHAl~NGEAL JOINT THICKNESS (em)
("ales and Females)
Age (yrs) N "lean s.d. !'lin 5th 50th 95th 'lax
2.5-3.5 31 0.9 O. 1 0.8 0.8 0.9 1. 1 1.2
3.';-4.5 uS 1.0 0.1 0.8 0.8 0.9 1• 1 1 .2
4.5- 5.5 44 1.0 0.1 0.8 0.8 0.9 1. 1 1.2
5.5-6.5 49 1.0 0.1 0.8 0.8 0.9 1.2 1.q
6.5-1.5 .... 43 1.0 .0. , 0.8 0.8 0.9 1.2 ,•5
7.5-8.5 52 1.0 O. 1 O. B 0.8 '.0 1.2 1.3
B. 5-9. 5 42 , •1 0.' 0.9 0.9 '.0 1.3 1.3
9.5-10.5 45 ,. 1 O. 1 0.9 0.9 1. , '.3 1.6

2.00

1.80

1.80
. .

VI I.~O
VI
I.LJ . .. ." ...

-
Z
:lC
u 1.20 .. . ... .. ._...... ...
:z: .... . . ..- -
-_
" '

~
....... -_ -," _ .

-
1.00 .--'~ -..-
~
z
0
-, 0.80

-
Q..
CI 0.60

O.~O

0.20

0.00
2 ·s 8 7 8 9 10 11
AGE (YEARS)

98
 THIRD PHALANX

DESCRIPTION: Measure from the third knuckle (third carpophalan-

geal joint center) to the finger tip (distal end
of the third phalanx).

99
 THIBD PHALlIl LIIUGl (c.)
("a.les and le.ales)
I\ge (yrs) N Mean s.d. Min 5th 50th 95th !'!ax
2.5-3.5 31 5.8 0.5 !J.8 4.8 5.7 6.5 7.0
3.5-4.5 45 6.1 0.4 5.4 5.5 6. 1 6.8 7. 1
4.5-5.5 114 6.7 0.5 5.5 5.7 6.5 7.6 ".9
5.5-6.5 49 6.7 0.5 5.5 5.7 6.6 7.6 .7.8
6.5-7.5 46 7.2 0.5 6.0 6.2 7.2 7.8 7.9
7.5-8:"5 52 7.5 0.6 6.2 6.3 7.5 8.4 tL .,
8.5-9.5 .42 7.8 0.5 7.0 7. 1 7.7 8.7 9.0
9. 5-H). 5 45 8.2 0.6 7.1 7.2 8. 1 Q.3 9.q

10.00

9.00

..
8.00 ....
x
za: .
•••
.. . ..
•
o •
I"
•
•

.... .. .... .. .
i
0- 7.00 ..
..
.. . .
c 1: •• . .. .
-...
a::
~

8.00
..... .
...... ...
.... ._..
. ...
'. ...
.
. ...,.

5.00

. '£.OO±---t---t---.....t-----t---+----+---+----+----'--
235 6 7 8 9 10
AGE (YEARS)

100
 PROXIMAL PHALANGEAL LINKAGE

DESCRIPTION: Measure from the tip of the second finger (phalanx

III) to the third knuckle of the second finger
(metacarpal~phalangeal joint center of phalanx
III) with the finger fully extended.

101
 PRon MAL PHHANGEAL LINK AGE (em)
("'ales and Females)

Age (y rs) N r'lean s.d. !'lin 5th 50th 95th r'lax

2.5- 3.5 31 2.5 0.3 2.0 2.1 2.5 2.9 3. 1
3 • 5- Ll • 5 45 2.1 0.3 1.8 2.0 2.7 3. , 3.6
4.5-5.5 43 2.9 0.3 2.3 2.Ll 2.9 3.3 3.7
5.5-6.5 49 3.0 0.4 2.Ll 2.4 2.9 3.5 3.8
6.5- 7.5 46 3.2 0.3 2.6 2.6 3.2 3.1 3.9
7 • 5- 8 • 5 .- 52 3.4 0.4 2.5 2.6 3.3 3.9 4.~
8.5- 9.5 42 3.5 0.3 2.9 2.9 3.5 4.0 4. 3
9.5-10.5 45 3.7 0.4 2.8 2.9 3.7 4.4 4.8

5.00

II. SO

w 11.00
t:) 00 .. 0 .. 0

a: o'

..
00 00

.
-
:lE::
z 3.50 0

-l .... .. .
-l
a: 3.00 .. ..
..
... . ....... . . -
0.0

W
t:)
Z
.. •• 0
o. o. 0

a: 2.50 00

-l
a:
z:
Q...
2.00
-I

-
a:
~

x 1.50
0
a:::
Q...
1.00

0.50

0.00
2 5 6 7 B 9 10
AGE (YEARS)

102
 MIDDLE PHALANGEAL LINKAGE

DESCRIPTION: Measure from the first knuckle of the second

finger (distal interphalangeal joint center
of phalanx III) to the second knuckle of the
second finger (proximal interphalangeal joint
center of phalanx III) with the finger fully
.. extended .

103
 MIDDLE PHALANGE~L LINKAGE (era )
(l'Iales and Pemales)
Age (y rs) N r!ean s.d. IUn 5th 50th 95th Max
2.5-3.5 31 1.6 0.2 1.2 1.2 1.6 2~0 2.4
3.5-4.5 45 1.7 0.2 1.3 1.3 1.6 2.0 2.1
4.5-5.5 43 1.8 0.2 1.3 1.3 1.7 2. 1 2.2
").5- 6.5 49 1.8, 0.3 1.1. 1. 1 1.7 2.3 2.5
6.5-7.5 415 1.9 0.3 1.2 1.4 1.9 2.3 2.5
7.5- 8. ') 52 2.0 0.3 1.6 . 1.6 2.0 2.3 2.8
8.5-Q.S"'42 2.1 0.3 1.3 1.5 2. 1 2.4 3.0
9.5-10.5 411 2.2 0.3 1.4 1.5 2. 1 2.6 3.0

1£.00

3.50

UJ 3.00
~
a:

-
z:lI::
-J
-J
a:
lIJ
2.50

z~
a:
2.00 . \.
-J
a:
X
Q..
1.50
lIJ
-J

-
C
C
::E: 1.00

0.50

0.00
2 3 5 6 7 8 9 10 11
AGE (YEARS)

104
 DISTAL PHALANGEAL LINKAGE

DESCRIPTION: Measure from the tip of the second finger (phalanx

III) to the first knuckle of the second finger
(distal interphalangeal joint center 'of phalanx
III) with the finger fully extended~

105
 DISTAL PllALA NGF.U lINKAGE (em)
(PlalEs aod Females)
Age (yrs) N Plean s.d. !'lin 5th 50th q5th Max
2.5-3.5 31 1.3 0.2 0.9 0.9 '.2 1.5 , •6
3.5-4.5 44 1.4 0.2 , .0 1.0 '.3 1.6 1.8
11.5-5.5 44 1.4 0.2 , •1 1• 1 1.4 1.8 1• 9
5.5-6.5 49 1.5 0.2 1.0 1.0 1. II 1.8 2.0
6.5-7.5 "'IUi 1.6 0.2 1.2 1.2 1.5 1.8 2.0
7.5-6.5 52 1.6 0.3 1.0 1.1 1.6 2.0 2.4
F3. 5- 9.5 142 '.7 0.2 1.1 1.1 '.7 2.0 2. 1
9.5-10.5 45 1.9 0.2 1.4 1.4 1.8 2.3 2.4

3.00

2.67

L&J
2.33
~
a:

-
x:
z
....J
....J
a:
2.00

L&J
~
1.67 .-. . . .. .
Z
a: .... - I ... _I . . . . . .
....J
a: 1.33
~
a..
....J
a: 1.00

-
t-
en
0
0.67

0.33

0.00
2 3 5 6 7 8 9 10
AGE [YEARS)

· ,
...... 106
 OUTSIDE CARPAL LINKAGE

DESCRIPTION: Measure from the outside of the third knuckle

of the second finger (~etacarpal phalangeal
joint of phalanx III) to the wrist (radiocarp
joint center) with the hand held in a fist
and the wrist fully flexed.,

~."-

-''..",.

l",. ,".

~._'­

'L··f'~
,:
.z:.~ .
.'
_.
-- ,_.-... '
.
- -----" ..

107
 OUTSIDE CARPAL LI NKAGE (em)
(Males and Pemales)
Age eyrS) N ~ean s.d. !'lin 5tu 50th 95th III ax
2.5-3.5 31 4.4 C.1 3.0 3.2 4.3 5.6 5.8
l.5-1I.5 45 4.6 0.5 3.6 3.7 4.5 5.5 5.7
11.5- 5.5 43 5.3 0.1 4. 1 11.2 5.2 6.3 1.2
5.5- 6.5 119 5.6 0.1 3.9 11.4 5.5 6.7 8.3
6.5- 7.5 Li3 5.8 0.7 4.3 4.5 5.6 7. 1 7.7
7.5-8.5 ...50 6.0 0.8 4.2 4.6 5.9 7.2 8.6
8.5-q.5 40 6.3 0.7 4.7 5.1 6.2 7.2 8.0
9.5-10.5 44 6.5 1. 1 4.8 li.S 6.2 8.8 9.8

,,
..... , . .. .
. .. ,. .. .
.. .... . ,.. .
'
. ::.. .. .- .. , .
.. .. . .·.... .. .. ·, , .. , , ,
"
.......... ·· .
. . .. ....... . . ..... .. ...., .......··.. :
, , . ..
.. . ......... .
,
.. .
..

3 5 6 1 8 9 10 1
AGE (,EARS)

108.
 OUTSIDE PROXIMAL PHALANGEAL LINKAGE

DESCRIPTION: Measure from the outside of the second knuckle

of the second finger (proximal interphalangeal
joint of phalanx Ill) to the outside of the
third knuckle of the second finger (metacarpal
phalangeal joint of phalanx III) with the hand
held in a fist.

109
 OUTSIDE PROII PlAt PRAUNGFAL LIN~AGE (ern)
("'ales and Females)

Age (yrs) N Mean s.d. ~in 5th 50th 95th /lax

2.5- 3.5 31 3.7 0.3 2.8 2.9 3.6 4.1 4.q
3. 5- q .5 45 3.9 0.3 3.0 3.5 3.9 4.3 4.6
4.5-5.5 . 44 4.2 0.3 3.5 3.7 4.2 4.6 4.9
5.5-6.5 49 4.4 0.2 3.8 3.9 4.3 4.7 4.8
6.5-7.5 ... 46 4.5 0.3 4.0 4.0 4.5 4.9 5.0
7.5-8.5 51 4.7 0.3 4.0 4.1 4.6 5.• 2 5.3
8.5- 9.5 42 5.0 0.3 4.2 4.5 4.9 5.3 5.5
9.5-10.5 45 5.2 0.4 4.2 4.6 5. 1 5.9 6.1

8.00

7.00

z:
~
~ 8.00
-l
.. . ..
-J
a::: ...._.. . --
..
.... .. ....
_. -... ...... .
..
. .. ..
.,... -
LLJ ....
~ 5.00 .. ...... ... .. . .. .. ..
..
z ... . .. """ .. .... . ..... .. ""..
a:::
-J
.. .. .. . ... .. " ..

.
..
.. -
I.
...'..
.. . . I '
-.. ..
•••
..
... .. ..
~
I .. .. • ......

1£.00 I . .' - -: ':-,' - ..

CL. I _

. . II.......... ..
.... _ .. .. ..

.. .. . ......
•• , I. . . .

x
0
a:
. ....,. ..
ll. 3.00

-
LLJ
0
en
l-
=>
0
2.00

1.00

0.00
2 3 5 8 7 8 9 10 11
AGE (YEARS)

110
 OUTSIDE MIDDLE PHALANGEAL LINKAGE

DESCRIPTION: Measure from the outside of the first knuckle

of the second finger (distal interphalangeal
joint of phalanx III) to the outside of the
second knuckle of the second finger (proximal
interphalangeal joint of phalanx III) with the
hand held in a fist.

:;:. til"

II:.

111
 OUTSIDE: 1''11 DOLE PHAl1\NGEAL L IliK1\GE (em)
(!'lales and pemales)

Age (rrs) N /'lean s. d. Plin 5th 50th 95th 1'1 ax

2.5- 3.5 31 2.4 0.3 1. B 1.8 2.3 2.8 3.0
3.5- q. 5 45 2.4 0.2 1.8 2. 1 2.4 2.1 2.8
16.5-5.5 44 2.7 0.2 2.3 2.3 2.6 3.0 3.2
5.5:- 6.5 49 2.7 0.3 2.0 2.2 2.7 3.1 3.2
6.5-7.5 ... 46 2.9 0.3 2.2 2.3 2.8 3.2 3.4
1.5-8.5 52 2.9 0.3 2.4 2.5 2.9 3.4 3.5
8.5-9.5 42 '3. 1 0.3 2.5 2.7 3. 1 3.5 4. 1
q. 5- 10.5 44 3.3 0.3 2.7 2.7 3.2 3.8 3.9

5.00

11.50

:r:: 11.00
~
~
..J
3.50
. .. ... .... .. . ......
..... . .
..J
a:
. ...
.. - .. .... . . ....... ...
l&J
~ . . ....
za: 3.00 ,-'

cE
:r:: . .. .... ... . ..... ..
Q..
2.50 .... .,. . ,

-
0
~ 2.00

-
IJJ
0
en lisa
.....
::J
0
1.00

0.50

0.00
2 "S 5 6 7 8 9 10 1]
AGE (YEARS)

112
 OUTSIDE DISTAL PHALANGEAL LINKAGE

DESCRIPTION: Measure from the tip of the second finger

(phalanx III) to the first knuckle of the
second finger (distal interphalangeal j~int)
with the finger fully flexed.

::.;<~;~'~~""
" .. I .... :~.~:::~:., ' " ~'0;\1~':'-
, ~~-""

...

113
 OUTSIDE D1STAL PHALANGEAL LINKAGE (ell )

OIales I nd Fe •• le.)

Age (y ['5) N !'lean s.d. 'Un 5th 50th 95th I'! ax

2.5-3.5 31 1.5 0.3 0.9 1.0 1. 4 1.9 2.1
3.5-4.5 45 1.6 0.3 1.0 , •0 1.6 1.9 2.0
4.5- 5.5 44 1.7 0.2 1.2 1.3 1.7 2.0 2.2
5.5-6.5 49 1.B 0.3 1.1 1.2 1. 8 2.2 2.4
6.5-7.5 46 1.8 0.3 1.4 1.4 1.8 2.2 2.5
7.5-B.!r 52 1.9 0.2 1.4 1 •. 5 1.8 2.3 2.5
8.5-9.5 42 2.0 0.3 1.5 1.6 1.9 2.4 3.0
9.5- 1 0.5 45 2. 1 0.3 1 .5 1.6 2.0 2.5 2.7·

11.00

3.50

.-
~

c,:) 3.00
...J
...J
~
I.LJ
c,:) 2.50
Z
~ .'
...I
~ 2.00
a..
.- ......
.. . ...__..
-
(f)

C 1.50
".

-
I.LJ
C

.-
( f)

:::J
1.00
o

0.50

0.00+---+---+---+---+---+----+----+----.----4
2 . 5 8 9 10 11

114
 OUTSIDE GRIP DIAMETER

DESCRIPTION; Measure from the outside of the second knuck-1e

of the second finger ~roximal interphalangeal
joint of phalanx III) to the outside of the
second knuckle of the thumb (metacarpal-phalangeal
,joint of phalanx I) as the hand encircles a
cylindrical object (measuring cone), touching
the thumb tip to the second finger tip .

:;~....
:t····
..

115
 OUTSIDE GRIP DB I5ETEIl (em)
(l'Iales and Pemales)

Age eyrs) N (liJean s.d. P1i n 5th 50th 95th l1ax

2.5- 3.5 31 5.5 0.5 4.5 4.7 5.4 6.2 6.3
1.5-4.5 45 5.9 0.3 5.1 5.3 5. B 6.4 6.B
4.5- 5.5 44 6.3 0.4 5.1 5.7 6.2 6.8 7.2
5.5-6.5 49 6.4 0.4 5.6 5.7 6.4 7.1 7.2
6.5-1.5 46 6.8 0.4 5.6 6.1 6.7 1.4 '7.9
7.5- 8.5 ;"'S2 7.0 0.6 6.0 6.1 1.0 7.B 8.1
q. 5- g. 5 42 7.4 0.5 6.5 6.5 7.3 B.3 B.4
9.5-10.5 45 7.7 0.6 6.7 6.8 7.6 8.1 9.B

10.00

9.00

a=
LlJ
.....
LlJ 8.00 ... 01'
,
:E
a:
..... . .,
c
,
.. .
. ...... ,
,
,
......
,, II
II II II
II II
II
• • II

Q..
..... 7.00
. .. . ..
, ,, . II II..
.. II II ••••
II

.. ..
a= , I ".
, • ....

<.:J ..
........
II
•
• II II
••

..
II
II
II

-
II •• II .. II II II

-5
LlJ
C
" , , .. • •
.... • II ,
, .
,
,

en
. ...
"

..... 8.00
...
._. II • II. II II

.
• II
•••

••
•••
•
• • II

II II •
II
II
II •• II •

5.00
,,
..

~.oo 2
s 5 e 7 8 9 10 11
AGE (YEARS)

116
 INSIDE GRIP DIAMETER

DESCRIPTION:· Measure the diameter of the cylindrical object

(measuring cone) at the point where the hand
encircles it touching the thumb tip to the
second finger tip.

'.,'

117
 INSIDE GRIP DI ~IHT'E:R (em)
(Males and Females)

~ge (y rs) N ~ean s.d. r'lin 5th 50th 95th Max

2.5- 3.5 31 2.1 0.2 2.3 2.3 2.7 3. , 3.1
3.5-4.5 45 2.9 0.2 2.6 2.6 2.9 3.3 3.4
4.5- 5.5 43 3.2 0.2 2.8 2.8 ~. 1 3.6 3.8
5.5-6.5 49 3.2 0.3 2.8 2.8 3.2 3.7 3.9
6.5-"?5 46 3.6 0.3 ~.1 3. 1 3.5 ij. 1 4.7
7.5-8.5 52 1.7 0.3 3.0 3. 1 3.6 4.0 ij.3
l=\. 5- 9.5 ~2 3.9 0.3 ].5 3.5 3.9 LJ.5 4.8
9.")-10.5 45 4.2 0.3 3.6 3.7 4.0 4.8 5.0

6.00

5.00
...
a:: .. .... . ..
. . . . ..
L&J
Il.oo
.... ••• 1 •
•
. ...
I' •.
...
~
. ....

--
L&J ,

..... . .. ...
:z: • • II
. .1. .

ct:
. ...... • •••
.. . . .
•• oM
. I.'
•
. .
C
. ... . ...... . •. . • I''''
. . ..
I.. . I" _
1'._ ••

..
Q..
3.00
..... . .. . . ...
f5 .. .
.. . .. ...
...
--
~
en
z 2.00

1.00

0.00+----+---+----+---+-----+------1----.....
2 5 6 7 8 9
----1-----
10
AGE (YEARS)

118
 Anthropometry statistics
(2.5 - 3.5 years)

Measurement D€scriptive Statistics

N Mean 5. d. l1in 5th 50th 95th Max
Height (c m) 31 97.3 4. 3 88.1 89.3 96.6 104.5 104.9
Weight ( kq) 31 15.2 1.9 , 1.2 '1.3 15.3
Finger Linkage (em) 31 5.B 0.5 Il.B 4.8 5.1
'1.
6.5
6 lB.lJ
7.0
Carpal Linkage (em) 30 4.1 0.5 3.0 3.0 3.9 4.B . 5.0
Radial linkage (em) 31 12.5 0.8 10.8 11.0 12.5 13.6 13. <]
Humeral Lenyth (ell ) 31 14.2 1.6 1 1. 1 11.3 1q. 1 16.9 19.]
Sacral Linkage (em) Jl 5.2 0.8 4.0 4.0 4.9 6.5 1.5
Lumbar linkage (c !1l) 31 18.9 2.0 111. 1 14.3 19. q 21.5 22. 1
cervical Linkage (em) 31 11. 1& 1.3 9.0 9. 1 11.5 13.0 13 .6
Femoral Linkage (em) 31 21.2 1.9 1"7.7 17.8 21.2 23.9 21.0
'l'ibial Linkage (em) 31 20.0 2. 1 16. 1 16.2 '9 •. 9 23.1 23.1
I-'
Tarsal Linkage (em) 31 7.8 0.9 6.1 6.2 7.9 9.2 9.1
I-' Clavical Linkage (em) 31 14. "7 1.3 11.7 12.2 14. ] 16.7 17.6
\0
Pelvic Linkaqe (em) 31 13.3 1.7 10.0 10.2 0.3 15.8 11.0
Distal Phal Linkage (e m) 31 1.3 0.2 0.9 0.9 1. 2 1.5 '.6
Middle Phal Linkage (em) ]1 1.6 0.2 1.2 1.2 1.6 2.0 2.4
proximal phal Link (elll) 31 2~5 0~3 2.0 2. 1 2.5 2.g :3. 1
OD Distal Phal link (c m) 31 1.5 G.3 0.9 1.0 . 1. 4 1.9 2. 1
OD l1iddle Phal link (c III) 31 2.4 0.3 1.8 1.8 2.3 2.8 3.0
00 Pr 0 x ph a l i ink ( em) 31 3.1 0.3 2.8 2.Q 3.6 4. 1 4.4
Od carpal Fhal link (e m) 31 1l.4 0.1 3.0 3.2 4.3 5.6 5.B
Fingerfold Linkage (em) 31 4.5 0.4 3.8 3.8 q.4 5 •.1 5.3
Hand Length Link ( em) 3.1 10.4 C.9 8.1 B.1 10.4 11.6 12.2
DIP finger Breadth (em) 31 1. 1 0.1 0.8 0.8 1.0 1.3 1.LJ
PIP Finger Breadth (em) 31 1.2 O. 1 0.9 0.9 1. 2 1.3 1 .4
Han d R r ea dt h - !'I P (em) 31 4.9 0.4 11.2 4.2 4.8 5.4 5.8
Hand Breadt~-Thumb (em) 31 5.5 0.5 3.1 4.4 5.6 6.1 6.LJ
Wrist flreadth (em) 31 1.6 0.2 :3. 1 3.2 3.5 3.9 4. ,
DIP Thiekne.5S (em) 31 0.9 0.1 0.8 O.R· O.q 1• 1 1.2
PIP "hickness (em) 31 1 • 1 O. 1 0.8 0.8 1.1 1.3 1• 3
MP Thickness (em) 31 1.7 0.2 1.3 1. ) 1.6 2. 1 2.3
wrist Thickness (e m) 30 2.1 0.2 2.3 2.3 2.6 ) •1 J.2
Grip OD (em) 31 5.5 0.5 4.5 q.7 5.4 6.2 6. 1
Grip In (em) 31 2.1 0.2 2.3 2.3 2.7 3. 1 ]. 1
r
I
'

Anthropometry Statistics
(3.5 - 4.5 years)

Measurement DeseriFtiv€ Statistics

N Mean s.d. l1i n 5th 50th Q5th MalC
Height (e m) 45 102. , ... 1 93.6 94.2 101.7 108.8 '10.4
Weight (kg) 45 16.8 1.9 13.4 14.0 16.5 20.0 20.7
pinger Linkage (em) 45 6.1 0.4 5.4 5.5 6.1 6" 8 7.'
Carpal Linkage (em) 45 4.1 0.5 2.8 3.5 4.2 5. 1 5.2
Fadi'1l Linkage (em) 115 13. ] 0.9 11.5 11.6 13.2 1 11.9 15.6
Humera 1 Lengt h (em) 45 15.2 1.5 11. 3 12.3 15. 1 17. II 18. ,
Sacra 1 Linkage (em) 411 5.7 1. 1 3.6 J.B 5.6 7.3 B. 3
Lumbar Linkage (em) 45 20.6 2. 1 14.9 16.3 20.7 2!J.4 25.3
cervieal Linkage (e m) 45 12.9 1.4 9.0 9.3 13. 1 14.6 15. ,
Femoral Linkage (e III) 115 22.5 1. 9 19.0 19.3 22.3 25.1 26.4
I-' Tibial Linkage (em) 45 21.4 1.6 18.2 18.8 21.3 23.9 24.5
N
0 Tarsal Linkage (elll) 45 B.6 1.0 6.6 6.8 ~.5 10.0 10.9
Clavieal Linkage (e m) 45 15.B 1.6 11.9 12.5 15.8 17.8 19.2
Pel vie Linkage (em) 45 14.0 1.e 10.0 10.9 13.4 11.2 18. "3
Distal Phal T.inkage (e m) 114 1.11 0.2 1.0 1. I) 1.3 1.6 1. B
Middle Phal Linkage (em) 45 1.1 0.2 1.3 1. 3 1.6 2.0 2.1
Proximal Phal link (em) 115 2.1 0.3 1.8 -2.0 2.1 3. 1 1.6
00 Distal Phal link (e Ill) 45 1.6 0.1 1.0 1.0 1.6 1.9 2.0
00 Middle Phal Link (e 1\1) 45 2.11 0.2 1.B 2.1 2.4 2.1 2.8
00 Pro x phal tink (em) 115 3.9 0.3 3.0 3.5 3.9 II. :I 11.6
Od Carpal Phal Link (em) 45 4.6 0.5 3.6 3.1 4.5 5.5 5.7
Fingerfold Linkage (e m) 45 4.7 0.3 4. 1 4. 1 4.1 5.1 5.11
Hand Length tick (em) 45 , 1• 1 0.6 9.9 9.9> 11.0 12.0 12.2
DIn Finqer Breadth (c m) 45 1•1 O. 1 0.8 0.9 1.0 1.2 1.3
PIP Fingec Areadth (em) 45 1.2 O. , 1.0 1.0 1.2 1.4 1.5
Hand Breadth-I'IP (em) 45 5.1 0.3 4.3 LJ.5 5.0 5.5 6.0
Hand Breadth-Thumb (em) 45 5.9 0.5 4.9 5.1 5.8 6.6 1.1
wrist Breadth (e II) 45 3.1 0.2 3.3 3.3 3.7 4•1 11.2
DI!J Thickness (em)
PIP Thiekness (em)
45
45
1.0 0.1
1 • 1 O. 1
0.8
O.g
0.8
O.CJ ,. ,
0.9 1. 1
, •3
1.2
1• 4
MP Thiekness lel1') 45 1. B 0.2 ,. It 1.11 1.7 2.2 2.5
wrist Thickness (c rn) 45 2.6 0.2 2.4 2.4 2.1 3.2 3.1
Grip 00 (em) 45 5.9 O. ] 5.1 5.3 5.8 6.4 6.IJ
Grip If) (e m) 45 2.9 0~2 2.6 2.6 2.9 3.3 J.4
 A~th~opometry Statistics
(11.5 - 5.5 years)

Measurement Descriptive Statistics

N !!ean s. d. 1'1 in 5th 50th 95th !!ax
Height (em) 44 111.4 5.5 102.3 102.1 111.0 122.3 125.0
We ight (kCJ) 44 19 ~ 62.1 15.2 15.11 19.2 211·1 26.4
Finger linkage (cm) 44 6.1 0.5 5.5 5.7 6.5 7.6 7.9
Carpal linkage (cm) 44 4.9 0.6 3.7 3.1 4.6 5.1 5.B
Radial linkage. (cm) 44 14.6 1.2 12.0 12.2 14.4 16.1 11.1
Humeral Length (em) 44 1.8
17 .• 0 13.9 14. 1 11.0 19.6 22 .1
Sacral Linkage (em) 44 6.5 1.3 4.0 4.3 6.3 8.~ 9.9
Lumbar linkage (em) 1J4 22.3 2.6 16.4 16~1 21.9 26.2 21.8
Cervical Linkage (c Ill) 44 13 .4 1.9 9.9 10.2 13.3 16.3 1A.2
P'el1lo["i!1 I.inkage (e m) 44 25.4 1.8 21.5 22.5 25.1 28.5 30.1
Tibial linkage (cm) 44 23.8 1.2 21.0 21.1 23.5 25.9 26.6
I-'
Ta["sal Linkage (em) 44 9.4 0.9 7.6 7.B 9.4 10.8 11.7
'"
I-' Clavical linkage (em) 44 17.3 1.6 12.9 14.9 17.5 20.2 21.5
Pelv ie Linkage (em) 44 15.11 1 .8 11.3 11. 1 15.·6 17.9 lf1.6
Distal phal Linkage (e m) 44 1.4 0.2 1. 1 1.1 1.4 1.8 1.9
!!iddle phal linkage (e m) 43 1.8 0.2 1.3 1. 3 1.7 2. 1 2.2
Proximal phal Link (cm) 43 2.9 O.~ 2.3 2.4 -2.9 3.3 3.1
00 Distal Phal link (e 18) 44 1.7 0.2 1.2 1.3 1.7 2.0 2.2
00 !!iddle Phal link (en) 44 2.1 0.2 2.3 2.3 2.6 3.0 3.2
00 Prox Pha I Link (em) 44 11.2 0.3 3.5 3.1 4.2 4.6 4.9
ad carpal Phal link (em) 43 5.3 0.7 4.1 4.2 5.2 6.3 1.2
Finge~fold Linkage ( em) 43 5.2 0.11 4.3 4.4 5.1 5.9 6.1
Hand Length Link (e Ill) 44 12.0 0.8 10.4 10.9 11.8 13.4 13.9
DIP Finger Breadth (em) 44 1. 1 O. 1 0.9 0.9 1. 1 1.-3 1 .4
PIP Finqer Breadth (e m) 44 1. 3 O. 1 1.0 1.0 1.2 1.4 1.5
Hand Br eadt h-~ P (c m) 44 5.4 0.3 4.9 4.9 5.2 6.0 6.5
Rand l3r-eadth-Thumb (em) 44 6. 1 0.4 5.4 5.5 6. 1 6.7 7.2
Wrist Breadth (e III) 44 1.9 0.2 3.5 3.5 3.8 4.3 4.4
DIP Thickness (em) 44 1.0 0.1 O.B 0.8 0.9 1.1 1 .2
PIP Thickness (em) 44 1.2 O. 1 0.9 O.q 1. 1 1.3 1.5
MP Thickness ( em) 42 L8 0.2 1.5 1.5 1. 1 2.0 2.q
wr-ist Thickness (e m) 44 2.9 0.2 2.3 2.4 2.8 3.2 3.q
Grip OD (em) 44 6.3 0.4 5.7 5.7 6.2 6.8 7.2
Gdp 10 (em) 43 3.2 0.2 2.8 2.8 3. 1 3.6 3.8
, ,',

Anthropometry Statistics
(5.5 - 6.5 years)

"!easurem~nt tescriptive Statistics

N "ean s.d. Min 5th 50th 95th !'lax
Height (e m) 49 1 H. 5 4.8 99.6 104.9 113.8 121.2 124.2
weig ht (kq) 49 21.0 2.8 16.2 16.5 20.7 25.5 29.1
"'inqf'r Linkage (e m) 119 6.1 0.5 5.5 5.7 6.6 7.6 7.a
Car pa 1 tin);age (em) 49 5.2 0.5 3.~ 4. 1 5. 1 ~.O 6. J
Q.acHal Linkage (em) 49 15.2 1.0 13. 1 13.2 15.2 16.6 17.0
Humer'll Length (em) 119 17.3 1~ 6 13.2 14.2 17.2 20.1 21.4
saccal linkage (em) 49 6.9 1.5 4.4 4.5 6.5 9.2 10.11
Lil mba r Linkage (em) 49 22.2 2.3 16.6 18.4 22.0 26.4 '21.4
cc-rvieal I.inkage (em) 49 13.1 1 .9 9.7 10.6 n.9 16.5 19. J
Femorill Linkage (em) 49 26.7 1.8 22.0 23.5 26.7 29.1 30.6
Tibial Linkage (em) 49 24.7 1.9 20.5 21. 1 24.4 21.5 29.0
'l"ilcsa 1 l.inkage (em) 49 9.5 1.0 7. 1 7.4 9.5 11 .0 11. 4
I-'
N
Clavieal Linkage ( em) 49 17.8 1.5 14.9 15.3 11.6 2 (). 1 21.7
N Pelvie linkage (em) 49 15.~ 1.7 12.7 13.1 15.5 18.4 19.8
Distal phal Linkage (e m) 49 1. S 0.2 1.0 . 1.0 1.4 1.8 2.0
!'liddle phal Linkage (em) 119 1.8 0.3 1• 1 1. 1 1.7 2.3 2.5
Proximal Phal link (em) 49 3.0 0.4 2.4 2.4 2.9 3.5 1.8
00 Distal Phal Link (em) 49 1.B 0.3 1. 1 1.2 1.8 2.2 2.4
00 ~iddle Phal Link (em) 49 2.7 0.3 2.0 2.2 2.7 3.1 3.2
00 ProK Phal link (em) 49 Li.~ 0.2 3.8 3.9 4.3 4.7 4.8
Od Carpal phal Link (em) 119 5.6 0.7 3.9 4.4 5.5 6.7 8.3
Fingerfold Linkage (em) 4l) 5.2 0.4 ij.l 4.4 5.1 5.8 6.3
Hand Length fink (e mJ 49 12.2 0.7 1'l.5 , 0.9 , 2" 1 13.2 13.6
DIP Finger Breadth (em J 49 1.2 O. 1 1.0 1.0 1. 1 1.3 1• 3
PIP Finger Breadth (em) 48 1.3 O. 1 , •1 1. 1 1.2 1.4 1.5
Hand Br eadt h-P1P (em) 49 5.5 0.3 4.B 4.9 5.5 5.9 6.2
Hand Breadth-Thumb (em) 119 6.11 0.5 5.5 5.5 6.3 7. 1 7.6
Wrist Bre" d t h (c m) 49 4.0 0.2 3.5 ~.5 1.9 4.2 4.11
DI!.» '!'hickness (em) 49 1.0 O. 1 0.8 0.8 0.9 1.2 1 • II
PIP Thickness (em) 48 1.2 O. 1 1.0 .1.0 1. :2 1.4 1.6
MP Thickness ( em) 49 1.9 0.2 1.4 1.4 1.8 2. 1 2.2
Wrist Thickness (c m) 49 2.9 0.2 2. 4 2.5 2. ') 3.2 3.3
Grip OD (em) 49 6.4 0.4 5.6 5.1 6.4 1. 1 7.2
Gri P 1D (c m) 49 3.2 o. ] 2.8 2.8 J.2 3.7 Jog
 Anthropometry statistics
(6.5 - 1.5 years)

~easur-ement Descriptive Statistic~

N .~ean s.d. !'1in 5th 50th 95th JIIa x
Height (c m) 46 121.3 E.5 103.4 112.0 121.0 131.9 132.5
Weight (kg) 46 23.4 3.2 15.6 1~.0 23.3 28.' 30.5
Finger linkage (em) 46 1.2 0.5 6.0 6.2 1.2 1.8 1.9
carpal Linkage (em) 46 5.5 0.5 4.4 4.6 5.4 6.2 ' 6.8
Radial linkage (em) 46 16.0 1.3 13.3 13.5 15.1 18.5. 19.0
Humeral Length (em) 46 19.2 1.8 14.6 15.3 19.5 21.7 22.3
Sacral Linkage (ell) 46 1.2 1.1 5.1 5.3 "'7.0 8.1 9.?
Lumbar- linkage (em) 46 24.0 2•1 19.9 20.3 23.5 21.6 29.2
Cervical Linkage ( em) 46 14.7 1 .7 9.7 10.6 11.1. B 11.0 17.6
Femoral Linkage (e m) 46 2A.3 2.1 24.1 25.2 27.7 31.5 32.3
I-' Tibial linkage (em) 46 26.9 1.9 23.0 23.4 26.6 30.4 30.5
tv
w Tarsal Linkage (cm) 46 10.3 1.0 ·6.6 B.9 10.3 12.0 12.6
Clavical Linkage (em) 46 18.1 1. 7 14.2 15.2 '8. 1 21.0 21.1
Pelvic Linkage (em) 46 16.3 2.2 11. q 12.2 16.0 19.4 22.5
Distal Phal Linkage (e m) 46 1 .6 0.2 1.2 1. 2 1.5 1.8 2.0
Middle Phal Linkage (c [II) 46 1.9 0.] 1.2 1.4 1.9 2.3 2.5
Proximal Phal Link (cm) 46 3.2 0.3 2.6 2.6 3.2 3.7 .~. 9
OD Distal Phal link (e 11)- 46 1.8 0.3 1.4 1. 4 1. B 2;2 2.5
O~ ~iddle Phal link (em) 46 2.9 0.3 2.2 2. 3 2.8 . 3.2 3.q
00 Prox Phal Link (cm) 46 4.5 0.3 4.0 4.0 4.5 4.9 5.0
Od Carpal Phal Link (e Ill) 43 5.8 0.7 4.3 4.5 5.6 7.1 7.1
Fingerfold Linkage (em) 116 5.6 o.q 4.8 4.9 5.5 6.3 6.6
Hand Length Link ( em) 4t . 12.9 0.8 11.5 11.8 12.9 14.2 15.0
DIP Finger Br€adth (cm) 46 1.2 0.1 0.9 0.9 ,. 1 1 .3 1.5
PIP Finger Breadth (em) 46 1.3 0.2 1.0 1.0 1.3 1.6 1.7
Kand Bre"ldth-MP (e m) 46 5.1 0.4 4.6 q.9 5.7 6.3 6.5
Kand Breadth-Thumb (em) 46 6.6 0.5 5.3 5.& 6.5 7.3 A. 1
wrist flreadth (e.m) 45 11.2 0.3 3.6 3.6 4.1 4.5 4.6
DIP Thickness (em) 43 1.0 O. 1 O.B O.B 0.9 1.2 1.5
PIP Thickness (c m) 45 '.3 O. 1 1.0 1.0 1.2 1.4 1. 7
~p Thickness (em) 46 1.9 0.2 1.3 1.4 1. B 2.2 2.6
wrist '!'hickness (e m) . 45 3.0 0.3 2.11 2.5 3.0 3.4 3.1
Grip OD (cm) 46 6.8 0.4 5.6 6•1 6.7 7.4 7.9
Grip ID (cm) 116 3.6 0.3 1.1 3.1 3.5 11.1 4.1
r~

Anthropometry Statistics I best

Reproduced Irom
available copy.
(1.5 - B.5 years)

Measureme n t Descriptive Statistics

N Meiln s.d. l'1in 5th 50th 95th Max
Height. (em) 52 126.8 5.7 llij.7 111.0 125.8 136.0 138.4
Weight (kg) 52 26.4 4.7 19.2 19.5 25.2 ] 4.4 39.6
Pinger linkage (em) 52 7.5 0.6 6.2 6.1 7.5 8.4 8.7
Carpal Linkage (em) 52 5.8 0.7 4. ij 4.6 5.6 1\.0 7.4
Radial linkage (em) 52 17.0 1.4 13.7 14.b 16.9 19.4 20.2
Humeral Length (em) 52 19.7 1.6 16.2 16.6 19.5 22.7 24.1
Sa era I Lin kage (em) 52 7.5 1•3 5.2 5.ij 1.4 Q.9 11.0
Lumbar linkage (e m) 52 24.9 2.2 20.4 20.8 24.8 28.0 ]1.3
Cervical Linkage ( em) 52 15.8 1.1 12.8 12.9 15.5 18. B 19.5
. Femoral T, i nkage (em) 52 ]0.4 2.2 24.8 25.6 30.2 33.A 35.1
Tibial linkage (em) 52 28.5 2.2 2ij.2 24.7 28.2 ]1.6 .12.9
I-' Tarsal Linkage (em) 52 10.6 1.1 8.9 8.9 10.6 12. 1 1 II. 1
IV Clavieal linkage (e m) 52 19.3 2.0 15.1 16. 1 19. 3 22.6 24.3
",.
pelv ie Lin kc'ge ( em) 52 17. 9 2.4 n.9 14. 1 17.2 21.9 23.1
Distal Phal Linkage (e m) 52 1 .6 0.3 1.0 1. 1 1.6 2.0 2.4
Middle Pha 1 l i rkiqe (em) 52 2.0 0.3 1.6 1.6 2.0 2.3 2.9
Proximal Phal Link (em) 52 3.4 0.4 2.5 2.6 3.3 3.9 1.1. '3
aD Distal Phal Tink (e m) 52 1.9 0.2 1. 4 1.5 1.8 2.3 2.5
OD Middle Phal Tink (c lit) 52 2.9 0.3 2.4 2.5 2.9 3.4 3.5
00 Prox phal Link ( em) 51 IL7 0.3 4.0 4.1 4.6 5.2 5. 3
ad Carpal Ph~l link (e m) 50 6.0 0.8 4.2 4.6 5.9 7.2 8.6
Fingerfold Linkage (em) 52 5.9 0.5 4.1 5.0 5.8 6.4 6.7
Hand Length Link (e m) 52 13 .1.1 C.9 1 1.4 11.6 13.5 14.5 14.9
DIP Finger Hreadth (e ro)
PID Finger Breadth (ern)
51
52
1.2
1.3
O. 1
0.1
'.0
1. 1
1.0
1• 1
1. 1
1. 3
1.4
1. ")
l.S
1.6
Hand Breadth-MP (e m) 5? 6.0 0.4 5.2 5.3 5.9 6.6 7.4
Hand Breadth-Thumb (em) 51 7.0 0.5 5.8 6.0 1.0 1.7 8.3
Wr ist Rreadt h (em) 52 4.3 0.3 3.6 3.7 4.2 11.8 5.2
nIP Thickness (em) 57 1.0 O. 1 0.8 0.8 '.0 1.2 ,•3
PI!' Thickness (c m) 51 1• .1 0.2 1.0 1.0 1.3 1.6 1 •7
<;-
MP Thickness (c fIl) JL 2.0 0.3 1.2 1.4 1.9 2.4 2.9
wrist 'l'hiekness (c: m) 52 3. 1 O. '3 2.5 2.6 1.0 3.11 1.1
Grip 0D (em) 52 7.0 0.6 6.0 6. 1 7.0 7.B B.7
Grip 10 (e m) .:::-
_/ 3.7 0.3 3.0 3. , 3.6 4.0 4.3
 Anthropometry Statistics
(8.5 - q.5 years)

rtea sure ment Descriptive Statisties

N f'lean
s. d. Min 5th 50th 95th t"Iax
Height (em) 42 1 3 J. 7
5.6 118.3 124.4 133.0 145.2 148.9
Weight (kg) 42 30.1 5.0 , 9.7 22.6 30.0 37. , 44.9
Finger linkage (em)
Carpal Linkage (em)
42
42
7.B0.5
6.0 O.B
7.0
4.8
7. 1
4.8
7.7
6.0
A."
7.4
9.0
8.0
Badial linkage (em) 42 17.7 1.2 15.6 15.7 17.7 19.4 20.0
Humera 1 Lengt h (em) 42 21.4 1.7 11.7 18.0 21.2 24.4 25.5
Saeral Linkage (em) 42 7.9 1.6- 5.3 5.4 1.6 10.6 11.7
lumbar linkage (em) 42 26.3 2.B 19.8 20.5 25.8 30.0 33.8
Cervieal Linkage (em) 42 16.4 1 .7 13.3 13.4 16.3 19.0 20.1
Femoral Linkage (em) 42 31.5 2.4 24.1 25.3 31.9 34.4 35.8
Tibial Linkage (em) 42 30.2 2.1 25.9 26.1 30.0 33.B ]q.5
.....
Tarsal Linkage (em) 42 11.4 1.4 8.8 q.o 11. 2 '13.4 15.4
N Clavieal linkage (em) 42 19.4 1.6 16.ft 16.5 19.2 22.5 22.9
U1 Pelvic Linkage (em) 42 18.2 2.5 14. 1 14.2 17.8 22.9 25.1
Distal Phal Linkage (e m) 42 1 .7 0.2 1. 1 1. 1 1.7 2.0 - . 2. 1
rtiddle Pha 1 Li lIkage (em) 42 2.1 0.3 1.3 1.5 2. 1 2.4 3.0
Proximal Phal link (em) 4-2 ].5 0.3 2.9 2.9 3.5 q.O 4.3
00 Distal ~hal link (em) 42 2.0 0.3 1.5 1.6 1.9 2.ft 3.0
00 l1idd Ie pha I Li nk (em) 42 3. 1 0.3 2.5 2.1 3. 1 3.5 4. 1
00 Prox ~hal Link ( em) 42 5.0 0.3 4.2 4.5 4.9 5.3 5.5
Od Carpal Phal Link (em) ltD 6.3 0.1 It.7 5. 1 6.2 "1.2 8.0
Fingerf~ld Linkage (em) 42 6.2 0.4 5.3 5.4 6. 1 6.9 7.1
Hand Length Link (em) lt2 14.2 0.8 12.3 12.9 14. 1 15.4 15.9
DIP Finger Breadth (em) lt2 1.2 0.1 1.0 1.0 1. :2 1 .4 1.5
PIP Finqer Bre~dth (em) 42 1.4 0.1 1.2 1.2 1.4 1.6 1• 7
Hand Rreadth-"ln (em) lt2 6.3 0.4 5.6 5.6 6.3 6.8 7.0
Hand sreadth-Thumb (e m) 42 7.q 0.6 6. 1 6.2 7.11 8.1 8.6
wrist Breadth (e 0:) 42 ft.5 0.3 3.8 1. B q.4 4.9 5. 1
DIP Thiekness (em) 42 1. 1 O. 1 C.9 0.9 1.0 1.3 1.3
PIP Thiekness (em) U2 1.ft O. 1 1.2 1. 2 1.4 1.6 1.7
PIP Thiekness (em) 42 2.1 0.2 1.8 1.8 2. 1 2.4 2.6
wrist Thiekness (em) 42 3.2 0.2 2.6 2.7 ~. 1 3.5 3.9
Grip on (em) 42 7.4 0.5 6.5 6.5 7.3 B.3 8.q
Grip ID (em) lt2 3.9 0.3 3.5 3.5 J.9 lJ.5 lJ.8
, .-
I

Anthropometry Statistics
(9.5 - 10.5 years)

Measurement reseriptive Statistics

N "lean s.d. !'lin 5th 50th 95th /'lax
Height (e m) r,5 140.5 7.2 126.6 127.8 1'39.2 151.6 158.0
Weight (kg) 45 33.0 4.9 24.3 25.2 31.6 41.6 42.6
Finger Linkage (em) 45 R.2 0.6 7. 1 7.2 8. 1 9.3 9.1}
carpal Linkage (em) 45 6.2 0.9 4.7 /J.B 6.0 '7.8 8.5
padial Lin kage (em)
Humeral Length (e m)
45
Ll5
18.8
22.2
'.5
1.8
16.6 16.9 1~.4 21.4
18.5 19.7 21.7 25.4 25.9
23.1

Sacral Linkage (em) r,5 8.8 1.6 4.9 6.0 8.7 11.2 13. ]
Lumbar Linkage (em) LIS 26.7 2.4 20.5 21.7 26.9 29.9 32.2
Cervical linkage (e m) - 45 17.3 1.5 13.3 14.3 17.4 19.6 20.4
Femoral Linkage (em) 45 33.6 2.5 27.8 29.5 32.9 31.9 39.4
Tihial Linkage (em) 45 32.0 2.5 27.8 2B.l 31. 5 36.6 37.2
Tarsal Linkage (em) 45 11.6 1.2 8.6 9.2 11.5 13.6 '''.2
Clavieal Linkage (em) 115 20.7 2.e 16.2 11.5 20.4 23.8 25.7
f-'
N Pelvic Linkaye (em) 45 19 • 1 2.2 14.7 15. 1 18.8 23.1 24.7
CJ'l Distal Phal Linkage (e m) 45 1.9 0.2 1.4 1.4 1. 8 2.3 2.4
Middle phal Lir.~age ( em) 44 2.2 0.3 1.4 1. ') 2. , 2.6 3.0
Proximal Phal link (c m) 45 3.7 0.4 2.8 2.Q 3.7 4.4 4.8
aD Distal Phal Link (em) 45 2. 1 0.3 1.5 1.6 2.0 2.5 - 2.7
aD Middle Phal Link (e m) 44 3.3 0.3 2.7 2.7 3.2 3.8 3.9
aD Prox Phal Link (em) 45 5.2 0.4 4.2 4.6 5. 1 5.9 6. 1
ad carpal Dhal Link (em) 44 6.5 1• 1 4.8 4.8 6.2 B.8 9.8
Fingerfold Li~kage (em) 45 6.4 0.6 5.3 5.4 6.2 1.4 8~0
Hand Length l,ink ( em) 45 14.7 1.1 12.9 13.0 14.5 16.7 17 .5
DIll Finger Rreadth ( em) 45 1.2 O. 1 1.0 1.0 1.2 1.4 1 .5
PI~ Finge~ Breadth (em) ij5 1.4 O. 1 1.2 1.2 1.4 1.6 , • '7
Hand Breadth-!'tP (em) 45 6.5 0.5 5.5 5.8 6.4 7.2 7.7
Hand Breadth-Thumh (em) 45 1.5 0.6 6.6 6.6 7.3 B.7 Q.4
Wr is t Brea ,j t h (em) 45 /~ .6 0.3 If. 1 4. 1 11.5 5. 1 5.5
nIP Thickness (em) 45 1 • 1 O. , 0.9 0.9 1. 1 1. 3 1.6
PIP 1'hiekness (em) 44 1.4 O. , 1.2 1.2 1.4 1.6 l.fl
l'IP Thickness (e m) 45 2.2 0.2 1. Ii 1.8 ? 1 2.6 2.7
Wrist Thickness (em) 45 1.3 0.3 1.8 2.f\ 3 • .£ 3.1 1.8
Grip OD (em) 45 7.7 0.6 6.7 6.8 1.6 B.1 9.R
Grip 11) (em) 45 4.2 O. 3 1.6 3.1 4.0 4.S 5.0
 E
e
u
U

co
co

..c: ..c:
u u
c: c:
."t=J.. e ."l:l< e
U
U
.j.l .j.l 1.0
c: 1.0 c
."0 ."0 lJ")
~ lJ") p..
,
,.., lJ") ..".
..".

E
u eu

1 M

12'1
-_ .....
 e()

Cl
N
Cl E
Cl ()
:::J 11")
0'
U)
 3.3.1 Index of Grip Strength Data
Measurement Pag~

1. Three Point Pinch

2 centimeters
Force (Kgf) •...••...••....•.........•' .•. '. . . . . . . . . . •' 132
Location of Force Vector (em) . . . . . . • . • . . . . . . . . . . . • 133
Angle (Degrees) •.......•.•....•....•.•.,. . . • . . . . . .. 134
3 centimeters
Force (Kgf) ..•.•..•....•......•....•..•.•.•....•.• 135
Loca tion of Force Vector (em) ..•...••....•.•....... 136
Angle (De..5Jrees) . 137
, ,
4 centimeters
Force (Kgf) .•......•..•...........•.•....•... ,.•.•.. 138
Location of Force Vector (em) •...•..••..•....•.... 139
Angle (Degrees) .••................••.,. . . . . . . . . • . . . . 140
5 centimeters
Force (Kgf) ...•..•.•..........••.•..•..•.....••.... 141
Location of Force Vector (em) ...••....•.........••. 142
Angle (Degrees) ••...•......•....•..• '.•........ '.•..... 143
6 centimeters
Force (Kgf) •.••...•••.........•.•.•..••........•... 144
Location of Force Vector (em) .•.....•••...•...•..•. 145
Angle (Degrees) ••••••...•....••.•••••..•.••.•••.•. 146
7 centimeters
Force (Kgf) ..•.••.••.•.•....•.•..•••••••••••.•.•••• 147
Location of Force Vector (em) .....•..••••...•.••••• 148
Angle (Degrees) ••.•....•...••••.••••••••••••....•••. 149
8 centimeters
Force· (Kgf) ••. ,' ••••.••••.... 0' • • • • • • •• • • • • • • • • • • • • •• 150
Location of Force Vector (em) ••••••••••••.•••.••... 151
Angle (Degrees) 0 • • • • • • '. •• •• • •• • • • • • •• • • • • •• • • • • • • •• 152
9 centimeters
Force (Kgf) •••••••.••••••••.....•••••••... ·o~ • • • • • • •• 153
Location of Force Vector (em) ••.••.•.•......•..... 154
Angle (Degrees) •••..••....•....•.•.••••......•..... 155
2. Five Point Pinch
2 centimeters
Force (Kgf) •.....•••..•.•••....•..• 0................ 157
Location of Force Vector (em) ..•...••••••..•.....•• 158
Angle (Degrees) . • • •. • • •• . • . . . • • • • • •• . • . . . . . . . .• . .• 159
3 centimeters
Force (Kgf) • • • • • . . • . • . • . . • . . . . • • . • . . • • . • . . • . . . • . .• 160
Location of Force Vector (em) .•....•.•.•.......•.. 161
Angle (Degrees) .•.•••.•.••......•...•.•.......• ... .. 162
4 centimeters
Force (Kgf) .••.•.••..••••....•.••..•••••...•••.•..• 163
Location of Force Vector (em) . . • . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 164
Angle (Degrees) .........••........•........•....... 165

~29
 !-1casurement
5 centimeters
Force (Kgf) ••••.•..•......•••••.•..••••••.••••••• 166
Location of Force Vector (em) .•••••..••••••..••.•• 167
Angle (Degrees) •••.•.••.••...••••••.•...•.••.....•• 168
6 centimeters
Force (Kgf) " .. 169
Location of Force Vector (em) .••••••.....•.•.....•• 170
Angle (Degrees) ••.•.•••.•......••••••..•••••••..•.. 171
7 centimeters
Force (Kgf) ••••.•.••••••.••...•••••.•...•.•.•.••• 172
Locati~n of Force Vector (em) ..••••••••..••••••••. 173
Angle (Degrees) ••...••••••••••..••••••••..••••••••. 174
8 centimeters
Force (Kgf) ••••....••••••..•..•.••..••••.••••••••• 175
Location of Force Vector ••.•••.•••••••••.•••••.••• 176
Angl~ (Degrees) •.•.•••..••••.•...•...•.•...•.••.•• 177
9 centimeters
Force (Kgf) •••.•.•••••••..•...•••••••.•...•.•..••.• 178
Location of Force Vector (em) • • • • • • • • . • • . • • • • . • . .• 179
Angle (Degrees) •.•••••••.•••.••.....••.....•••••... 180
3. Squeeze
2 centimeters
Force (Kgf) •••••••••.••••.•••'. • . • • . . . • • • . • . • . • . . .. 182
Location of Force Vector (em) ••••••...•••••••••••• 183
Angle (Degrees) .••.••.••...•••••••••.....•••••••••. 184
3 centimeters
Force (Kgf) .••..••.••.•...•.••••••.....•••••••.•... 185
Location of Force Vector (em) • • • • • . • • • •• • • • . • • • • •. 186
Angle (Degrees) •••••.••...•••••••••••••••••••••••• 187
4 centimeters
Force (Kgf) ..••••••••••••..••••••••.•••.•••••••••. 188
Location of Force Vector (em) •••••••.•.•••••••••.•. 189
Angle (Degrees) .•••••••..•••••••••...••••••••••••• 190
5 centimeters
Force (Kgf) ••.••••.•••....•••••.••..•..•••••••••• 191
Location of Force Vector (em) • •• • • . . . . . • • • • • • • • . .. 192
Angle (Degrees) ••••••.•....•••.•.•.••••.•.••••••.• 193
6 centimeters
Force (Kgf) ••••.••••••••••.•.••••••••.•........•.•. 194
Location of Force Vector (em) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . • • • . 195
Angle (Degrees) ...•.•.•.•.••.•.•..........•.•....•. 196
7 centimeters
Force (Kgf) ••••••••••••••••••••••••• '•••.•.••• '•••••• 197
Location of Force Vector (em) ....•...•..•.....,•..•. 198
Angle (Degrees) •••...••• ,••••••..•••.•••••••.•.••.•• 199
4. Three Point Pineh Strength vs. Span .••••••..••.•••••• 200
5. Five Point Pinch Strength vs. Span ....••••••...•.••. 201
6. Squeeze Strength vs. Span . . . . . • . • . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 202

, ,

130
 GRIP: THREE POINT PINCH

DESCRIPTION OF TEST: The anterior surface of the first two

fingers (distal end of phalanges #2 and #3) are pressed in
opposition to the anterior surface of the thumb tip (distal
end of phalanx #1).

TEST POSITION: The thumb and first two fingers are flexed in
the sagittal plane so that the thumb tip is opposite the
first "'and second finger tips and one finger lies on each
side of the distal handle brace. The remaining two fingers
are flexed in the same plane into a tight fist.

ANTHROPOMETRIC MEASUREMENT:· The length of the third phalanx is

measured with an anthropometer.

ADJUSTMENT OF EQUIPMENT: The pinch handle set is inserted into

the transducer. The handle span (S) is adjusted to the
proper test position.

INSTRUCTIONS TO SUBJECT: The child makes a fist and pinches

the two plates together using his thumb and first two fingers.

Dietal Proximal
Handle Handle

131
 3 porn PI NCH. force at 2 ca (Kgf)
(!"Iales and Pemales)

Age (y rs) N liean s. d. "'in 5th 50th 95th r1ax

2.5-3.5 28 2. 1 0.4 1.3 1.4 2.2 2.6 3.1
3.5- 4.5 44 2.6 0.5 1.5 1.6 2.6 3.3 3.7
4.5-5.5 44 3.1 0.6 1.9 2. 1 3.0 4.2 4.3
5.5-6.5 49 3.6 0.8 1.9 2. 1 3.7 4.7 6.2
6.5-7.5 46 4.0 0.7 2.2 2.8 4.0 4.9 5.5
7.5-8.5 52 4.4 1.0 2.5 3.0 4.3 6.4 6.7
8.5-9.5 ... 42 5.0 0.9 2.8 3.2 5.0 6.3 7.3
9.5-10.5 44 5.2 1.0 3.4 3.7 5.1 6.7 9.7

10.00

8.00

2:
U 8.00
C\I
~
~ 7.00
LU
U ,. ,
!5
~
8.00
.. ,
,
• . .... " • I.' ._ •• ' ., .. ,
0 ......
...." ,
, ":
......~."
. .. ..
-
z
~

....
5.00
• ,"
'. "... ".. ., " . . "r',. .'
. :. '.': ': ......
I
" , . , ,
, ...
, ,

-
Z '.00
..'. .. . ! . : .. '"
...... ....

.
~
..
.... • ' ". 'I"

0 . ..
It· ..

.. '...
-
t ....... •

.
\
Q..
3.00 ,' . ..~.:
.~
:, .1

..
I '

cr>
. ....~'.:'"
' . " ...
.'
2.00
.. '
..
. . .
"..
" .: :"" • I " '.
"
•

oil '.

1.00
2 3 5 8 7 8 9 10 11
AGE (YEARS)

132
 -~ POINT PINCH. force locat ion at 2 cm
(Males and PelDa les)
llge(yrs) N ~ean s. d. Min 5th 50th 95th Mal:
2.5- 3.5
3.5-~.5
4.5-5.5
28
44
44
,. ,
1.0

0.8
0.11
0.4
O. J
0.2
-0.5
0.3
0.4
0.9
1. 1
1.7
1.7
1~ 9
'.1
0.4 0.0 0.9 1.2 1; 6
5.5- 6.5
6.5-7.5
48
j6
0.8
O.B
0.4
0.4
0.1
0.1
0.2
0.2
0.8
0.8
1.5
1.3
'.1
1.9
7.S-~.5 52 0.6 0.3 - 0.2 0.1 0.6 1.2 1.6
B.5-9.5 42 0.7 0.4 -0.0 0.1 0.6 1. 1 2.2
9.5-10.5 44 0.6 0.. 3 - 0.0 0.0 0.7 1.0 1.2

2.50

1.50 -- .,
•
,
- , -0 ,, /.
•• '.. •
,-
•, . ...'
.
.. •• .. .• •
• 1.00 ,,. " .: . .'.... '. • • • • ,, . "

-
zis
CL
• ,,
,,
•

.
, ,•
, , ,
, , . • .. .. . ,
0 , •
. ••
"
• ••
. -•... • , ...-, - , .,, .•.... ., • •.:...., • ' ..., .-
0

,
~o , .'
o • ,.
-

. , •'. , .,• .,., .. • .

,

-
• .# ,t
~
'0
., , , ,
o
0.60 ,
• .,
, ,
.' . . ••
.. .. • '

CL
,, - .' • ,
• 0'

l"')
, ., • ,
,

0.00
o
..
-o.50~---+----+---.....p.---+---+----t----l~--t------t
2 5 8 '7 e 8 10 1t
AGE (YEARS)

133
 3 POI NT PINCH, angle at 2 c. (Degrees)
(P'Ja les and Females)

Age (yrs) N !1ean s.d. ~in 5th 50th 95th ~ax

2.5-3.5 28 -10.3 4.8 -17.1 -16.9 -10.9 - 3.3 -1.4
3.5-4.5 44 -8.2 4.2 -'8.1 -17.4 -~. 0 -2.6 0.0
4.5-5.5 44 -6.3 4.6 -15.4 -13.9 -7.2 2.2 3.4
·5.5-6.5 4q -5.0 4.4 -14.8 -12.8 -5.6 2.9 5.7
6.5-7.5 46 -4.4 3.0 -10.5 -10. J -5.2 0.7 1.6
7.5-B.5- 52 -3.8 3.1 -11 .3 -8.3 -4.3 1.2 4.4
8.5-9.5 42 -2.2 3.7 -9.5 -8.3 -2.8 2.6 5.1
9.5-10.5 44 -2.2 3.3 - 8.1 -7.2 -2.5 2.1 4.5

8.DO

134
 J POIK'I' PINCH, force at 3 ca (Kgf)
(PIa les and FeBales)

Age (yrs) N P1ean. s. d. Min 5th 50th 95th Kax

2. S-J. 5 29 2.2 0.5 1.4 1. 4 2.1 2.9 3.2
3.5-4.5 45 2.1 0.5 1.5 1.8 2.6 3.6 4.0
4.5-5.5 44 3.0 0.7 1.9 2.0 2.9 4.2 5.3
5.5-6.5 49 3.5 0.7 2.4 2.5 3.5 4.6 6.0
6.5";'1.5 46 3.9 0.6 2.4 2.9 3.9 5.0 5.3
7.5-'3.-5 5C 4.4 0.9 2.7 2.9 4.2 5.8 6.2
8.5-9.5 42 4.7 0.7 2.9 3.1 4.7 5.7 6.0
9.5-10.5 liS 5.0 0.9 3.6 fI.O 16.8 6.6 8.4

8.00

8.00

7.00

.
•
1.00
.-.... '.

.' ., ... .. . . .. ......'

f .'

.•
. '. • .
.. 5.00
.. . .. . "'. .
-
o •
~

~ .. . 0: • • ...• ..
• w. . ••
o • • ~l •
o •

a.. fl. 00 • :
' 0 .. I.
.. o •

.. . .. .• e" -, "- • .
• 0

-
• o~ .
t-
z . • .0
•

.. .... ".. w.:. :...'••- .. '.

• e •••
•
o o' •
0.. 3.00 ' .
(I")

2.00 0
.~.
. ..
.... . • 0"
•
w- . . . . .
'..~
.e.
:.. I
•• • I

.
0

0
•
0

1.00 2
3 fl 5 I 7 8 I 10 11
AGE (YEARS)

135
 3 POiNT PI NCH. fOt"ce locat ion at 3 em
(/'fales and Pemales)

Age (y rs) N l1ean s. d. /'fin 5th 50th 95th Max

2.5-3.5 29 0.8 0.5 -0.7 -0.4 0.8 1.6 1.7
3.5- 4.5 45 1.0 0.4 0.3 0.3 1.0 1.5 1. 9
4.5-5.5 44 0.8 0.4 - 0.1 '0.0 0.8 1.3 1.5
5.5- b. 5 49 0.7 0.5 - 0.4 -0.2 0.1 1.5 1.13
6.5-7.5 46 0.8 0.4 0.0 O. 1 0.7 1.3 1.9
7.5- 8.5 52 0.6 0.3 0.1 0.2 0.6 1. 1 1.2
8.5- 9.-; 42 0.7 0.4 0.1 O. 1 0.7 1.2 1. 8
g. 5-10.5 45 0.5 0.3 0.1 0.1 0.5 1.1 1.4

2.00

.'
1.50 ., .. '

lj , . ., .
.. . ..., "
. . . ,. , •
, . ....
"
:.". -... .. .. .. .. , .
(I')

'. • ....
,
1.00
~
a:
. .... .. ... . ..
'. • ..
1
tI.
..J
••
..
..." ... .'• ,. ."
e· ,
......... ., ......
.
. ,

0Z
...
0.50 ,.'
.' . .. .
.
." ..
"
'

.. . ,, . .,.... .. . , ,
-!Z
A.:.
e... .
.,
. . .. ' '
, , , "
\
•
, .f
"

-
0
CL.
(I')
0.00

-0.50

-1.00 +----+----+--"""""4~--+_--_+_--_+--__+---~-___t
2 S S. 1 8 9 10 1
AGE O'EAAS)

136
 3 POINT PIRes, angle at 3 ell (Degrees)
(I'lales and Fella 1es)

Age (yrs) N Plean s. d. !'!in . 5th 50th 95th Plax

2.5-3.5 29 -11.2 .3.8 -18.2 -17.4 -11.9 -4.7 -3.5
3.5-4.5 45 4.6 -20.7 -15.6 -8.7 -1.5 5.1
4.5-5.5 .... - 8. 7
-B.q 4.7 -19.3 -17.8 -B.5 -2.4
,. ,
6.0
5.5- 6. 5
6.5-7.5
49
46
-5.9
-5.5
3.6
4.2
-12.2
-18.3
-".1 -6.7
-10.3 -6.4
0.1
1.5 9.0
7.S-a.5
8.5-9.5
502
42
- 5. 2
-4.2
3.3
3.6
-10.9
-11.1
-9.8 -5.6
-10.0. -3.8
0.0
2.3
'.9
3.7
9.5-10.5 tiS -3.6 3.0 -10.6 -9.& -3.6 '.5 3.1

9.00

1&.00
~ •
.
C")

,. •• ,
~ • • ,
~ -1.00
,,
,. ,. . ,,
•
l&J
~ ...... •"
,, ,
,
, .. .",
., ,
, ,"
.
' .•
" .
'
"
.'
,
... • .."
,
""
J
,.
i . •
, , " # "

. , ", .
••
0z
• -4.00 "
,' •
., " ' ,.... . . . ..:.. , .
",
, .' ,,
•
, ,, . . , ,' .
.. ...'. .
",

-
'

.. ,,, , .
••
". .... ,
Q..
,
\ ,

.. . .' .
.' ..
,
. • ,, ,
, ,, ,, ,, .
... , , .
-
z -11.00
~

..
'",
, ",
0 ,,
Q.. "
C") , "
-18.00
, .
-21.00+---000+--"""""t~--+---
2
.....
'l 5 8
----t---"""'---+---+----I
7 8 9 10 11
RGE O'ERRSJ

137
 3 POI NT PI HeM, force at 4 c. (Kgf)
(I!ales and Fellales)

Age (yrs) N Me"an s.d. ~in 5th 50th 95th rlax

2.5-3.5 28 2.4 0.6 1.4 1.4 2.3 3.2 3.8
3.5- 4.5 45 2.9 0.0 1.8 1.8 2.7 4.0 4.3
4.5-5.5 44 3.2 0.6 1.9 2.3 3. 1 4.4 4.5
5.5-6.5 49 3.5 0.8 2.3 2.4 3.2 5.0 6.0
6.5-7.5 46 3.6 0.7 2.3 2.5 3.6 4.9 5.4
7.5- 8.5 .. 52 4.4 0.9 2.8 3.0 4.4 6.0 6.0
a. 5- 9. 5 42 4.8 0.9 3.3 3./4 4.7 6.1 7.0
9.5-10.5 45 5.2 1. 1 3.6 3.9 5.0 1.5 8.2

'.00

8.00

E
U 1.00
='
~
a: , ,,
8.00
~
. .. ,

.. . ...... . .' ,. .
, ,"

~•
,0
0
, ,

. .. .
5.00 0

.
...... ···A . ,
~

-
, , ,
is
0
; ,
z
• . ..
, ,
,
.
.. .,...
a.. e. ' " ':.
.,
• 0 0'
,
' ,"

,. . .
o •

".00 .. . • "
......
, ," •
,

.,'
-
!Z
0
~
(f)
3.00
,
. . .. '0 " .."
,

...
.' o ,•
,.
•
, ,"
,I

2.00
, . • 0

. ,."
1.00
2 5 8 7 1I s 10
AGE (YEARS)

138
 3 POINT PI NCH w force: location at 4 cm
([lJales and Females)
ftge (yrs) N ",earl s. d. !tin 5th 50th 95th !tax
2.5-3.5 28 0.8 0.5 -0.4 -0.2 0.1 1.5 2.1
3.5-4.5
4.5-5.5
45
44
0.9
0.8
0.4
0.4
- 0.3
-0.2 0.1
0~3 '.0
0.9
'.4
1.4 1.8
1.6
5.5-6.5 49 0.1' 0.3 O. , 0.2 0.7 1.3 1.6
6.5-7.5 46 0.7 0.4 -0.3 -0.1 0.7 1.4 1.6
1.5- B. '5 52~ 0.6 o ~'3 - 0.1 -0.0 0.6 1. 1 1.5
B. '5- 9.5 42 0.7 0.4 -0.0 -0.0 0.6 1.4 1.6
9.5-10.5 115 0.5 0.3 - 0.2 0.1 0.5 1.1 1.2

2.50

2.00

1.50 ..
..
... '., . .. ..
. .. '.. . '. .. . .

' .. .'.' . ..
. • ......, . ..•
:
.. .·. .
• ....
~ 1.00
u
-
z
0...
• ....-
.. .. .
,
.. ...
I .....
.. . .....
.... .. .'·. ..
o
•
o •
:. ttl
. .....-.. ...
..
.. • •. ...•• ...
--
t- •

. .. .. .. . .. .. ....'
Z
0.50 • • •g : • ...,.. •

o . ".: ....
0...

.. .. .1
., . ..
C")
..
0.00
.. ..

-o.50........:...---+---.......----+-~~~--+_--~--_+_--_+--__4
2 3 " 5 8 7 8 8 10 11
AGE (YEARS)

139
 (Degrees)
3 POINT PINCH, angle at 4 em
("ales and Females)
Age (y rs) N Mean s. d. "in 5th 50th 95th !'lax
2.5-3.5 28 -10.8 4.2 -17.11 -16.9 -11.0 -1&.0 - 3. 6
3.5-4.5 1j5 -7.6 4.2 -13.5 -13.0 -1.9 -0.8 2.0
1.1.5- 5.5 44 -7.8 4. 1 -16.8 -15.6 -1.6 -1.0 2.8
5.5-6.5 '19 -6.5 3.6 -13.2 -12.1 -6.8 -0.2 2.2
6.5-7.5 46 -5.9 3.9 -15.7 -13.3 -6.9 0.3 2.6
1.5- 8. ~ 52 -4.5 3.9 -12.6 -11.4 -4.6 1.3 3.3
8.5- 9.5 42 -4.2 3.7 -12.9 -10.3 -3.8 0.5 2.2
9.5- 1 O. 5 45 - 3. 2 3.5 -11.6 -8.5 -3.6 3.6 5.B

6.00

3.00

~
O.DO
, 0

.' , ,
,
"

' , ,
:::J' ,
..
pi

~ ,, .
, ,
.....,
, , ' ,,
....- . r ..
0
-3.00
L&.I
...J
Co:)
Z
.. " .' .
,
"
••••
0
10 .. ,
. 0 "
a:
. ..
• 0
" .'\'

• -8.00 .'. ... .:

,
.'.. .. .. .. "
" . . .. .. . '.
:I: ,•
0

, ..
-
U
Z
0.. -9.00 '. "
. ...
- ..
o·
t-
Z " "

.. .. .. .'..
.\, '
,,
o'
0
0.. -12.00 ' ' '
(Y')

-15.00 .,.'.
-18.00
2 3 5 6 7 8 9 10
AGE (YEARS)

140
 3 POINT PI HCH. force at 5 ell (Kgf)
("ales and Fellales)
Age (yrs) N Mean s. d. Min 5th 50th 95th ftax
2.5- 3.5 26 2.4 0.6 1. 1 1.2 2.3 3.2 4.0
3. ~4. 5 43 2.9 0.1 1.5 1.6 2.9 4.0 4.6
4!, 5-5.5 44 3.4 0.7 1.7 1.9 3.2 14.6 5.1
5.5-6.5 49 3.6 0.1 2.3 . 2. 3 3.5 4.8 5.9
6.5-7.5 46 4.0 0.7 2.7 2.9 q. 1 4.9 5.6
1.5-,.8.5 .e2 4.4 O.B 3.0 3.1 4.l.l 5.7 6.0
8.5-9.5 42 4.B 1. 1 3.2 3.4 4.7 6.1 8.3
9.5-10.5 115 5.3 1.0 3.3 J.5' 5.1 1.3 1.6

8.00

8.00

•
7.00
o
o

6.00 o
o
.0

'0 0
: .
.o. , .. .• • . ..'.
o • •

.. 5.00 00 I 0
"
'.'
'I 1-'"
oz "\

- It. .:
0
o
.' .
0 .. 0 0
o .'

·.
0 0
o.
....
0
\ 0
0
0

~ . .' .. o 0
•
....
0
. 0

I
0
o
o' 0

".00
.
.0 0 0 0
0
• 0 .\ 0\ 0
0 o

-
~
0 •
.... •• • • fI" •
• 0
0

z ••- • ... I • 0

o
~ 3.00
o 0 0
o
. .,.
o
0
•
•' • '....,- ...1;.:
1'.

.....
o 0
.. .. •

0
•
•
"
" .. •
0
0
. . •• .·
,•
o • o
(I") o 0
o • o
o 0
t ..... 00
• 0

2.00 . o.o
• 0

1.00 2
5 , 7 8 9 10 11
AGE (YEARS)

141
 3 peINT PINCH, force location at 5 CII
(Males and females)
Aqe (yrs) N Mean s.d. "in 5th 50th 95th "ax
2.5- 3.5 26 0.8 0.4 - 0.1 -0. 1 0.9 1.4 1.5
3.5- 4.5 43 0.9 0.4 - 0.2 -0.1 0.9 1.6 1.9
4.5-5.5 44 0.8 0.4 -0.1 O. 1 0.8 1.4 1.7
5.5-6.5 49 0.7 0.4 -:' 0.3 -0.1 0.7 1.3 1.4
6.5-7.5 46 0.8 0.4 0.2 0.2 0.8 1.3 1.8
7.5-8.5 52 0.7 0.4 - 0.11 -0. , 0.7 ,. J 2.0
8.5-9.5--42 0.7 0.3 -0.1 0.2 0.1 1.3 1. II
9.5-10.5 45 0.6 0.3 0.1 0.1 0.7 1. 1 1.2

2.50

2.00
2:
U
If) ..
~
ex
1.50
..
. ......
,,
L&-
., .
.
.. . ..
-J • I

. . .. ..
.'
.., .. . . ... .... . .. .." .. .
• " '.
is 1.00 ". . "

-
z
Q.
..
. '".,
..
. ' .
'
. .., ,. ., , .
.. . '..., ,. ..'". ..... : .'.
~

11. • •
\
,

., .
'" "

-
z~
• •, ... I

0
Q.
0.50 ,
,
.. . "
.
.' ,. .., ., ..
"(\')
. . . ..
0.00

-0. 50 +---+---+---+---+---t---.....-,t-----tr----t--
2 .. S 8 7 8 e 10
AGE (YEARS)

142
 ] POINT PINCH, angle at 5 c. (Degrees)
(r'Jales and Fe.ales)

Age (yrs) N r'Jean s. d. l1in 5th 50th- 95th !tax

2~5-3.5 26 - 11. 2 3.8 -18.4 -18.2 -11.9 -5.4 -4.6
3.5-4.5 ~3 -6.7 3.7 -15.3 -12.6 -7.1 -0.2 2.3
~. 5-5.5 44 -6.2 4.0 -17.9-11.9 -6.0 -0.1 0.8
5.5-6.5 49 - 5. 6 3.1 -15.3 -11.2 -5.3 -0.9 1. 1
6.5-7.5 4.6 ·-4.8 3.3 -11.0 -10.8 -4.9 1.0 1.2
7.S-e":S 52 -3.4 3.9 -12.0 -11.9 -3.4 2.8 5.4
8.5-9.5 42 -3.3 3.6 -13.4 -9.2 -3.5 3.1 4.2
9.5-10.5 45 -2.7 3.1 -9.2 -9.0 -3.5 1.8 509

8.00

"

,.
1.00 '., .
li ,,
.
IJ)
, ..' ..'
. ..'
~
a: ,. •, ". .' . .. ., ,
'
•, . • , , • ,
"
LU
G ~.oo
..
,o ., .
- , ,
. , .
.
o •
,
. .
, ,
,
"
o
, e. : .
z
.. '. . . .:
••• " I,
.. .,
., , ,
~ , 0

,.
a:
.. .. . , 0;' o.

, .'
•
. ,. ..
• ,0

-
~
U ·0
,'
Z
Q..
-8.00 .. ,

.. II..
'0

-
~
Z
o
Q..

(\') -1".00
.. ,,0, .
o
..

-18.00~---t----+-~~+----+----+---""""---t----+---~
2 3 .. 5 7 8 8 10 e 11
AGE (YEAAS)

143
 (Kgf)
:3 POI IT PIICR.• foc-c. at 6 ca
(!'!ales and Females)

Age (yrs) N !'lean s. d. !'lin 5th 50th 95th !'lax

2.5-3.5 19 2.6 0.6 1.4
1.7
••
1.9
2.7
2.tI
••
4.0
4.2
4.4
3.5- 4.5 42 3.0 0.6
4.5-5.5 43 3.5 0.8 1.1 2.2 '3.4 5.2 5.7
5.5-6.5 49 3.8 0.1 2.1 2.9 3.7 4.8 5.5
6.5-7.5 46 4.3 0.8 2.4 3.0 4.3 5.7 5.8
7~5-8.~ 52 4.5 0.9 2.7 3.1 4.4 6.0 6.9
8.5- 9.5 42 5.0 1. 1 3.1 3.4 4.9 6.7 8.1
9.5-10.5 45 5.5 1.0 3.4 3.9 5.3 7.0 7.6

9.00

8.00

:E
U 7.00
CD
....a: .'

.. .:. .'
w 8.00
u
~
~ .. .. .
, . .. 'I

:c• . . . :' '. ..

5.00

-.... ' .. : '. .....:

'"
u
z . ...
\ .;' . .'
.. . . . . .
"
Q..
~.OO
...
.. ' .. '
..
-
"
z ' .' .. " I ,I I I. . .

.. .. '. ." .
• ,,',.'
• • II
.'
. . .'
I"
II'"

0
Q..
3.00 . ' ,... .
"
. . .
'. .
••
".• I. I

(Y") •
'" . ... . . .
II' • II • •

.
, . . .

2.00

1.00
2 3 5 6 .7 8 8 10
AGE (YEARS)

144
 3 PCINT PI NCH. force locat ion at 6 em
(Males and Females)
Age (yrs) N liJean s. d. Min 5th 50th 95th Plax
2.5- 3.5
3.5-4.5
19
~2
006
0.7
0.5
0.5
-0.4
~ 0.1
••
-0.0
0.5
0.7
••
1.4
1.7
1.6
4.5-5.5 43 0.8 0.4 0.2 0.2 0.7 1.4 1.9
5.5- 6.5 49 0.7 0.3 - 0.4 0.1 O.b 1.2 1.5
6.5-7.5 46 0.8 0.4 0.0 .0.2 0.7 1.4 2.2
7.5- 801. 5 9'2 0.7 0.4 - O. 0 0.1 0.6 1.3 1. "1
8.5- 9.5 42 0.8 0.3 0.1 0.2 0.7 1.3 1.4
9.5-10.5 1&5 0.7 0.3 0.0 0.2 0.1 1.1 1.2

2.50

2.00
::z::
u
co
~
1.50 o 0 0

a:
~ · o. o
-'
.0 o 0
.
o
o

. .
o
•
..
o

0" •
eo •• • ••
::I: 1.00 •
U , ,

• o
o o

.
• 0

o·
o 0

.
. . ..'. , .. '
Z
..
o •
..... o

: .: ..:.
• 0

a.. o 0
o 0

.
o •
.' 1'.
•
0
0 .. : . '•.• I '" • 0
o
, 0
~
.•
0
• 0

z
..... . ..
I : • • 0 0

0.50
.. z
00 0
o 0 o

o o ~

a..
(Y') ·0
0
0
·0·0
o
o ••
•
.. o. , 0
o.
..
0.00 ..

-0.50 +2-----i3~--+----+S--~·
....e-----7.---t'B----±9------:lt----:l
lO 11
AGE (YEARS)

145
 3 POI If,.PIIICH, an qle at 6 c. (Degrees)
(l'Iales and Feules)

Age (yrs) N I'lean s. d. I'lin 5th 50th 95th Max

2.5-3.5
3.5-4.5
19
42
-9.2
-7.0
2.9
3.0
-'11.6
-15.8 -13.5
•• -9~1I
-7.1
*.
-1.7
- 5. 6
-0.6
4.5-5.5 43 -6.4 3.6 :"18.5 -12.0 -6.0 -1.6 0.2
5.5-6.5 49 ·-4.5 2.8 -'0.5 -10.0 -4.9 0.3 3.2
6.5-7.5 46 -4.1 3.3 -11.9 -8.7 -4.2 -0.1 8.6
7.5-8.~ 52 -2.9 2.9 -11.8 -7.9 -2.7 1.8 3.6
8.5-9.5 42 -3.0 2.6 -8.5 -7.1 - 3.1 0.9 4.8
9.5-10.5 45 -1.9 2.9 - 9.3 -7.2 -1.5 2.9 5.1

9.00

5.00

fi
co 1.00
,
, . ,
~
" . .-. " .....•
.. . -.' :..".--.-. .... ,-.. .
a:
, .~
I&J
. '

.. ... .' , . ,.. : , .

-J
(,:)
-3.00 ,
Z
.....
It ., • •

-' " It· •• • "

a:
.... ,. '...., .
' '
.. : . .. " '
•
.. . ".' , • II. :.' • It'

0z , ...
-
",
-7.00 ,
, , Io.
.,I
.." ,
. I
,
.'
'
Q ..
.,, . "

-
'f
~
Z , ,
0 -11.00
Q..
C')

-15.00

-19. 00+---__+_-----1
__--
2 3
......--__+_--~1---- ......
5 6 7 8
----+----......-
9 10
-
AGE (YEARS)

146
 3 POINT PIlfCH. force at 7 CB (Kgf)
(P1ales and Females)

Age (yrs) N !'lean . s. d. !'lin 5th 50th 95th "ax

2.5- 3.5
3.5- 4.5 25
1 4.3
3.1
*.
0.6
4. 3
2.1
••
2.1
4.3
3.1
••
3.9
4.3
4.4
4.5-5.5 38 3.7. 0.8 1.7 2.2 3.7 5.1 5.7
5.5- 6.5 43 4.0 0.8 2.1 2.2 4. 1 5.2 5.6
6.5-7.5 46 4.2 0.8 2.7 3.0 4.2 5.7 6.3
7.5"8.5 "'52 4.5 0.8 2.9 3.2 4.5 6.0 6.7
8.5-9.5 41 5.4 1.2 3.2 3.7 5.2 7.3 8.5
9.5-10.5 45 5.8 1.1 4.1 4.2 5.6 1. 9 8.6

9.00

8.00
o
o

7.00

o
..., .
8.00 '. ,,
.
'0

.- "'.
,o . . ,.
, • 0 •
. .- ..
.. 5.00 .... . ........ ..
oz ...... . .: .. : ,..
"
,. ., .,.. ,
o ' ,
, ,

-
"-'

n.. 1&.00
.,
.... . . .. .
,o ,
.. 0
" '
" .'0 , o
o , • 0

.
'
..... ..
.. .
" 0

-
z
o
n..
en
3.00 .
o
, 0 ",
..
,
"
'.. . .,.. . .. .
o '
.
,
, ~

o
"
0

, ,
l

2.00

1.00 +2----43---....---+5---+6-----i71----e~--+9-----:t10-----:iU
AGE (YEARS)

147
 3 POI!lT PI NCH, force location at 1 CII
(f'lales and Females)

Age (frs) N Mean s.d. !'lin 5th 50th 95th f'lax

2.5- 3.5 1 1.2 •• 1.2 •• 1.2 *.
, .2
1.2
1.4
3.5-4.5 25' 0.6 C.4 - O. ,1 -0.0 0.7
4.5-5.5 38 0.7 0.4 0.0 0.2 0.6 1.4 1.9
5.5-6.5 113 0.6 0.3 - 0.1 0.2 0.5 , •3 1.5
6.5-7.5- 46 0.7 0.4 - o. 3 0.0 0.7 1.2 1.3
7.5- 8.5 52 0.1 0.4 0.0 0.1 O. b 1.3 '.6
B. 5- 9. 5
9.5-10.5
tl1
45
0.7
0.1
0.3
0.3
0.1
-0. ,
0.2
0.1
0.7
0.1
'.2
1.1
, .4
1.7

2.00

I .•

:I:
U
,.... 1.29
~
a: .. ,
.. . ..... . ..
o •

... ..... ......

0.83
-J

... : .' .. ... ....

'.
• '

-. . ." .. o
~
. .
.....0 . . ... ... ..
-
is • 0

z . .-..
. , .··.
o

". ..
00

Q..
0.57 • 0
o
o ,
• 00

-
o.

. ...' .·
o' I 0 0
~
0
, 00

Z
0
Q.. 0.21 .. 0
#
o •
o· .
o
.• . o

.0
0

(r)

-0.1"

-o.50+----+----+---~--+_--_+_--ooo4---~--_+_--
2 3 5 8 7 8 9 10
AGE (YEARSJ

148
 3 POIlf'! PI!lCH, angle at 7 c. (Degrees)
(!tales and Fe.ales)

Age (yrs) N r!ean s. d. !lIin 5th 50th 95th Max

2.5-3.5
3. 5-~. 5
1
25
-7.5
-6.8
••
2.9
.. 7.5
-12.5 -12.3
•• -7.5
-7.2 ~2.1
•• -7.5
';'2.6
4.5-5.5 38 -6.0 3.4 -12.9 -12.2 -6.1 -0.3 3.2
5.5-6.5 43 -4.0 2.8 - 1 2.2 -8.6 -4.1 -0.3 2.6
6.5-7.5 4q. -4.6 2.7 -10.6 -9.9 -4.6 -0.7 0.9
7.5-8:5 52 -3.2 2.4 -8.5 -7.1 - 3.1 0.4 3.2
8.5-9.5 41 - 2. 1 2.7 -7.8 -6.0 -2.2 1.9 4.1
9.5-10.5 115 -1.1 2.1 -9.3 -6.4 -1.8 2.3 3.3

5.00

3.00
o
..
.'
~
u 1.00
,....
t-
·.. ... '"
.. -.
..
o

-1.00 ... •••

. .:
o •
~
• ..
• 0

w
-I
e,:) •
-.
", ... . . ". ..
.. "
. • 0
I 0
I I '1.

z
a:
-3.00
. .. '. ... • .
. I •
0 0

.
o -,

.' t:
. •.. ..."• ...... . ".... .
~

~
• .. • 0

-
u -5.00 .0

z
CL ... . . .... ." . · I'
.0
• 0
'
o .0

, .• ..
-
t-
z
0
o -7.00
.. - .
,

CL
('I") -9.00

-11.00
0,

-13.00
2 3 5 6 7 e 9 to 11
RGE (YEARS)

149
 1 POUT PI NCH. force at q cm (Kgf)
<"ales ~nd Fe.ales)

Age eyrS) N /'lean s. d. /'lin -5th 50th 95th !'lax

3.5-4.5 1 -3.7 •• 3.7 •• 3.7 •• .3.7
4.5-5.5 4 4.6 0.2 4.3 •• 4.6 •• 4.8
5.5-6.5 8 4.7 1.0 3.4 •• 4.6 •• 6.3
6.5-7.5
7.5- 8. 5
20
29
4.7
5.3
1.2
1.1
2.5
3.3
••
3.4
4.7
5.5
••
6.9
7.9
7.2
8.5-9. ~ .34 5.5 1. 1 3. 1 3.2 5. tl 7.0 7.4
9.5-10.5 43 6.0 '.1 4.~ 4.5 5.7 8. 1 8.8

9.00

8.00

:E
U
./
CD
7.00
t-
a:' '.

~ . ., .
,
..
" '.,
a:: 8.00 ',
0
&L. . ... .. . "

.. .. .
• ,
%:
... .. , ,

-
U
z 5.00 •
a... . •

-
t-
Z
c
Q.
(I")
11.00
,
3.00

2.00 +----t----i----+----+----+---__......---t----+-----I
2 3 567 8 9 10 Ii
AGE (YEARS)

150
 3 POTIT PI RCR, force location at 8 cm
(!'Iales and Females)
Aye (yrs) N Mean s. d. rUn 5th 50th 95th ftax
3.5-4.5 1 0.3 •• 0.3 •• 0.3 •• 0.3
4.~5.5 4 0.4 0.2 0.1 •• 0.3 •• 0.6
5.5-6.5 8 0.5 O.q -0.2 •• 0.5 •• 0.8
6.5-7.5 20
7.5-8.5 ,29
0.7
0.6
0.3
0.3
0.1
- 0.'
••
0.0
0.7
0.5
••
1. 1
1.2
1. 2
. 8. 5~9.5 34 0.7 0.4 -0.0 0.0 0.5 1.3 ,. 8
9.5-10.5 "3 0.6 0.3 -0.0 0.1 0.6 1.0 1.2

2.00

1.81&

%:
U
1.29
, .
CD
t-
v' . .
"
a:
.. .. '...
I.L.
....J 0.83 • , ·, ,
. ,. ,
. ,
.. .
%:
u . ·
..
,

-
,
z .,
. ,
... ·..
Q.. 0.57 • 0
'
.
-
t- . 0
0
z 0

0
Q.. 0.21 . 0
. ,.
0 \

(I")

-0.1'

-o.50+---~-----+----+--~+----+----~---+------l~--~
2 s 5 S'· 7 8 8 10 11
AGE (YEARS)

151
 3 POI NT PI IlCH. angle at 8 ca (Degrees)
(!'lales and pe.ales)

Age (yrs) III Plean s.d. I'!in 5th 50th 95th Max
3.5-4.5 1 -6.8 •• -6.8 ** -6.8 *• -6.8
4.5-5.5 4 -6.0 1.5 -7.1 ** -6.6 •• -3.8
5.5-6.5
(). 5-7.5
B -J.4 3.5 -9.6 •• -2.7 ** 2.4
20 -5.0 3.1 -12.0 ** -4.3 ** - 0.9
7.5-8.5- ~9 - 3. J 2.7 -10.9 -10.4 -3.2 -0.3 2.5
8.5- 9.5 34 -2.6 1.9 -6.5 -6.1 -2.7 0.2 1.2
9.5-10.5 43 - 1.8 2.11 - 8.4 -11.7 -2.4 1.4 6.1

8.00

~ q.oo
u
CD
t-
a: . ·
""~ 0.00
. . .. . .. • ·. '"
a: . ., .. . ·
·.
·
•

:E:
.. .
.. . . .. . ·.·.... ....
-
• •• 1••
U
Z
Q..
-IA.OO
.. .. .. ..
-
t-
Z
0
Q..
('t)
-8.00
.·

-12.00+---+----+---+---+--""""""'i1----+---+----+----i
2 3 5 6 7 8 9 10
AGE (YEARS)

152
r,
 J POIIT PIlCH. force at 9 c.
(Kgf)
(!'Iales and Females)
Age (yrs) N Mean s. d.' I'HD 5th 50th 95th Max
5.5-6.5 1 5.6 •• 5.6 •• 5.6 •• 5.6
6.5-1.5 1 5.2 •• 5.2 •• 5.2 ••
••••
5.2
7.5-8.5 5 6.0 1.0 4.3 •• 6.0 1.1
8.5-9.5 10 5.4 1.2
0.8
3.4
4.3
••
16.5
5.3
6.1 7.4
1.1
1.9
9.5-10.5 25 6.2
~
~

8.00

z::: 7.00
u
(7)
o'
t-
a:
l&J
6.00
~lL I

J:
.
- ..
U
Z
Q..
5.00

-
I-
Z
0
Q.
(T)
1£.00

3.00r---"±--~-t---"±----t----+---+-_-:""+----+----1
2 3 5 '6 7 8 '9 10 11
AGE (YEARS)

153
 3 PCINT PINCH, force locat ion at 9 cm
(Plales and Females)

Age (yrs)
5.5-6.5
6.5-1.5
N
1
1
Mean
0.2
0.5
......
s. d. Min
0.2
0.5 *.••••
5th 50th
0.2
0.5
95th
••
••
~ax
0.2
0.5
1.5-8 .. 5
8 .. 5-9 .. 5
9.5-10 .. >
5
10
25
0.6
0.3
0.5
0.2
0.2
0.3
·0.3
0.1
0.1
.*
0.1
0 .. 6
0.3
0.4
...
*.
0.9
1 .. 0
0.7
1.1

1.20

1.00
z::
u
0')

~
0.80 ..
~
lL.
~

• .' .
:I: 0.60

-
u
z
a.. ' ,
.

-
~
z
0
a..
Cl')
0.1&0

0.20

.
,

0.00
2 3 5 6 7 8 9 10 11
AGE (YEARS)

154
 3 POlliI'l' IlIICB, angle at Cj ell (Degrees)
("ales and Fe.ales)
Age (1 rs) N Hean s. d. Min 5th 50th 95th Hax
5.5-6.5 1 -4.4 .* -4.4 •• -4.4 •• -,4.4
6.5-7.5 1 - 5. 0 •• -5~O ••
••
-5.0 •• -5.0
7.5-8.5 5 -2.,2 2.5 -4.5 ,-3.2 •• 1.9
B.5- 9. 5
9.5-1'0.5
JO
25
-2.5
-2.5
1.7
2.3
-5.4
-6.7
•• -2.3
-6.5 -2.5
••
0.5
- 0.5
3.5

5.00

3.00
z:
u
0')

.....
~ 1.00
I.LJ
-J
t.:J
Z
~

• -1.00
. ..
-
~
u
z
~
.

-
.....
z
0
~
(T')
-3.00 ..
-5.00 ..

- - - - - 1- - -+- - - - - 1
-7.00 +2-----j~--+---~S~--,+8----l7~--+e
9 10 11
AGE' (YEARS)

155_
 GRIP: FIVE POINT PINCH

DESCRIPTION OF TEST: The anterior surface of all four finger

tips (distal end of phalanges #2-#5) are pressed in oppo-
si tion to the anterior surface of the thumb tip '(distal end
of phalanx #1).

TEST POSITION: Thumb and four fingers are flexed in the sagit-
tal plane so that the thumb tip is opposite the second and
third finger tips and the distal handle brace is between
them.

ANTHROPOMETRIC MEASUREMENT: The length of the second finger (L)

is measured from the tip to its palmar skinfold.
ADJUSTMENT OF EQUIPMENT: The pinch handle set is inserted into
the transducer. The handle span (S) is then adjusted to
the proper test position. .

INSTRUCTIONS TO SUBJECT: The child brings the tips of the fin-

gers together and pinches the two plates using his thumb
and four fingers.

c1u..al Proximal
Handle Bandle

+F.

156
 5 POI NT . PI NCft .. force at 2 CII (Kgf)
("ales and Fellales)

~ge (yrs) N li!ean s. d. !'lin 5th 50th 95th filial[

2.5-3.5 31 2.5 0.7 1.7 1.7 2.3 3.8 4.9
1.5-4.5 45 2.9 0.5 2.0 2.0 2.9 3.1 4.2
4.5- 5.5 44 3.6 0.9 2.3 2.4 3.5 5. 1 5.6
5.5-6.5 49 4.0 0.8 2.0 2.6 4.0 5.5 6.3
6.5-..,7.5 ~6 4.4 1.0 2.3 .2.8 4.~ 6.0 6.8
7.5-8.5 .52 5.,0 0.9 3.3 3.5 4.8 6.5 8.3
8.S-Q.5 42 5.8 1.2 1.7 3.8 5.7 8.0 8.9
9.5-10.5 45 6.5 1.4 4. 1 4.7 6.3 8.2 11• 8

12.00

10.00

N
~ .8.00 ..
l&J . . , ......• ".

. • .'.
u
I§
LL. , •
. . ...
. " .... " ..-
. o.

oz• 8.00
. •.. . ... "• ..
-
Q .. .. .. .
'
.
•
.. .'
.t..
• ..,

' t '.
' • '.,
•
" ""
. .,"'t a• • "

t,"
"
•
• " I
"
"" "

-
.• t "" •• _ • •, ~ '.,-:

!Z I{. 00 ._. " ' . . , . . . '. .t '.

• • "N ......
'.. ...., . ..
I. . . ' .' :.: •
C
..,.'.
'. . ' . ttl ........ . ' •
Q.. '., ,-
.'. \'. ..'
.' .., .. ' .':" .. ~
l/)

2.00
., '. . . ."
o~" ".
.

0.00 2
5 8 7 8 8 10 11
AGE (YEARS)

157
 5 POINT PINCH, force location at 2 em
.( l'Iale!'i and Females)

'ge (rrs) N !'lean s.d. Min 5th 50th 95th Max

2.5-3.5 31 1 .1 . 0.5 0.2 0.3 1. 1 2.0 2.2
3. 5-4.5 45 1.2 0.5 - o. 3 -0.0 1.2 1.9 2.2
4.5- 5.5 44 1.1 0.4 0.1 0.5 1.0 1.6 1.8
5.5-6.5 49 1.,0 O.ij O. 1 0.4 1.0 1.6 2.3
6.5-7.5 46 1.1 0.4 0.3 0.4 1. 1 1.7 2.0
1.5-8.5 .... 52 1.0 0.3 0.3 0.5 0.9 1.4 1 .6
9.5-9.5 42 1.0 0.3 0.5 0.6 1.0 1.6 1.6
9.5-10.5 ij5 1.0 0.3 0.4 0.4 1.0 1.4 1.5

2.50

2.00

~ I
N
~
1.50 . 0

L .. ..
-oJ
• .. '0

.. . .. . ..
0

%: 1.00
.
-
U
Z
L
0

..
-
~
0
Q.,

U)
0.50

0.00

2 3 .
-o.50+----+----+----+----+----+---+--.......-----l~-~
s 8 8 10 11

158
 5 POINT PINCH, angle at 2 c. (Degrees)
(lIIales and Fe mal es)

"ge (yrs) N Mean s. d. "'in 5th 50th 95th Max

2.5-3.5 31 -3.6 5.8 -16.3 -14.5 -4.1 3.2 17 • .':1
1.5-ij.5 ij5 -2.2 ij. , -, 1.8 -10.6 - 2.7 3.8 7.6
4.5-5.5 44 ·0.4 4.2 -8.2 -7.6 0.8 7~ 0 10.6
5.5-6.5 49 1.2 3.5 -5.8 -5.0 1.2 6.6 11. 7
6.5-7.5 46 1.5 3.4 -7.3 -4.5 1.2 7.0 1.9
7.5-8.J) 5~ 2.4 3.0 -5:'1 -3.8 2.8 6.7 10.0
'3.5-9.5 42 3.1 3.8 -5.5 -5.1 3.3 9.0 10. 1
9.5-10.5 45 4.0 2.9 -2.4 -0.5 4.0 8.8 10.6

.11.00

13.00

1.00
,
. .:
"
.0 .' 11_:. •.
.
•• 0
'0 ••• I

. ,
. ".
... . ... , '0

. ... . " ""

" "s"

...
, 0' " "
3.00 .e: ..' ..
. .. ..
,. . ..... .... . .'
I. \,'

.
e• •

..
... ...: 0

. .0

.. .. .-." . ". ~ " " "

:r:• ..... • .... .. . o

. ..
- . . • 0 ,

~ . . •

.
0

. .
.
0, "

a.. .".. . :.. '

.
..
.. . . ..
': ,
•
..
o

-7.00 '." . " ".

-12.00
.,

-17.00
2 3 5 8 7 I 8 10 11
AGE (YEARS)

159
 5 POINT PI NCH, force at 3 CII (Kgf)
('1a1 es and Females)

Age (yrs) N Mean s. d. !'lin 5th 50th 95th /'lax

2.5-3.5 28 2.5 0.4 1.6 1 • .7 2.4 3.0 3.2
],')-4.5 45 2.9 0.6 1.7 1.9 2.8 3.9 4.B
4.5- 5.5 44 3.5 0."1 1.9 2.4 3.5 4.7 5.2
5.5-6.5 49 3.8 0.8 2.5 2.7 3.7 5.0 6.4
6.5-7.5 46 4.4 D.Cl 2.4 2.B 4.5 5.8 6.0
7.5-8.5" 52 5.0 0.9 3. 2 3.7 4.9 6.3 7.1
R.S-9.5 42 5.6 1• 1 3.4 3.8 5.6 7. 1 8.3
9.5-10.5 45 6. , 1. 3 4.1 4.4 5.8 7.6 1 0.9

11.00

::I:
9.00
U
(T')

~
a:
w
u 7.00 . \ ..
a:
o
I.L.
. . . .
.. . .....
: •• I

J:
.. . . •• t • "lit

-
U
Z , , , .
a.. 5.00 ,II' •

....,. . .! :
,
" ,
.
'" , .. .. , .'

-
~
z
o
a..
U'l . II::' .1' '. '.
• ... II.; I.
,
..::.... . ,..
~
\~"
II
.':" .
,. , ,
• •
.. ,
,
.,
'.
"
\
", '.

3.00 • , ":. " .. " ',' II.

• .', II ' •

. .
. •.·1~ ...•.
"

1.00 +----+---1----........- - - 1 - - - - + - - - - + - - - - 4 - - - - + - - - - 4
2 3 5 6 7 B 9 10 11
AGE (YEARS)

160

-
'.
 5 POINT PI NCH. force locatioD at 3 ,cm
(~ales and Females)

Age (yrs) N l"Iean s. d. !"lin 5th 50th 95th ll!ax

2.5-3.5 28 1.1 0.5 - 0.2 -0.1 1.2 1.9 2.1
3. 5-4.5 LIS 1.1 0.5 0.1 0.2 1. 1 1.8 2.2
4.5-5.5 44 1.0 ' 0.4 0.3 0.5 1.0 1.7 1.q
5.5-6.5 49 0.9 0.4 -0.0 0.2 1.0 1.5 1• 8
6.5-7.5 46 1.0 0.4 0.2 0.3 0.9 1.6 , .9
7.5-8.5 52 0.9 0.3 0'.3 O.LI 0.8 1.5 1.7
8.5- 9": 5
9.5-10.5
4'45 1.0 0.4
0.9 O.q
0.2
0.1
0.2
0.3
0.9
0.9
1.6
1.4
2.0
1.1

2.50

2.00

,
t5 , " ,
,,
. ,- . .. .
C1')
1.50 , , , , ,
..... " . .. .... .'
" ,
a:
... "

.... ....' ..
'
I.L..
-J
,
.',' ,"
"
",
,
.
'
:r::• 1.00 .fl.- . '.
" .• '. fl. . " , '
. .
, ,

-
u , " ,, , ,
z ,, , , , , ",
CL.. ," , : , ' .. It
,
., .'. , ,
, ,
, ,
,
,,
..... ,
.. , , , . ..'
-
Z
o
CL..
If)
O.SO
, ,
" ,"
,'
" " , , , ,,
, "

0.00

-o.50+----+----+----i-----+---+----+----+----l-----i
2 3 5 6 7 8 9 10 11
AGE (YEARS)

161
 5 POI NT PI HCH r angle at 3 ell (Degrees)
(!IIales and Fellales)
Age (frs) N Mean s. d. Min 5tb 50th 95th Max
2.5-3.5 28 - 5.0 4.7 -16.0 -14.5 -5.4 3.2 7.0
3.5-4.5 45 -2.7 3.8 -11.1 -9.4 - 3.2 2.7 8.9
4.5-5.5 44 -1.B 3.6 -1 J. 0 -B.O -1.6 2.6 6.4
5.5-6.5 49 - 1. 1 3.2 -13.4 -5.8 -1.3 3.5 5.4
6.5-7.5 46 - 0.9 3.7 -10_ 3 -6.B -1.4 4.6 6.4
7. 5-8.5· 52 -0.0 3.0 -9.4 -5.7 0.5 3.7 5.3
~.5-9.5'" 42 0.9 3.3 - 5. 6 -4.9 0.9 6.4 7.8
9.5-10.5 45 1. 3 . 3. 0 -6.3 -3.5 1.4 5.5 7.9

9.00
, '

.
o

~
!l.00 \ , o
o.
o 0
o , o '
u .. ,"
I'
0'

.,
000
0

.. ..
I
.....
.
('I") 0 0, '
'
.... .." ': ..
I
o
o 0
, o ' , '. ..
I-
a:
...
'0 . " '. "
o ,
0'
,
I • 0 I

o
o
•

..
00 '
, " ,

UJ -1.00 I
-J , 0 0
, ,
, .. .. '" ....."
"I ,
(.:J
Z
a: .. ..
0

.... ,
.. '...
, .. 0
. o 0

#
o
.,
o
o
0
o o 0

•
::I:
o
,
o ,
00 I
,0 o
.
0

-
U o
, 0

Z o 0

0.. -6.00 • It ...

-
0
.1- 00

Z
0 0
0.. 0

L/)
-11.00

-IB.OO+----+---t-----+----+---+----+-----1f-----+-----1
2 5 6 7 8 9 10 11
AGE ClEARS)

162
"'--
 5 POI NT PI HCR • force at II CII " (Kg f)
["ales and fellales)
Age (yrs) N Mean s. d. plJin 5th 50th 95th Max
2.5-3.5 29 2.6 0.5 1.5 1.1 2.5 "3.5 3.8
3.5-4.5 45 3.1 0.8 1.5 2.0 3. 1 4.5 5.1
4.5-5.5 44 3.5 0.8 1.9 2.2 ).4 5.0 5.4
5.5-6.5 49 3.9 0.7 2.3 2.7 3.9 4.1 6.4
6.5-1.5 46 4.3. 0.• B 2.5 2.6 4.2 5.6 5~7
7.5-..8.5 J)2 4.8 0.9 3.0 3.2 4.7 . 6.2 6.8
F4.S-9.5 42 5.4 1.0 :1.6 3.6 5.1 7.2 7.8
9.5-10.5 45 5.9 1.2 3.9 4.0 5.7 7.7 10.3

11.00

:::E:
9.00
u
:34
~
a:
I.LJ 7.00
u
CI:
..' . -. . .,-
. . ." .. .
0 o
l.L.
••
:c - .. -
t, ,I,

u
. --. - .
-
" • I ••
z ,
. .,-. .'.. .
',' '. I' I' .. _.' 00

5.00
.. : . '.t .. . II
a..
.. "" ,.. "....
'• .
. ... I... "
".:' o
,

- .... '" a " •

~ '.
z "

~:

. . I.. '. . ...

I .:
'. .••
.:. ,t • • • • •
0 I. • '.
'I I,
ll..
-: , ... ..: , ~. 'I

. '"
o o
IJ') o 0
" 't

.... .,....•.."".. .. - .- o. :0 .
3.00 " :. It

"
.", ' .. -
1.00+---_+----+---+----+----+-----I~--+_--_+--__i
2 3 5 8 9 10 11

163
 5 POINT PI leH , force location at II ca
(r1a les and Females)

Age (yrs) N Mean s. d. "lin 5th 50th 95tb t'la~

2.5-3.5 29 1.2 0.3 0.6 0.6 1. 1 1. "7 1.7

3.5-4.5 45 1.2 0.5 0.2 0.3 1.3 , .9 2.2
4.5-5.5 44 1.2 0.5 0.1 0.2 1.2 1.9 2.0
5.5-6.5 49 1.0 0.5 -0.2 0.2 1.0 1.7 1 .8
6.5-7.5 46 1 .1 0.4 0.2 0.3 1. 1 1.8 2. 1
7.5- 8.5 ... 52 1.0 0.5 -0.1 -0.0 1.0 1.7 2.4
8.5-9.5 42 1.1 0.5 0.0 0.2 0.9 2.0 2.4
9.5-10.5 45 1.0 0.4 0.1 0.3 1.0 1.5 1.9

2.50

2.00

~ ,I , .. .. . .
"
., . . . . .' .
· . ..
I
::JI
1.50
., I

. '. ....
~
a: .,, . '..
'
,
'.
,,
III' •• .
LL . ·· ..'.
, , , ,

..' ..,. .. .....

.....J I'

z:•
u 1.00 . ·.. .
,
...-.
-
z
Q..
.. : ..
, , " .
.
I'
"
, "
...
-
~
Z
o
Q..
0.50 ."

IS)
"
'. . '

0.00

-o150+-----+----+---~---+----+-----+---+----4-----I
2 3 5 6 7 8 9 10 11
AGE (YEARS)

164

----
 ii.

5 POINT PI NCH, angle at 4 c. (Degrees)

(!'!ales and Females)

Age (yrs) N "lean s. d. ~in 5th 50th 95th !!lax

2.5-3.5 29 -4.5 5.2 -12.6 -12.4 -4.4 2.4 11. q
3.5-4.5 45 -2.9 4.6 -12.5 -9.8 -3.0 3.8 9.7
4.5- 5.5 44 -1.7 3.8 -18.2 -5.8 -2.3 3.7 5.5
5.5-6.5 49 -1.6 4.0 ~8.8 -8.1 -1.9 4.9 9.2
6.5-1.5 4. - 1• 1 5.1 .-10.0 -9.3 -1.6 7.4 13.3
1.5-8.5 52 -0.4 3.2 -9.1 -5.8 - O. 1 3.4 8.2
3.5- 9.5 42 0.8 1.6 -6.8 -4.7 0.6 5.4 10.4
9.5-10.5 45 ".7 3.7 -4.8 -4.2 1.7 8.2 10.1

16.00

10.17
z:
U
::JI
~
. •• I •

~ • 0
.
o
00

.
.
• 0
o • • • ••• I. "•
W
....J .
. . .'.• "0' " .. .1 ..•...'
.. .
. . .. • • 0

... . . .
o 0 0

. ..
•• 0
C)

...
00 •
.1 :. o

~
00
o ..

• -1.50 , , . ,
o

./ ...',., .. . '.
II .. • '0
"•" ,
"
0'
\
, , 0
'.' "
o
o.
~
....
- '"
o

. . ..
,I .. ,
u o
z
.. ,
, • 0

, ,
.
• 0
.0 " 0
o '.
a..
.. . o

- ..
'
~ -7.33 .,
o o
,
o
a..
., o
. ,
o 0

'0
Lon

-13.17

-19.00+_---+----+--~~--+_--_+--_+--__t---+_-___I
2 3 5 6 7 8 9 10 11
AGE (YEARS)

165
 5 POINT PINCH. force at 5 c. (Kgf)
("'ales and fe.ales)
~ge (yrs) N !'lean s.d. lIJin 5th 50th 95th Max
2.5-3.5 29 2.8 0.8 1.7 1.7 2.6 4.4 5.0
3.5-4.5 .45 3.2 0.9 1.6 1.9 3.0 5. 1 5.6
4.5-5.5 44 3.8 0.9 1.1 2.1 3.8 5. 1 5.7 .
5.5-6.5 49 3.9 O.B 2.3 2.7 3.8 5.1 6.3
6.5-7.5 46 4.4 0.8 2.9 3.0 4.2 5.8 6.7
1.5-R.5.-52 4.9 0.9 3.2 3.~ 4.7 6.5 6.7
~.5-9.5 42 5.5 1• 1 3.6 3.7 5.3 7. , 8.0
9.5-10.5 45 5.9 0.9 3.9 4.8 5.9 7.3 8.6

9.00

8.00

~ 7.00
.1 I

I I
lJ) o

: . ....
~
~ . ,
~
8.00 I
•
0
I " .. • I I
• 0

a:
.
o 0 •

0
.
l.&..
5.00
. .., .
I I
I
• I
I 0

..."-::.
• I

0 , I I

.... " .. " .

-
o • "
.: .
I •

Z
...
" .. ...
."
:,
o '0

.:....
•

..- ...."
,~ ..
CL.
11.00 . ", .
I I

- .. .. ".
".. ..
~ ..
z •• I '.
~

,. .. ..... .. .. o I
0 '

0
CL. 3.00
•
· .... I

.... I·
I .. 0 I 0

lJ)
".. ".
o 0
\ . II
.. ..
00

·
·
o 0 0

2.00 o

1.00
2 3 5 6 7 8 9 10 1:
AGE (YEARS)

166
 5 POINT PI NCH. for-ce location at 5 cm
("'ales and pema,les)
Age Cyrs) N Mean 5. d. Min 5th 50th 95th Max
2.5-3.5
3.5-4.5
29
45
1 .1
1. 1
, .2
0.5
0.5
-1.0
-0.3
-0.5
0.3 ,. ,
1;. " 1.6
l.q
1.9
2.0
2. ,
4.5-5.5 44 0.4 0.0 0.2 1.2 1.8
5.5-6.5
&.5-1.5
49
46
1.2
'.2
0.4
0.4
0.3,
0.2
0.4'
0.5 ,. ,
1. 2 1. B
1.9
2.0
2.3
7.5-...B.5 ~2 1. , 0.5 -0.1 0.1 1.0 '.9 2.3
8.5-9.5 42 1.3 0.5 0.2 0.3 1.3 2.0 2.1
9.5-10.5 45 1. 1 0.5 0.1 0.3 1. 1 1.8 2.3

2.50

2.00
..• • ..· ..
~ . . .. .'. .
u
l/)
..' .. . .,. • ..• .. .. .. " .0

t-
1.50
,
..,
'eo'
,
,
. "

• '. .
~'
o: . .
. .., . .. . '. • ...
0
0

.
.. .. • ,.." . ...,. ., . ", . ,.,•, .
.
0 0
0 o•
LL.. ,,

. . . . ,• . ..' ...
-I
•
J:
u t.OO
\ 0
· ..
• ..
-
z
, 0 ., ..... • ,
.'
'. . . .'
a- "
0

·. ., .,.. . . 0

- ..
0

t-
Z '
0
0.50
a-
Ln ..
0.00

-o.50+--:--+-~-+---+---+---+---+---r---t------4
2 3 5 6 7 8 9 10 11
AGE (YEARS)

167
 5 POINT PINCH, angle at. 5 em (Degrees)
(p"~les and Fe.ales)

~ge (yrs) N P'lean s.d. !'lin 5th 50tb 95th 'lax

2.5-3.5 29 -2.7 4.5 -, 0.7 -, o. , - 3.2 Il.8 9.5
1.5-1J.5 45 -3.6 3.8 -10.5 -9.9 - 3. 7 1.5 6.8
4.5-5.5 41l -'.2 4.' -, 8.3 -'0.2 -0.9 3.9 7.4
5.5-6.5 49" -0.6 4.4 -11.8 -9.8 0.0 5.2 7.6
6.5-7.5 46 -0.5 tI.3 - q. 7 -~.3 -0.9 6.7 1:\.2
7.5-8. ~ 52 O. 1 4.2 -10.1 -8.:1 -0.6 5.7 6.6
9.5- 9.5 42 1.9 4.5 -9.7 -5.6 1.5 9.B '0.5
9.5-10.5 45 1.8 3.5 -5.1 -4.2 1.5 1.0 8.9

11.00 , .
,,
6.00 . to ,,
, ,
,,
,,
" , , ",, . ~
,
,
.' . , .,
In
~ 1.00
"
.. , .. ...' ,.
, '. I
.. ,, ,,
,,
.•
, , ., . ' . :
.\.
, , .. •"
:,

,.-.
,' .. '
~ ,,
..' ..
, , ' ", '.
, .... ,, ': . "

~
a:
0,

to
,
,
0
:
,,
,'
,,
.. , ,
• -1£.00 "
-
is
z
0 ..
, ., 0 , ,
"
0 :"
.'

-
~
o
Q..

In
-9.00
,
,,

,
,

-1~.00

-19.00 +----+----+--~~--~--_+_--_+--__+---oI_____-_.j
2 s 5 6 7 8 9 10 1:
AGE (YEARS)

168
 5 POINT PI NCB, force at 6 Cli (Kgf)
<,'ales and Fe.ales)

Age" (rrs) If rtean s.d. !Ilin 5th 50th 95th !t ax

2.5-3.5
3.5-4.5
22
45
2.9
3.3
0.8
0.7
'.1
1.9
'.1
2. ,
2.9
3.2
4.3
4.6
4.9
5.2
4.5-5.5 43 3.8 0.9 2.2 2.2 3.7 5. 1 6.9
5.5-6.5 49 4.0 0.8 2.6 2.9 3.9 5.4 6.2
6.5- '7.5 46· 4.6 0.9 2.5 3.1 4.5 6.0 6.5
7.5~8.5 -52 5.0 1.0 3.2 3.4 4.9 6.5 8.0
B. 5- q. 5 42 5.9 , .3 3.'7 4.0 5.8 B. 1 9.5
9.5-10.5 "5 6. 1 1.2 3.6 4.6 5.7 8.3 8.8

10.00

9.00

%:
u 8.00
CD
to- 7.00 ,
~
. • .
w
u
a: .
/
... '.... " .
6.00
. . ,, ,"
. . .., , . .. .. , ."
0 ,
..
.
~
. " ." ,
0
-
z 5.00
....... '. •• • ,I.
\
.. .... '
. " .. , .
.. .' ...
.. I, ..

n..
. .
,-'
. ..
. ,. .... .. t.

... - ,

-
, .. "
to-
Z ij.OO
.
.
....
. ': , "
•••
, ,
o

0
I

. , " ..
.
.... I... I,"
n.. ....

..
'"

" , I I ....

.. ,....
, ,•
. . ,. " .. " ..
'/

Ln 3.00
.
.... t
, ,
..

,
, , . ".. .

2.00 o
., '
.' , . "

1.00
2 5 6 7 8 s 10 11
AGE £YEARS)

169
 5 POINT PI NCH, force location at 6 CIII
(/'Ia 1es and females)

Age (yrs) N 'ean s.d. !'lin 5th 50th 95th ax

1'1
2.5- 3. 5 22 1.2 0.4 0.4 0.4 1.2 1.6 1.8
3.5-4.5 45 1.2 0.4 0.1 0.4 1.2 1.6 2.5
4.5-5.5 43 1.2 0.4 - 0.1 0.6 1.2 1.8 2.2
5.5-6.5 49 1.2 0.3 0.4 0.5 1. 1 1. 1 1 .9
6.5-1.5 46 1.3 0.5 0.2 0.3 1.3 2.0 2.8
7.5- 8.5 .52 1.2 0.4 - 0.2 0.5 1. 2 1. 8 2.2
q.5-9.5 42 1.4' 0.4 0.6 0.6 1.3 2. 1 2.3
'1.5-10.5 45 1. 3 0.4 0.4 0.4 1.3 1.9 2.2

s.oo

2.56

:I: 2.1S
u
co "
~
a: 1.89 .. ", , o o I

LL.
., .... ,
,0
., , '''. . -
, 0 0
o

".', : "
."..
. . ..
-l o , " .'~ o -" I

• , o , .1 '"
. . .' ..... . ... .
• 1IIIt • • o
J: ' . ,I.• • ',_ I, '• "
1.25 .. ' , .. . .
-
u o
0,
z '
..
o 0' 0

, o •
0' 0
,
, 0 0

Q..
" , • 0
, ,,
o •
, • 00

,
, 0
:

-
t- 0.81
.0

z 0
0

0 "
a- 0,
LI) 0.38

-0.06

-0.50 2
5 6 7 8 9 10 11
AGE (YEARS)

170
 5 POINT PI NCR, angle at 6 c. (Degrees)
(Plales and Pe.ales)
Age (yrs) 111 l'Iean s. d. !'lin 5th 50th 95th 1'1 ax
2.5-3.5 22 -4.6 4.2 -n.6 -13.3 -4.3 , .9 4.6
'3.5-11 .5 45 - 2. 6 3.2 - 8. 4 -7.8 -3.2 3.7 5.1
4.5-5.5 43 -1.9 3.5 - 10.9 -8.0 -1.4 2.9 5.2
5.5-6.5 49 0.0 3.5 -9.2 -7.5 o. , 5.7 9.2
6.5-7.5 46 0.1 3.q -9.0 -5.8 '.3 6.6 10.0
1.5-B.5 5~ 1. 1 3.3 -6.3 -5.0 0.8 5.7 8.3
B.5-q-:S 42 2.6 3.6 -3.2 '-3.0 1.b 8.1 9.0
9.5-10.5 45 2.6 4.5 -6.3 -5.8 2.3 9.4 16.3

18.00

111.00

5
CD
10.00
,, ,,
. ,
~ , ,
a: ,,
8.00
. ..
lAJ
....J
, ,
., •...
'
.. ,
Co:)
Z . , ,

. .' .. : . . .' .
.,'",
...,
a: ,'

o • 2.00
.'
,
' . •' •
"
. . ' II •
.. ,.,
"
.
, , ,,
.'.
,,
'
".
-
..
. , I... • I'· . ""
,, I•
I. ... '"

z
Q.
-2.00
I. :.
•
,t " I.
, \.1.
,
•
, '
....
I
.. , , '
.' "
'
\

", ,,
.. ,'

-
~
"
Z
o
.,
,
,
1
0
..

I.~. ....
• •

\ '\
.' . "

Q. '-6.00 . . 'I.
IJ) ..
-10.00

-tl{.OO +----+--......,..--+---.....--+----+-----4---+----+---------1
5 8 7 8 9 10 11
2 " RGE (YERRS)

171
 5 POI NT PI NCH , force at 7 c.
(Kfg)
(!!ales and Fe.ales)
Age (yrs) N !!ean s.d. ~in 5th 50th 95th "'ax
2.5- 3. 5 4 3.6 0.6 3.,'
2.4
**
2.4
3. 1
3.3
••4.3 4.2
4.7
3.5-4.5 24 3.4 0.7
4.5- 5.5 38 4.0 1.0 2.1 2.5 3.9 5.5 6.5
5.5-6.5 43 4.3 0.9 3.0 3.0 4.3 5.6 6.7
6.5-7.5 46 1t.7 1.1 3.0 3.1 4.7 6.4 6.9
7.5-8.5 52 5.4 1.0 3.2 3.6 5. 3 6.8 9.0
A.5-:9.5 __ 42 5.9 1.4 3.3 3.8 5.8 8.3 9 •.1
9.5-10.5 45 6.4 1.2 3. 1 4.5 6.4 7.9 9.3

to.oo

9.00
..
u2: 8.00
r-
~
~
7.00
I.U
u
ct: '1
.. .'
.'
0
L&.. . :. "
, .. ' 0

5z
• 6.00
,
: .. .. o 0
00

.
-
I •• ' , o •

'. .' ..
~
o o , 0 o 0
,
.. . .' .' .. '. :' ....
" '0
a..
5.00
. ,. ....... "
"
.-
-
z~ "0 • , I o
o
'.' , 0 00

0
a..
.
.... . .
til
'.00 1 ,
o •
"
,, .'
.
o •
I,' •
.'
• 0
, 0
• 0

3.00 •
"
2.00
2 3 5 6 7 8 9 to 11
AGE (YEARS)

172
 5 POINT PI NCH, force location at 1 CII
(Piales and Females)
Age (yrs) N l1ean s.d. Min 5th 50th 95th !'lax
2.5-3.5 4 1.2 0.5 0.8
-0_0
••
0.1
0.9
1• 1
••
1.6
1.8
1• 8
3.5-4.5 24 1.0 0.5
4.5-5.5 38 1.0 0.4 0.0 0.3 1.0 1.7 2.1
5.5-6.5 43 1. 1 0.4 0.3 0.5 1. 1 , .6 1• 8
6.5-7.5",46
7.5=-B.5 52
1.2
1. 2
0.4
0.3
0.4
0.5
0.6
0.6
'.2
1.2
1.8
1.7
2. 1
1.9
A. 5- 9.5 42 1.3 0.5 0 .. 2 0.4 1.3 2.0 2.5
9.5-10.5 45 1.3 0.4 0.3 0.8 1. J '.9 2. ,

2.50

2.10

%:
.
,,
U '.
1.70
r-
., .... ... " ..
,
l-
e: . ... .. ,,

~
...J
•
1.SO
. '
. .'.
,
, , '
..., ,
:I:
.
D·

..'. . •
e • •' , . ,•
., ,...... .
-
U
z: (
,
.... ,'
c.. 0.90 ,
.. ' ,
t

-
I-
Z
0 -
,
,, "
a..
In
,0.50 .,

0.10

-o.SO+----+---~--t__-___1~-__i---__+--__+_--_+--__1
2 5 6 7 e 9 10 11
AGE (YEARS)

173
 5 POIIT PI itCH, angle at 7 c. (Degrees)
("ales and Females)
Age (yrs)
.*
N !'lean s.d. "in 5th 50th 95th "'ax
2.5-3.5
1.5-4.5
4.5-5.5
4
24
38
-6.1
-2.5
-1.6
1• ~
3.4
3.2
-7.j:J
-9.9
- 9.3
--
-9.4
-7.3
-6.8
-2.0
- 1. 1
2.2
3. 1
-4.5
2.7
4.5
5.5- 6.5 43 -0.3 3.0 -7.7 -5.1 -0.3 4.1 8.9
6.5-7.5 46 0.1 3.2 -6.5 -5.8 -0.3 4.8 8.7
7.5- B. 5'" 52 1. 1 3. 1 -7.7 -5.5 1.5 5.7 7.1
A. 5- 9.5 42 1.8 2.8 -4.5 -3.4 1.S 6.0 8.3
9.5-10.5 45 2.8 3.2 -4.4 -3.9 2. B 7.7 , 1 .5

15.00

~
10.00
u
.....

... .
~
a: ,
l&J 5.00
-J
. . , , . .•,
~
. , • ·
"
!. ., .. , .' .' .. .., . , ., , ". .
,,
' " ' "
:J:
, . '.
••, 'i , ·
· '.
,.,
- I.. . • ,'. ..
U ' ,
Z '
0.... 0.00 , .... .... . . ' , : ,
, .'. .
.. '" . . . .'
• II. •
.1,. '.

- .. ,
~
Z . • I. •

,. ,.
'
0
, '
0....
LI')
-5.00
.
.. . ,.
,
\ "

'
•

-10.00~2--........jI----+--""---+S----16---7+----+e----+S---l"'O-~"""11
AGE (YEARS)

174
 5 POINT PI NCR. force at B ca (Kgf)
("'ales aDd Fe. ales)

Age (yrs) N "lean 5'. d. l"IIin 5th 50th 95th !'lax

3.5-4.5 1 3.8 *. 3.8 ** 3. A •• 3.8
~.5-5.5 4 4.9 0.6 4.2 •• 4.6 *. 5.7
5.5-6.5 8 5.3 ' 1.3 3.1 •• 5.2
5.5
*. 7.5
6.A
6.5-7.5 20 5. 1 1.' 2.5 ** **
...
7.5- 8.5 29... 5.B 1. , 3.8 3.B 6.1 6.9 8.3
B.5-9.5 34 6.3 1.2 3.1 3.1 6.3 1.8 8.4
9.5-10.5 42 6.8 1.2 4.3 5.0 6.9 8.8 9.6

10.00

9.00
..
z:::
u 8.00
CD .. ".
.. . ,
.. . .
t-
a:
~
7.00 ..
., .
• •• Cl

.... . ..
u
a::::
0
..
IJ- .. . . .. :' . ..
.. .. .
8.00
... ...
:2:
U

-
Z
l:L.
5.00 ..
-
to--
Z
0
l:L.
L/)
~.OO
.
3.00

2. 00 't----t---_+_---fo---i---~.....;...-+_-..,...._+_--_+_--__t
2 S 5 6 '7 B 9 10 11
AGE (YEARS)

175
 5 POINT PINCH, force location at '3 cm
(f'IIales and Females)

Age (yrs)
3.5-4.5 ,
N !'lean
t•,
s.d.
••
MiD
, •1
5th
**
50th
t.1
95th
.* ,. ,
f'Iax

4 .. 5-5.5
5.5- 6.5
4
8
1. 1 0.5
1.2 0.3
0.6
0.6
••
*.
0.8
1. 3
••
.*
1.6
1.6
6 .. 5-7.5 20 1.2 0.5 - 0.1 ** 1. 1 ** 2.3
7.5-8.5 29 1.2 0.4 0.5 O.l) 1.2 1.9 2.0
A.5-9.~ 34 1.3 0.4 0.4 0.6 1.4 2.0 2.4
9 .. 5-10.5 42 1.3 '0.4 0.5 0.5 1.3 2.0 2.3

2.50

2.00

5
.. ....
CD :. .
~
1.50
. .
. . .. . .
IX
p
. •
'
'.
..
~
-J .: ...
.. .. ...
•
%:
1.00 .• . .
-
U
Z
a..

-
z~
Q
a..
In
0.50

0.00

-O.SO 2
s 5 6 7 8 s 10 11
AGE (YEARS)

176

"- -
 5 PO~NT PIltCH, angle at 8 ell (Degrees)
("'ales aDd Fellales)

.* *..**.••
Age (yrs) N !'lean s. d. P1in 5th 50th 95th III! ax
3.5-4.5 1 - 2.1 •• -2.1 -2.1 -2.'
••
4.5-5.5
5.5-6.5
6.5-7.5
1.5- 8.5
20
4
B

2..9
-2.8
0.2
-1.'
0.4
0.3
3.4
3.4
2.1
- 3.1
-5.2
-6.1
-4.1
*.••
-3.7
-2.9
0 •.2
- 1.4
0.3 3'.5
-2.4
6.4
5.3
5.2
8.5-4'.5 34 1.0 2.4 -4.6 -3.& 1.2 4.6 ~.5
9.5-10.5 42 1.2 2.5 -3.8 -3.0 0.8 4.5 7.5

8.00

0 0

2:
5.00
u
0
CD 0

o. 0 0

t-
~
. . . .
. . ·
0
0
0 0
LU 2.00
.
0
...J
~

. • .• .
0 0
Z • 0

~
• .
.. .. .
.0' 0
00 •

0
-
Z
CL. -1.00 .. • ·
-
t-
Z
0
CL.
LO
0
0

.
0

-4.00

.'

-7.00+----+-----t---+----+----+---+-----+-~--+----1
2 S 567 8 9 10 11
AGE (YEARS)

177
 5 POI NT PI NCH, force at q ell (Kgf)
(Plales aDd Pe.ales)
~ge (yrs), N "'ean s.d. !'lin 5th 50th 95th ~ax

5.5-6.5 1 5.2 •• 5.2 ••

••
5.2 ••
••
5.2
1.5-8.5
8.5-9.5
9.5- 1 Q.. 5
5
10
25
6.]
6.0
1.0
0.7
1.7
1.5
5.4
1.9
4.6 .*
4.6
6. 1
5. 3
6.9
••
9.3
7.2
9.0
, o. ,

11.00

10.00

~
u 8.00
0)

~
~

L&J
8.00
u
a:
0
~
• 7.00

-
~
U
Z
Q.
8.00

-
z~
0
Q.
Li)
5.00

1£.00

3.00
2 1£ 5 8 7 e 9 10 1
AGE (YEARS)

178
 5 POINT PI NCH, force location at q cm
(!!lales and Fe-llales)

Age (frs)
5.5-6.5
6.5-1.5
1.5-8.5
H
1
0
5
Mean
1.3
s. d.
••
••••••••••
1.3 O.q
!!lin
1.3
•••••
'.0
5th

••
*.
50th
1.3

,. 1
••
••
95th
•• .*••• •• - 1 • 3
'.9
....1'Iax

8.5-.2. 5
9.5-' 0.5
.10
25
1.0
'.2
0.5
0.3
0.5
0.6
••
0.6
0.9
,. 1
••
1.6
2.0
2.0

3.00

0
m
2.00
~
a:
lL.
.
.....J
:J:

-
U
Z
a..
.
.

-
z~
0
a..
In
1.00 "
•
.
,

0.00 2
5 6 7 8 9 10 11
AGE (YEARS)

179
 5 POINT PI NCH w angle at 9 c. (Degrees)
(~ales and Females)
Age eyrS) N Mean s. d. "'in 5th 50th 95th ~ax
5.5-6.5 1 0.7 •• 0.7 •• 0.7 •• 0.7
7.5-8.5
8.5-9.5
5
10
1.4
1.4
1.2
2.7
- O. 1
- 1.5
••
••
1. 1
1.9
••
••
1.0
5.0
9.5- 1 O. 5 2S 0.9 2.4 - 3. S . - 3.1 0.9 4.7 5.7

6.00

"'.00
5
0)

~
a:
LLJ
-l
C)
2.00 ..
!•
0Z ..
-!Z
0- 0.00

-
0
0-
L/) , ..
-2.00

..
""'.OO~---+----+---+-~---i---~--~--+----+----11
2 S 5 8 7 e 9 10
AGE (YEARS)

180
 GRIP: SQUEEZE

DESCRIPTION OF TEST: The anterior surfaces of the second knuc-

kles" (proximal interphalangeal joints) of all four fingers
(phalnges #2-#5) are pressed in opposition to the second
knuckle of the thumb (phalanx #1).

TEST POSITION: The handle brace lies between the second and
third fingers. The wrist is left in neutral position. The
thumb tip is allowed to overlap finger tips, if necessary.

ANTHROPOMETRIC MEASUREMENT: The length of the second finger

(L) ~s me~sured from the tip to its palmar skinfold.

ADJUSTMENT OF EQUIPMENT: The handle set is chosen according to

the following table and inserted into the transducer. The
handle span (S) is then adjusted to the proper test position.

Finger Length (L) Handle Radius (R)

(em) (nun)

<5 5
5-6 7
=>6 9

INSTRUCTIONS TO SUBJECT: The child squeezes the handle of the·

grip fixture together with his entire hand.

Dietel P:roximal
Mendl. f1.andle

+P 5

181
 GRIP - SQUEEZl .. force at 2 CII (Kgf)
(I'!a les and Females)

Age (yrs) N I'!ean s. d. Min 5th 50t.h 95th !!ax

2.5-3.5 31 J. 1 1.0 1.0 1.4 2.9 4.6 5.3
3.5-4.5
".5-5.5
45
44
II.' '.2
5.0 1. LI
2.0
2.4
2.3
2.5
3.9
4.9
6.3
7.1
7.1
8.2
5.5- 6.5 .. q 5.fl 1.6 3.4 3.4 5.6 8.5 9.7
6.5-7.5 46 6.7 2.0 2.9 4.0 6.4 10.2 11.4
1.5-8.5 .. 52 1.6 2.2 4 '.1 4.6 7.2 11.6 13.1
8.5- 9.5 42 8.9 2.8 3.8 4.2 8.4 14. 1 15.4
9.5-' o. 5 45 9.1 3.0 4.2 5.0 9.7 14.0 17.8

la.OO

15.20

..
u.tw ..• · . .. •
_. ,
. ...
.• .. ..
•.
. . .. . . ....
,. .. ... .. •
7.80 . .
•
. ·...- •

. .•-••..... -... .. .. '.':"

" '
••
.. ..... I ••

.. • • .1

..
. . ...1 l' .',..' _.. · :
- ..
I
'
• •-
'
: I•• '

Q.
. ..''.
I .1. .'
." •
I
.... ..
..... 1
,.
••

~ 3.80 .' ... . .... ,. . .'

• ': I. \ i.- •••~• • • I •

, . ... .' .
.
I. .: •
• • ••1 •
,

0.00 2
3 , s 8 7 8 8 10
AGE rYEAftSl

182
 GJUP - SQUFEZE. force location
(!'lales 'and Fe.ales)
at 2 em

Age (yrs) N !'lean s.d. 'fin 5th 50th 95th Max

2.5-3.5 31 1.2 0.6 O. 1 0.2 1.0 2.2 2.3
3.5- 4.5 45 0.9 0.6 -0.4 -0.2 0.8 '.7 2.2
4.5-5.5 44 0.9 0.5 -0.3 D. 1 0.9 1. B 2.3
5.5-6.5
6.5-1.5
4q
46
0.8
0.8
0.5
0.4
- 0.3
0.1
0.0
0.2
0.8
0.8
'.5
1.7
2.0
2.0
7.5-5.5 52 0.1 0.4 - 0.2 -0.0 0.6 1.3 1.8
8.5- 9. 5 42 0.7 0.5 -0.4 o. , 0_ 6 1.4 2.3
9.5-10.5 45 0.6 0.4 -0.' -0.0 0.5 1.2 1.6

2.50

2.00

• • • 'II ..

1.50 •
.". .•. ..
...
. '"
. .
..... .. . • • ... ..
. ':... .. .• .
'
1.00
. . . .. . .. \.
..... ·.
. •
.
...,
..
.... ".. ..- .
.:
. . . . ..
e'

. .. . . ....
,
"
•
'. .,
..... .. 0.·. ... .. ..
~
'.
. ..
¥ '.
D.SO
...
' •
.. . ..
'

".
.
• ' ...
..
0.00

-o·50+2--~31----+Il-----l51-,---+s----t1----+----!91----:':O--:-----:l
7 e 1 U
AGE (YEARS)

183
 GRIP - SQDEn!, angle at 2 ell (Degrees)
(fIIales and Pe.ales)

Age (yrs) N /'lean s. d. "in 5th 50th 95th !'lax

2.5-3.5 31 2.1 8.0 -16.1 - 12.9 1.4 15.0 21.0
3. 5-q. 5 Ll5 5.6 6.9 -8.8 -5.1 5.2 111.3 28.3
4.5-5.5 44 6.9 7.7 -5.1 -3.4 5.7 21.9 31.2
5.5-6.5 49 7.1 6.6 -11.5 -3.2 1.8 17. 1 21.2
6.5-7.5 46 6.9 5.9 -12.8 -2.1 6.5 15.5 17.3
·1.5-8.5 52 7.9 6.1 -3.8 -3.1 1.5 18.4 20.8
8. 5- 9 • 5 .- 4 2 9.1 5.5 -10.4 - 1.1 9.9 15.6 20.0
9.5-10.5 45 9.9 11.2 -2.7 1.8 9.6 16.4 21.1

32.00

25.00

18.00 .' ·0 '0 • 0

.... .
, 0
, ... -..
, 0
,,
,0 ~
,
..
. .... . ...
,
. ,"
I
11.00
...
... . ....• .'
o " • 0
:,.: I" • -,

. .'.
o
t._ ~ .1 o
~o
0
, , . ... . " ..
, '. •
. . .. .
0\ •
, ,
. , " .
...
• I. ','

:. -- . ...
o , • 0 0 .0, o
','
o.
. .. ,,
o
1£.00
... '.. .'
.. . , . ,
"
.,
o •

'.' •
.
'-
0
0 , '.

..
, 0,

-3.00 " '

o •

-10.00

-17.00 ....---+-----+---~---+---...-+----+8---+----+----l
2 3 5 6 7 9 10 11
AGE (YEARS)

184
 GRIP - SQUEEZE" force at 3 CII (Kgf)
( ..a les aDd Fe.ales)

Age (yrs) N Mean s. d. P'Iin 5th 50th 95th P'Iax

2.5-3.5 31 5.0 1.6 2.1 2.8 11.6 7.8 9.6
3.5-4.5 45 6.7 1.1 4.2 4.3 6.7 9.6 10.7.
4.5- 5.5 4Q 9.1 2.3 4.1 5.2 8.8 13.0 13.4
5.5-6.5 49 10. 1 2.2 4.5 5.6 10.3 13. II 13.9
6.5-7.5 Q6 11.7 2.7 1.3 7.7 11 ~ 1 15.8 18.4
7.5-8.5 52 13.2 3.0 6.8 8.6 12.6 18.2 20.11
8.~9.5 .... 42 15.3 3.2 9.1 9.9 '5. II 20.5 23.2
9.5-10.5 45 16.1 3.1 10.0 10.3 16.5· 21.1 21.8

• •
• • 0

. ·0 .•
• • • •
. . ...
o •

•
. . •
. • , •• • •
••• . ..... ..... .
• • _ •• I,

•
. . '

•• -•
•• rl
~.
..
..• • :... '. .... •
•
.. ••
~•
•
.. ". •• .• •o. • • •
12.00 I .'I.... · .1.... . .••." ..-. • •
~ ." ..
•• ' •• . . . I. • _:

••
.
• • 1 ., .'

•
..
•• •
• I.•
•• •
.... : .
•,".:.I·' ,•. •
., .. •
•
'. .. 0'
•
I
8.00
. .' ': ..: • •.',•
••
•
. '
,• . , I.
•••• ••

-
A..
•
,-
• • I.
,

·C'
.. .. •

f3 • • ••••• I .
~

.. .1""• ." . • •
II.

O.OO~--"""'---+--"""--""----i~--""'''''''-+---''''''--'''''
2 , 5 • 7 8 10 11
AGE [YEARS) •

185
 GRIP - SQUEEZE, force location at 3 em
(/lales and Females)
A.ge (yrs) N Mean s. d. !!in 5th 50th 95th l1ax
2.5-3.5 31 0.8 0.4 0.1 0.1 0.8 1.4 1. B
3.5-4.5 45 0.8 0.5 - 0.1 0.0 0.7 1.6 2.0
4.5-5.5 411 0.6 0.5 - 0.3 -0 .. 1 0.5 1.4 1.7
5.5-6.5 49 0.6 0.4 -0.3 o.
1 0.5 1. 1 1• 8
6.5-7.5 4E 0.6 0.3 - C. 0 0.1 0.5 1. 1 '.6
7.5-B.~ 52 0.5 0.3 -0. :2 -0.2 0.5 0.9 1.1
B. 5- 9.5 42 0.5 0.3 - 0.' o. , 0.5 0.9 1.3
9.5-"10.5 45 0.5 0.3 -0.0 0.0 O. ~ 0.9 1.0

2.50

2.00

..
1.50

1.00 " .., . • .. ,.

.. . .. .'. ., : ... ..- . .. .
.,..'. .. ... . . . ... ... .". . ..
,
... .. ."
. ,
" "

.. . . "·. .. . . ....' ..' ... , . .,..... . . .. .

". • I•
I 0"., •
."~' " ~ .'
0.50 .,
•

.
,t •

..
,
. .... ..: . • I, '.- • •

··.... .' . '. .. . .. ,I

"

0.00 .'
S--~81----+7 ----+8---81----+- - - - 4]
2----43~--+--~ ...
-o.SO ...
10 1
AGE ClEARS)

186
 GRIP - SQUEEZE. angle at 3
(I'!ales and Fe.ales)
c. (Degrees)

Age Cyrs) N ~ean s. d. !'!in 5th 50th 95th 1'1 ax

2.5- 3. 5 31 - o. 7 11.0 -9.6 -9.4 - 1. 1 4.7 6.1
3.5-4.5 45 1.8 5.9 -1 1.4 -8.3 1.2 12.3 17.7
4.5-5.5 44 3.5 4.3 - 3.2 -3.0 3.3 1'.0 15.1
5.5-6.5 Cl9 CI.O 3.3 -5.8 -1.1 3.7 9.0 11.9
6.5-1.5 46 11.4 3.6 -3.0 -1.0 3.7 9.1 16.3
07.5-6.5 !i2 4.3 3.1 -1.9 -0.6 4.0 9.6 12.8
8.5-9.5 42 5.3 2.8 -1.4 0.3 5.2 8.9 14.0
9.5-10.5 1&5 6.3 2.6 1.5 1.7 6.3 9.8 10.9

18.00

.. . . ..
.. , .'• ..-.. .. .
.. .. . . .....- ... .
,
,,

..... ..-... .. I, '. 0

.' .' .,
,.
,
'
,
'.
.0
•
,
I. •
'
• , ,.
., ... ..'.
o .•t· .- :
..
-.... •
• 0 •

' 0
.• .
.:.
0'
'.'
.'
o
o , ,' .
o

o ..
o
o •
.'
I

•
•

0
0

•
,
• . ,
,

,.0
-2.00
'0'
'0'
.. 0
0

-7.00

-12.00 2
3 5 8 7 8 e 10 11
AGE (YEARS)

187
 GRIP - SQUEIZE" fo~ce at 4
(Ilales and Pe.ales)
c:. (Kgf)

Age (rrs) N Mecin s.d. /'lin 5th 50th 95th /'lax

2.5-3.5 31 4.9 1.B 2.1 2.4 4.5 8.3 9.3
3.5-4.5 45 6.7 1.9 3.2 3.8 6.8 9.6 11'.2
4.5- 5.5 44 9.5 2.9 3.9 5.1 9. 1 13.9 14.3
5.5-6.5 49 11.0 2.3 5. 1 6.3 11.2 14.7 15_ 5
6.5-"7.5 46 13.1 2.6 7.3 8.6 '·3. 1 17.0 -18.3
7.5-8.5 52 15.0 2.8 9.9 10.9 14.7 20.0- 21.8
8.5-9.5" 42 17.2 3.3 11.4 12.2 16.5 22.4 25.6
9.5-10.5 q5 19.1 3.5 11.0 13.1 19.0 25.0 21.9

..

.. .
...a:
::I
20.00 o
.
'0
• 0 ,
o o 0

..... . .'"eo:.. ....

o 0
o
.. o o 00

.. .
o

... . .,
,. -, .. .0 0
.." • 0

'.--....
:
. .'
• 0

-,
.... .. .,
" :....
.... .
-:"" :.'
....
o ,

12.00 .: ..
o
-.
-,"~:
•
.....
.... : . ...... ........
"
•
'0

.. :.o~":o:o ..,. .., 0

... .. . ..
:.. .-... ., •

-
o •
I o 0

a. 8.00 ~:
.- .0 '0 ..
~. ...
. :...... t........
.. .. .-.. .. .. ·0
.. . -. .
•

O.OO ....---P-----4~--_+---+---+_-----
S • 7
AGE (YEARS)
.......--.....I ---__+O--___I
10 11

188

~- .
 GRIP - SQUEEZE. force lcca tioD at 4
(P1ales and Females)
CII

Age eyrs) N Mean s. d. rHn 5th 50th 95th Max

2.5- 3.5 3' 0.9 0.4 0.' 0.2 0.9 '.4 '.9
3.5-4.5 45
4.5-5.5 44
0.8
0.6
0.4
0.3
0.0
o. ,
o. 1
0.2
0.8
0.6
1.4
1.0 ,,.. ,,
2.0

5.5-6.5 49 0.6 0.2 0.1 0.2 0.6 0.9

6.5-7.5 46 0.6 0.3 - 0.0 0.0 0.6 0.9 '.3
7.5-8.5 ...52 0.5 0.2 0.0 o. 1 0.5 0.9 1.2
8.5":9.5 42 0.6 0.2 -0. a 0.2 0.6 0.9 1. a
9.5-10.5 45 0.5 0.2 0.1 0.2 0.5 1. 1 1.2

2.00

1.70

1.1A0

..
1.10
. "
.. ,
........ . . .,
....' .'.
'
• 0 '

.. ,.. ... .
o

....'
.' . .. . .. .. . .
. .. .
0

0.80 .' "

. ..,,'.... ..
o ' ~ ,0
o 0 o

.. .'.. . . ....
.,
.. .. "..,.0 .. . ., . . ..
• 0

..
o' •
" "
'. .
~ o•
~

'..'"
0

0.50 e'
.. , ..••. :. ..
'
0

'.' '.' .
.. . " '0
. ...
o '.

.. '0
,0
o ••

,0

... 0

0.20

.. • 0 •

-iI.l0t---~--+---+---r---I------iI-----l----t-----4
2 3 ~ 5 6 7 8 9 10 11
AGE (YEARS)

189
 GRIP -( !'Iales
SODEEZE,
and
aDClle at 4 ca
Peaales)
(Degrees)

Age (yr s ) N Mean s. d. Plin 5th 50tb 95th l1ax

2.5-3.5 31 - 2.1 q.9 - 13.4 -13.3 -0.9 3.5 3.9
3.5-11.5 45 0.7 3.8 -8.0 -7.0 0.8 7.2 8.1
4.5-5.5 44 1.2 4.2 -6.6 -6.2 1.4 7.0 7.3
5.5-6~S 49 2.4 3.6 -9.6 -2.3 2.3 7.4 11.9
6.5-1.5 ll6 3.6 J.4 - 3.3 -2.5 3.2 9.2 12.2
7.5- 8.5- 52 3.6 2.2 -1.2 0.7 3~ 0 7.6 9.6
8.5-9.5 42 4.6 3.1 - 1.4 0.3 4.3 9.3 13.4
9.5-10.5 45 4./4 2.3 1.0 1.1 3.9 8.3 11.4

1'.00

10.00
"
• 00 , ,
is ... ' o 0 • I

.
, ,
,
.. ......
o 0
o
=' 8.00 , , , • _.' II It I., •
'0'
t- 0,

.
'0
'0'
.a: I ,
I
\' , I

,
'0 • '. It
o
, o 0
o 0 ,0 , ' '
, 0
o
o
•
au o 0 0

" ',. I, . . 0' 0

• '0
,0,

. ..'
..J I' • • o~ '
t.:)
2.00
I
.
..
'0 • ,',
z
a: • 0 \
, 0 ,0
• I
I,

au• .
, 0
,
N
IAJ
-2.00
~
5l .
I

o •
I

-
Q..

~
-8.00

-10.00

-1'.OO+---+---~--+----+-~--+-_-:""""'---+------+---"""
2 3 6 8 s 10

190
 GRIP -(ftales
SQUEEZE.
and
force at 5 ell
lellales)
(Kgf)

Age (yrs) N !'lean s.d. Min Stl:L 50th 95th ~ax

2.5- 3.5
3.5-4.5 31
e 4.3
6.0
0.8
1.8
3.0
2.4
••
2.8
3.8
6. 1
•• 5.5
8.8 9.8
4.5-5.5 ij1 8.5 2.5 3.8 4.1 8.4 12.5 14.0
5.5-6.5 47 9.9 2.5 5.4 5.6 9.4 13.2 17. J
6.5-7.5 46 12.0 2.7 6.0 7.1 12.0 16.4 16.9
7.5J8.'S ~2 14.2 2.8 8.0 9.3 14.4 19.4 20.6
8.5-9.5 42 16.3 3.2 10.6 11.0 16.0 22.4 24. ]
9.5-10.5 45 19.5 2.7 15.0 15.2 19.2 ;l3.9 27_8

28.00

2'1.00
.
20.00
...:, . ....:
..'.... ..'.
~ . . .• • :• •• " •.-.. . . .
.:. ,...... .,.....
.: .. ,. .. .
~ 18.00
• • • •• >

"- .

.· .. ..... ..- .... . -. .... .' .•

•
LaJ
.

""LaJ
W 12.00 · .. ...' ,..-.-.".. . ...
5 ·...,'. .:-. ., .. : .. . ....
(f)

I
. -.
.• . .. .. ... ~
eo. • • \
.
. .

-
Q..
a:::
~
1.00
.. . . -. .
~

. .... .. .... ..
.- \

... .., . .
0.00 2
3 5 8 7 I 8 10 11
AGE (YEARS)

191
 GIUF - SQUEEZE, force location at 5 ell
("a1E£ and Fellales)
Age (rrs) N I'!ean s. d. !lin 5th 50th 95th Mall:
2.5-3.5
3.5-4.5 31
e 0.8
1.0
0.5
0.4
0.2
0.2
••
0.2
0.8
0.9
••
1.6
1. 4
1.7
4.5-5.5
5.5-6.5
41
47
0.7
0.7
0.3
0.2
0.2
0.2
0.2
0.2
0.7
0.7
1.2
1.0
'.5
1.5
6.5-7.5 46 0.7 0.3 0.1 0.2 0.6 1.2 1.6
7.5- 8.5.... 52 0.6 0.3 0.1 O. 1 0.6 1.0 1.7
8.5- 9. 5 42 0.6 0.2 0.2 0.2 0.6 1.0 , •1
9.5-10.5 45 0.6 0.2 0.1 0.2 0.6 0.9 1 .0

1.80

1.50 '.

1.20 ..

.. ..
. . ".. ...
0.80 " ,
,
, 0

: .... o •

.. . , .0 ,
o

.. .. ..
... .
.... .., ,
.'
. ..., ,
I "
'. ., ..... , ' .. ... \

.'"" ..
" , l "
0.80
. t,
" . ..:. ., ,
'

,,
'. ,
0.30
,"
,
.
0.00
2 5 6 7 e 9 to 11
AGE (YEARS)

192
 (Degrees)
GRIP - SQlJElZE .. angle at S ell
(Males and Pe.ales)

Age ry rs) N Mean s. d. l'Iin 5th 50th 95th Max

2.5-3.5
3.5-4.5
a
31
-3.5
-1.2
5.'7
3.5
-10.0
-7.2
••
-6.5
-6.6
-1.8
••
4.2
8.3
6.1
4.5-5.5 41 - O. 3 3.4 -1.1 -6.4 -0.1 5.5 8.9
5.5-6.5 47 1. 1 ]'.3 -5.8 -4.9 1.2 6.0 7.2
6.5-7.5 46 2.2 2.9 - 5.1 -2.2 1.9 6.9 7.R
7. !:r-8. 5'" 52 2.lI 2.4 -1.9 -0.1 1. 8 6.6 8.6
8.5-9.5 42 3.4 2.7 -1.9 -1. S, 3.7 7.1 9.2
9.~-10.5 45 4.0 1.9 -0.9 0.6 4. 1 7.0 9.0

10.00
.'

,,

~
u
6.00
,, . .'. .-
. .... . , ,
IJ')
. . .. . ,. . ..
, , ,
,, ,
~
a: I. I. . .' ., •'
.0

'0
'

.
.- . .,
0

.
• '0

LLJ
...J
(.:J
2.00 .. ,\ . , . .. ' ,
,,
, ,
"
! ,
, ' ,
,
"
Z
a:
LLJ
. . ., , 'I
, "
.. • I ••

'
.< , I
,.
o
N
I.LJ
LLJ ,
, .
.,, ,
"
, .
5
(f)
-2.00 .. ..'.
I

-
0-
a:
C)
-6.00
,,

-10.00 +---+-----+------+----t----+----+----+---+-----.
2 3 5 7 8 9 10 11
(YEARS)

193
 GRIP - SQUEEZE, force at 6 c. (Kgf)
(l!Iales and Peulesl
Age (yrs) N !'lean s. d. "in 5th 50th 95th !'lax
4.5-5.5 7 8.B 1.3 1.9 .* B.2 •• 1 1.5
5.5- 6.5
6.5-7.5
10
2B
8.9
10.7
2.6
2.0
4. 1
6.8
••
7.1
7.8
10.9
••
13.7
12.5
14.5
7.5-8.5 40 . 12.8 3.0 5.7 6.5 13.0 16.9 19.0
B. 5- 9. ~ 39 15.2 3.0 10.6 10.6 14.8 20.9 21.5
9.5-10.5" 4ij ·11.2 3.8 10.1 10.6 11 • .2 23.3 2&.1

28.00

2IL00

~ ..
CD
,.
, ".
20.00
~ .. :,
a: . . . ..
,
~
•

IL
18..00 . . ... , .." 0
0
'0

,
IIJ
•
, ..
0,
,
0 o
,
0
,
'
'
0
o
# • • 0 o 0

. 0

tj ,
0

.
; ., •
o 0
12.00 • I • .. 0
0
•
, , 0 0

.
.
0' 0
0
,
I o ,

-
~

Ii
LOO 0-. 0
,

""'00

0.00
2 3 & 6 7 8 8 10 11
AGE (YEAftS)

194
 GRIP - SQUEEZE. force location at 6 cm
(P'lales aod Females)
Age (1r5) N Mean s. d. !'!in 5th 50th 95th Max
4.5-5.5
5.5-6.5
6.5-7.5
7
10
28
1.0
o.~
0.8
0.4
0.3
0.3
O.q
O.q
0.0
--*.
0.1
O.B
0.9
D.8
••
*.
1.3
.1.6
1.6
1.4
7.5- 8.5 40 0.7 D.3 - D. 1 0.2 0.7 1.2 1.7
8.5- 9.5
9.5-1'(J.5 -
39
If If
0.6
0.6
0.3
0.3
0.0
-0.0
0.1
0.1
D.b
0.6
'.0
1.3
'.3
1.5

1.80

1.50

2:
U
..
c.o
...
a:
1.20
o"
lA-
..J
• .,
.. .
. ....
W , , ,
.. . .
...
N 0.80 • •
W
w=:) . ' ,
a(f') '"
I
0.80 .:.. . . .
. .. : ,.. ...
.
-
Q..
a:
(,!)
..
." . .. , ,
,
,.
.,...
0.30 ,
. ...

0.00 2
3 5 6 7 6 8 10 11
AGE (YEARS)

195
 GRIP -(!'lales
SQUEI!2I!:,
and
angle at 6
Fellales)
c. (Degrees)

Age (yrs) N Mean s.d. !'liD 5th 50th 95th l1ax

5. 1
4_5~5.5 7 0.2 3.2 - 5.4 ** -0.3 **
5.5-6.5
6.5-7.5 28
7.5-8.5
10

40
-1.0
1.1
1.6
1• 1
5.0
2.6
- 3. 0
-9.5
- 3.3
**
-7.3
-2.4
-1.2
O. 1
1.1
--
9.2
4.7
0.1
18.5
9.5
8.5-9.5 39 2.8 2.5 -2.9 -2.3 3.0 6.1 8.7
9.5-1 O. ~ 44 2.4 2.8 -1.6 -1.5 1.7 7.3 9.0

20.00

1".00
5
CD
....
~

LLJ
B
z
8.00
..
a: . . . .
.
'L

.. .. ,
I&J
N
I&J
LLJ ' ,
'
,.
. •.. , .. , ,.. . :.. .
, .'. ., . .
"
I
' "
,

5en 2.00
. , . • .. •.... " '".. . . II.

. ..,. ,..
~
,
'
"
I
. ., ,
'

-
CL.

~ -1&.00
'
-" .'

-10.00 f---t---~--+---+----';';+---+----+-----+------I
2 3 , 5 8 7 8 8 10 1
AGE (YEARS)

196
 GRIP -("ales
SQUEEZE,
and
force at 7 CII
Fellales)
(Kgf)

Age (yrs)
6.5-7.5 ,N 'ean
9.2
s.d.
••
"in
9.2
5th
••
50th
q.2
95th
••
Max
9.2
1.5-8.5 3 12.4 1.3 11.6 •• 11.1 •• n.9
8.5- 9.5 ' 9 13.3 2.0 , O. 6 •• 12.9 •• 16.3
9.5-10.5 1.8
"
16.8 3.6 10.5 •• 17.2 •• 24.6

25.00

20.00
fi .
l"'-
..
~ •
~

.. . .
LIJ
u IS. 00
~..
LIJ

~ 10.00
..
~

-
I
Q..

l§ 5.00

O.OO-l----+----+-----~-~+_--_+--_+--__i~--+_--_I
2 S 1& 5 8 7 8 8 10 11
RGE £YEARS)

197
 GIl I P - ~?UEEZE, force location it t "1 ell
(Males and Females)

Aqe (yrs) N Plean s.d. Min 5th 50th 95th r'lax

.* *. *.
*.
6.5-7.5 1 0.6 0.6 0.6 0.6
••
7.5-8.5 0.4
.* 0.6
3 0.7 0.4 1• 1
B.5-q.5 9 O.B 0.4 D.' O.B •• 1. q
9.5-10. 5 18 0.7 0.4 0.1 •* 0.7 •• 1.3
...

1.\&0

1.20

z:
u
,.... 1.00
~
a:
~
0.80
-oJ
LLI
..
~
CJ
U')
0.80

-
I
CI..
O.qO
f5
0.20

0.00 2
3 5 6 7 8 9 10 1
AGE (YEARS)

198
 GRIP -(I'!ales
SQUEEZE,
and
angle at. 1
Fe.ales)
c. (Degrees)

Age (yrsl N Mean s. d. rHn 5th 50th 95th !II a x

6.5-1.5 1 1.5 •• 1.5 •• 1.5 •• '.5
7.5-~.5 3 0.8 2.9 -2.0 •• 0.5 •• 3.8
g .5- q. S 9 1.0· 2.3 -'.1 •• 0.2 ** 4.3
9.5-10.5 18 1.9 2.8· -3.7 •• 2. 1 •• 8.4
... ...

9.00

7.00

5.00
..
3.00
.~

..
1.00

-1.00

-3.00 .....---+--........j~--+----+--........j~--+----+----t--,..........j
2 3 5 8 7 e 9 10 11
AGE (l'~ARS)

199
 6.00
-+- 2.5 TO 5 YEARS
- - - 5 TO 8 YEARS
~ e YERRS AND UP
5.80

~
~ 5.20
~
z
UJ
a:
~ 1,1.80
(f)

-
Q..

a:
~

I
1,1.1,10

-
~
u 1,1.00
z
Q ..
3.eo
-
~
z
0
Q..
3.20
(1')

2.80

2.110
1 5 7 9
CENTIMETERS

200
 7.00
--e-- 2.5 T05 YEARS
~ 5 TO B YEARS
--+- 8 YEARS AND UP
6.50
~

~
t-
to=)
6.00
Z
LLI
a:
~ 5.50
(f)

-
Q..
a:
~

I
5.00

~
u ~.50

-
z
Q..
~.oo

-
t-
Z
0
Q..
3.50
Ln

3.00

2.50
1 3 5 7 9
CENTIMETERS

201
 18.00
--e-- 2.5 TO 5 T
--..- 5 TO 6 T
, ~ 6 TEARS

15.00
:I:
~
C)
z
UJ
a:
~
(f) 12.00

-
Q..

a
C)

I
:

UJ 9.00
N
UJ
UJ
=>
C3
(f)

6.00 • ~

3.00 +----+----+----+---+----1-----I---~
1 2 3 q 5 6 7 8
CENTIMETERS

202

,
......
Grip Strength Statistics
(2.5 - 3.5 yea rs)
Pleasureaent DescriptivE Statistics
Ii !'Jean s.d. Plio 5th 50th 95th Plax
3-Pt Pinch (2 cII-Foree) 28 2. 1 0.4 1.3 .1.4 2.2 2.6 3~1
]-pt Pinch' (2 em-LF,cII) 28 1.0 0.4 0.3 0~3 0.9 1.7 1.9
3-Pt pinch (2 em) ~ngle 28 - 1 0.3 4.8 -17.1 -16.9 -10.9 -3.3 -1.4
]':'Pt Pinch (3 cm-Force) 29 2.2 0.5 1.4 1.4 2. 1 2.S 3.2
3-Pt pinch (3 e~LP,CII) 29 0.8 0.5 -0.7 -0.4 0.8 1.6 1.7
J-Pt Pinch (3 ca) ~ngle 29 - " .2 3.8 -18.2 -n.1I -11.9 -4.7 -3.5
]-Pt Pinch (4 cm-Force) 28 2.4 0.6 1.4 1.4 2.3 3.2 3.8
l-Pt pinch (4 clI-LP.CII) .28 0.8 0.5 -0.4 -0.2 0.7 1.5, 2. 1
)-pt pinch (4 ell) ~ngle 28 -10.8 4.2 -17.4 -16.9 -".0 -4.0 -3.6
)-Pt Pinch (5 cil-Force) 26 2.4 0.6 1. 1 1.2 2.3 3.2 4.0
3-Pt Pinch (5 clI-L P, cm) 26 0.8 0.4 -0.1 -0.1 0.9 1.4 1.5
l-Pt pinch (5 CII) ~ngle 26 -11.2 3.8 -18.4 -18.2 -11.9 - 5.4 -4.b
l-Pt Pinch (6 ca-Force) 19 2.6 0.6 1.4 •• 2.1 •• 4.2
3-Pt piDch (6 cIt-LF,c.)
)-Pt pioch (6 em) ugle
3-Pt pinch (7 clI-Force)
3 -£»t pinch (7 cIt-LF,cm)
19
19
,
1
0.6
-9.2
4.3
1.2
0.5
2.9
••
••
-0.4
-14.6
4.3
1.2
' ..
••
••
••
••
0.5
- 9.4
4.3
1.2
••
••
••
••
••
'.1
-5.6
4.3
1.2
l-Pt. pinch (1 CII) lng le
Squeeze (2 CII- Porce)
1
31
-7.5
3. 1
••
1.0
-7.5
1.0 1.4
-7.5
2.9 4.6
-7.5
5.3
Squeeze (2 CII-L F, cm) 31 1.2 0.6 0.1 0.2 1.0 2.2 2. 3
Squeeze (2 CII) Ang 1e 31 2.1 8.0 -16.1 -12.9 1.4 15.0 2'.0
Squeeze (3 ca- porce) 31 5.0 1.6 . 2.7 2.8 4.6' 7.8 9.6
Squeeze (3 ca-LF,clI) 31 0.8 0.4 0.1 0.1 0.8 1.4 1.8
Squeeze (3 CII) Ang 1e 31 -0.1 4.0 -9.6 -9.4 -1. 1 4.7 6.1
Squeeze (4 ca- porce) 31 4.9 1. B 2.1 2. II 4.5 8.3 9.3
Squeeze (4 cm-LPircII) :n 0.9 0.4 0.1 0.2 0.9 1.4 1.9
Squeeze (4 cm) Ang le 31 -2.1 4.9 -13.4 -13.1 -0.9 3.5 3.9
Squeeze (5 cm-Force) 8 4.3 0.8 3.0 •• 3.8 •• 5.5
Squeeze (5 cm- L.P,clI) 8 0.8 0.5 0.2 •• D.El •• 1.4 .
Squeeze (5 cm) 1\ng le 8
31
-3.5 5.7
0.7
-10.0
1.7 1.7
••-6.b
2.3
••
'3.B
B~
4.9
3
5-Pt Pinch (2 clII-Porce) 2.5
5-Pt Pinch (2 CID- LF ,CII) 31 ,•1 0.5 0.2 0.3 1.1 2.0 2.2
5-Pt Pinch (2 CII) Angle 31 -3.6 5.8 -16. l -14.5 -4. 1 3.2 17. )
5-Pt pinch (3 cm-Porce) 28 2.5 0.4 '.6 '.7 2.4 3.0 3.2
5- Pt Pinch (3 ca- LP' ,cm) 28 1.1 0.5 - O. 2 -0.1 1.2 , •9 .2. 1
5-Pt Pinch (3 CII) Angle 28 -5.0 4.1 -16.0 -14.5 -5 •. 4 3.2 7.0
5-Pt Pinch (4 clll-Porce)
'i-Pt pinch (4 cil-LF ,Cll)
29
29
2.6
1.2
0.5
0.3
'.5
0.6
1.7 . 2.5
0.6 1• 1
1.5
1.7
:1.8
'.7
5-pt Pinch (4 cm) Aogle 29 -4.5 5.2 -12.6 -12.4 -4.4 2.4 11.9
5-Pt pinch (5 cil-Force) 29 2.8 0.8 1.7 1.7 2.6 4.4 5.0
5-Pt pinch (5 cII-LF ,CII) 29 1.1 0.5 - 1.0 -0.5 1.1 1.6 ,•9
5-Pt Pinch (5 cm) Angle 29 -2.7 4.5 -10.7 - 10.1 - 3. i 4.8 9'.5
5-pt !linch (6 clI-Porce) 22 2.9 0.8 1.7 1.7 2.9 4.3 4.9
5- Pt Pinch (6 clI-LF,CII) 22 1.2 0.4 0.4 0.4 1.2 1.6 1.8
5-Pt Pinch (6 cm) Aogle 22 -4.6 4.2 - 13.6 -13.3 -4.3 1.9 4.6
5-Pt pinch (1 cll-Force) 4 3.6 0.6 3.1 •• 3.1 •• 4.2
5-Pt Pinch (7 CIl-tP,CII)j 4 1.2 0.5 0.8 •• 0.9 •• ,. B
5-Pt pinch (7 cm) Angle 4 -6.1 1. 5 -7.8 *.~6.B •• -ij.5

203
 Grip Strengtll Stat.istics
(3.5 - 4.5 years)
!'Jeasurellent Descriptive Statistics
N PIe an s. d. P1in 5th 50th 95th "ax
]-Pt Pinch (2 cil-Forcel 44 2.6 0.5 1.5 1.6 2.6 3. J 3.7
3-Pt Pinch (2 cm-LF ,cm) 44 1.1 0.4 0.2 0.4 1. 1 1.7 1.1
3-Pt Pinch (2 CI) Angle 44 -8.2 4.2 -18.7 -17.4 -8.0 -2.6 0.0
3-Pt Pinch (3 cll-force) 45 2.7 0.5 1.5 1.8 2.6 3.6 4.0
3-Pt Pinch (3 Cll- LF ,cm) 45 1.0 0.4 0.3 0 • .3 1.0 1.5 1.9
3-Pt pinch (3 c II) ~ogle 45 -8.7 4.6 -20.7 -15.6 - B. 7 -1.5 5.1
1-Pt Pinch (4 cm-force) 45 2.9 0.6 1.8 1.8 2.7 4.0 4.3
3-Pt Pinch (II c~LF ,cm) 45 0.9 0.4 -0.3 0.3 1.0 1.4 1.6
J-pt Pinch (It CI) ~o9le 45 -7.6 4.2 -13.5 -13.0 -7.9 - O. 8 2.0
3-Pt pinch (5 cll-Force) 43 2.9 0.7 1.5 1.6 2.9 4.0 4.6
3-Pt pinch (5 .cll-LF,cm) 43 0.9 0.4 -0.2 -0.1 0.9 1.6 1.9
3-Pt pinch (5 CII) ~n9le 43 -6.7 3.7 -15.3 -12.6 -7. 1 -0.2 2.3
3-Pt Pinch (6 cm-porce) 42 3.0 0.6 1.7 1.9 2.8 4.0 4.4
3-Pt pioch (6 em-l.F ,CII) 42 0.7 0.5 -0.1 -0.0 0.7 1.4 1.6
3-Pt Pinch (6 Cll) Aogle 42 -7.0 3.0 -15.8 -13.5 -7. 1 - 1. 7 - O. 6
]-Pt Pinch (7 cm-Force) 25 3.1 0.6 2.1 2. 1 3.1 3.9 4.4
3-Pt Pinch (7 cm-LF,clI) 25 0.6 0.4 - 0.1 -0.0 0.7 1.2 1 • ij
3-Pt Pinch (7 ell) ~n9le 25 -6.8 2.9 -12.5 -12.3 -7.2 -2.7 -2.6
3-Pt Pinch (B cil-Force) 1 3.7 •• 3.1 •• 3.7 •• 3.7
3-Pt Pinch (8 CII-LP ,CIII) 1 0.] •• 0.3 •• 0.3 •• 0.3
)-Pt Pinch
Squeeze (2
(8 CII) ~n9le
ell-Force) 45
1 -6.8
4.1 1.2
•• -6.8
2.0
••
2.3
-6.8
3.9
••
6.3
-6.8
7. 1
Squeeze (2 cm- LF,CII) 45 0.9 0.6 -0.4 -0.2 0.8 1.7 2.2
squeeze (2
Squeeze (3
Squeeze (3
CII) Angle
cm-Perce)
CII- LF, CII)
45
45
45
5.6 6.9
6.7
0.8 0.5
~,. -8.8 -5.1
4.2
-0.1
4.3
0.0
.5.2
6.7
0.7
14.3
9.6
1.6
2 B. 3
10.1
2.0
Squeeze (3 CII) Angle 45 1.8 5.9 -11.4 -8.3 1. 2 12.3 17.7
squeeze (4 CII- Porce) 45 6.7 1.9 3.2 3.8 6.tl 9.6 11. 2
Squeeze (4 cII-LF,CII) 45 0.8 0.4 0.0 0.1 0.8 1.4 2.0
Squeeze (4 CII) ~ngle 45 0.7 3.8 -8.0 -7.0 0.8 7.2 8.1
Squeeze (5 clI-Porce) 31 6.0 1.8 2.11 2.B 6.1 8.8 Q.8
Squeeze (5 ell-LF,ell) 31 1.0 0.4 0.2 0.2 0.9 1. b 1.7
Squeeze (5 cm) Angle 31 -1.2 3.5 -7.2 -6.5 -1.8 II. " 6. 1
5-Pt Pinch (2 ci-Force) 45 2.9 0.5 2.0 2.0 2.9 3.1 4.2
c:;-Pt Pinch (2 CII-L F, cm) 45 1.2 0.5 -0.3 -0.0 1.2 1.9 2.2
5-Pt Pinch (2 em) Angle 45 -2.2 4. 1 -11.8 -10.6 -:-2.7 3.& 7.6
5-Pt Finch (3 cm-Force) 45 2.9 0.6 1.7 1.9 2.8 3.9 4.8
5-Pt Pinch (3 clI-Lf,CII) 45 1 • 1 0.5 0.1 0.2 1. 1 1.8 2.2
5-Pt Pinch (3 cm) Angle 45 -2.7 3.8 -11.1 -9.11 -3.2 2.7 8. 9
5-Pt Pinch (II cm-Force) 45 3.1 0.8 1.5 2.0 3. 1 11.5 5.7
5-Pt Pinch (4 cm-LF,clI) 4.5 1.2 0.5 0.2 0.3 1.3 1.9 2.2
5-Pt Pinch (4 c II) Angle 45 -2.9 4.6 -12.5 -9.8 -3.0 ' 3. tl 9."1
5-Pt Pinch (5 cm-Porce) 45 3.2 0.9 1.6 1.9 3.0 5.1 5.6
5-Pt Pinch (5 cII-LP,cm) 45 1 • 1 0.5 -0.3 0.3 1. 1 1. 9 2.0
5-Pt Pinch (5 CI) Angle Al5 -3.6 3.8 -10.5 -9.9 - .1.7 '.5 6.8
5-Pt Pinch (6 cm-Force) 45 3.3 0.7 1.9 2. 1 3.2 4.6 5.2
5-Pt Pinch (6 cm-LF ,CII) 115 1.2 0.4 0.1 0.4 1.2 1.8 2.5
5-Pt pinch (6 cm) Angle 45 -2.6 3.2 - 8. 4 -1.8 -3.2 3.7 5.1
5-Pt Pinch (7 cm-Force) 24 3.4 0.7 2.4 2.1.1 3.3 4.3 4.1
5-Pt Pinch (7 cm-L F, ell) 24 1.0 0.5 -0.0 O. 1 1. 1 1.6 1. B
5-Pt pinch (1 cm) Angle 24 -2.5 3.11 - 9.9 -9.4 -2.0 2.2 2.7
5-Pt Pinch (B cll-Force) 1 3.8 •• 3.8 •• 3.8 •• 308
5-Pt Pinch (8 CIl-LF ,CII) 1 1• 1 •• 1• 1 •• 1. 1 ••
••
,.1
5-Pt pinch (8 c II) Angle 1 -2.1 •• - 2.1 •• - 2. 1 - 2. 1

204
•
"---
Gdp strength Sta tistics
(11.5 -
5.5 years)
Pleasurellen t Descriptive statistics
N /tean s.d. /tin 5th 50th 95th !!ax
3-~t Pinch (2 clII-Force) 44 3.1 0.6 1.9 2. 1 3.0 4.2 4.3
3-Pt pinch (2 cm-LP,clI) 44 0.8 0.4 -0.5 0.0 0.9 1.2 1.6
3-Pt Pinch (2 cm) Angle 44 -6.3 . 11.6 -15.11 -13.9 -7.2 2.2 3.4
3-Pt pinch (3 cll-FOrCe) 1111 3.0 0.7 1.9 2.0 2.9 4.2 5.3
3-Pt pinch (3 clI-L F, CII) 44 O.B 0.4 ~ 0.1 0.0 0.8 1.3 1.5
3-Pt pinch n cm) ADgle 44 -8.4 4.7 -19.3 -17.8 -8.5 -2.4 6.0
3-Pt Pinch (4 c~Porce) 44 3.2 0.6 1.9 2.3 3. 1 11.11 4.5
3-Pt pinch (4 clI-LF ,cm) 44 0.8 0.4 - 0.2 0.1 0.9 1.4 1.8
3-Pt Pinch (4 CII) .'ngle .44 -1.8 4.1 -16.8 -15.6 -7.6 -1.0 2.9
3-Pt piDCh (5 cm-Force) 44 3.4 0.7 1.7 1.9 3.2 4.6 5.1
l-Pt Pinch (5 clI-LF, CII) 44 0.8 0.4 - 0.1 0.1 0.8 1.4 1.7
3-Pt Pinch (5 cm) Angle 44 -6.2 4.0 -17.9 -11.9 -6.0 -0.1 O.B
3-Pt Pinch (6 cil-Porce) 43 3.5 0.8 1.7 2.2 3.4 5.2 5.1
3-Pt pinch (6 cm-LF, CII) 43 0.8 0.4 0.2 0.2 0.1 1.4 1.9
3-Pt Pinch (6 CII) Angle 43 -6.4 3.6 -lR.5 -12.0 -6.0 -1.6 0.2
3-Pt pinch n cm-Force) 38 3.7 0.8 1.7 2.2 3.7 5.1 5.1
1. q
)-Pt Pinch (7 cII-LF,cII) 38 0.7 0.4 0.0 0.2 0.6 1.4
3-pt Pinch (1 CII) Angle 38 -6.0 3.4 -12.9 -12.2 -6.1 -0.3 3.2
3-Pt pinch (B Cit- Force) 4 4.6 0.2 4.3 •• 4.0 •• ".8:
3-Pt Pinch
3-Pt Pinch
(8 cm-LF, em)
(8 CII) Angle
4
4
0.4 . 0.2
-6.0 1.5
0.1
-1.1
•••
••
0.3
-6.6
••
••
0.6
- 3.8
Squeeze (2 CII- Force) 44 5.0 1.4 2.4 2.5 4.9 1.1 8.2
Squeeze (2 cII-LP,CII) 44 0.9 0.5 - o. 3 0.1 0.9 ·1.8 2.3
Squeeze (2 cm) Angle 44 6.9 7.7 - 5.1 -3.4 5.7 21.9 31.2
Squeeze (3 CII- Porce) 44 9.1 2.3 4.1 5.2 B.8 13.0 13.4
Squeeze (3 clI-LF,cm) 44 0.6 0.5 -0.3 -0.1 0.5 1.4 '.1
Squeeze (3 CII) lingle 44 3.5 4.3 - 3. 2 -3.0 3.3 11.0 , 5. 1
Sgueeze (1+ C8l- Porcel q4 9.5 2.9 3.9 5.1 9. 1 13.9 14.3
Squeeze (4 cil-LF ,cm) 44 0.6 0.3 0.1 0.2 0.6 1.0 1. 1
Squeeze (4 CII) Angle 44 1.2 4.2 -6.6 -6.2 1.4 7.0 7.3
Squeeze (5 CII- Force) 41 8.5 2.5 3.8 4. 1 8.11 12.5 ,14.0
Squeeze (5 CII- t F. CII) 41 0.7 0.3 0.2 0.2 0.7 1. :.1 , .5
Squeeze (5 CII) Angle 41 -0.3 3.4 -7.1 -6.4 -0.1 5.5 li.9
Squeeze (6 CII- Perce) 7 8.8 1.3 7.9 •• 8.2. •• 11.5
Squeeze (6 C.- LP,cm) 7 1.0 . 0.4 0.4 •• 0.8 •• 1.6
Squeeze (6
5-pt Pinch
CII ) Angle
(2 clI-Force) 44
7 0.2 3.2
. 3.6 0.9
-5.4
2.3
••
2.4
-0.3
3.5
••
5.1
5.1
5.6
5-Pt Pinch (2 clI-LP,cm) 44 1. 1 O.q 0.1 0.5 , .0 1.6 1.8
5-Pt pinch (2 CII) Angle 44 0.4 4.2 -8.2 -7.6 0.8 1.0 10.6
'j-Pt Pinch (3 CII- ForCe) 44 3.5 0.7 1. q 2.4 3.5 4.7 5.2
5-Pt Pinch (3 CII-LP' ,CII) 44 1.0 0.4 0.3 . 0.5 1.0 1.7 1. q .
5-Pt Pinch (3 CII) Angle 44 -1.8 3.6 -13.0 -B.O -1.6 2.6 6.4
5-Pt Pinch (4 cl\I-Porce) 44 3.5 0.8 , .9 2.2 3.4 5.0 5.4
5-Pt pinch (4 CID- t P ,CII) 44 1.2 0.5 0.1 0.2 1.2 1.9 2.0
5-Pt Pinch (4 em) Angle 44 -1.7 3.8 -18.2 -5.8 -2.3 3.1 5.5
5-Pt Pinch (5 CII- Porce) 44 3.B 0.9 1.7 2.1 3.8 5. , 5.1
5-Pt Pinch (5 cm;"L r: ,CII) 44 1.2 0.4 0.0 0.2 1.2 1.8 2.1
5-Pt Pinch (5 CII) Angle 44 -1.2 4. , -18.3 -10.2 -0.9 3.9 7.4
5-pt Pinch (6 cm-Force) 43 3.B 0.9, 2.2 2.2 3.7 5. 1 6.9
5-Pt Pinch (6 CII-L F ,cm) 43 , • 2 0.4 -0.3 0.6 1.2 1.8 2.2
5-Pt pinch (6 CII) Angle 43 -1.9 3.5 -10.9 -8.0 -1 ... 2.9 5.2
5-Pt Pinch (7 clI-FOrCe) 38 4.0 1.0 2.1 2.5 3.9 . 5.5 6.5
5-Pt Pinch (7 CII-L F,cm) 38 1.0 0.4 0.0 0.3 1.0 1.7 2. 1
5-Pt Pinch (7 CII) AnglE 38 -1.6 3.2 -B.3 -7.3 - 1.1 3. 1 4.5
5-Pt pinch (B cm-Force) 4 4.9 0.6 4.2 •• 4.0 •• 5.1

205
G~ip Strenqth Statistics
(5.5 - 6.5 years)
1'1 easare lie nt Descriptive Statistics
N P1ean s. d. "in 5th 50t.h 95th ~ax
3-Pt Pinch (2 cll-FOrce) 49 3.6 0.8 1.9 2.1 3.7 4.7 6.2
3-Pt Pinch (2 CII-LF ,CII) q8 0.8 O. II 0.1 0.2 0.8 1.5 1.1
3-Pt PinCh (2 CII) Angle 1f9 -5.0 11.11 -111.8 -12.8 -5.6 2.9 5.7
3-Pt Pinch (3 cm-Force) 119 3.5 0.7 2.4 2.5 3.5 4.b 6.0
3-Pt pinch (3 CII- LF , CII) 1f9 0.1 0.5 - 0~4 -0.2 0.7 1.5 1.8
3-Pt Pinch' (3 cm) Angle 1f9 -5.9 3.6 -12.2 -11.1 -6.1 0.' 1. 1
3-Pt Pinch (4 c"-Force) 49 3.5 0.8 2.3 2.4 3.2 5.0 6.0
]-Pl. Pinch (4 clI-L F ,CII) 49 0.7 0.3 O. , 0.2 0.7 1.3 '.6
l-Pt pinCD (q c II) Angle q9 -6.5 3.6 -13.2 -12.1 -6.8 -0.2 2.2
3-Pt Pinch (5 clII-Force) 49 3.6 0.1 2.3 2.3 3.5 4.8 5.9
)-Pt Pinch (5 CDI-LF,CII) 49 0.1 0.4 - o. 3 -0.' 0.7 '.3 1.. II
3-Pt pinch (5 cm) Angle 49 -5.6 3.1 -15.3 -11.2 -5.3 -0.9 1. 1
3-Pt Pinch (6 cm-Force) 49 3.8 0.7 2.1 2.9 3.7 4.8 5.5
3-Pt Pinch (6 CIII~LF,clII) 119 0.7 0.3 -0.4 O. 1 0.6 1.2 '.5
3-Pt pinch (6 el) A.n9le q9 -4.5 2.8 -10.5 -10.0 -11.9 0.3 3.2
3-Pl. Pinch (1 CII- Force) q3 4.0 0.8 2.1 2.2 4.1 5.2 5.6
3-Pl. Pinch (1 cil-LP ,cm) q3 0.6 0.3 - 0.1 0.2 0.5 1.3 '.5
3-Pt Pinch (1 ell) Angle 43 -4.0 2.8 -12.2 -8.6 -4.1 -0.3 2.6
3-Pt Pinch (8 clI""'Porce) 8 4.7 1 .0 3.4 .* 4.6 •• 6.3
3-Pt Pinch (8 clII-LP ,CII) 8 0.5 0.4 -0.2
** 0.5 *. 0.8
3-Pt Pinch
3-Pt Pinch
3-Pt Pinch
3-Pt pinch
(8 cm) Angle
(9 clI-Porce)
(9 clII-LF,cm)
(9 CII) Angle
8
1
1
1
-3.4
5.6
0.2
-11.4
3.5
.*
-.
••
-9.6
5.6
0.2
-4.4
.-.-••
*. -2.7
5.6
0.2
-11.11
••
_.
••
••
2.11
5.6
0.2
-4.4
Squeeze (2 CII- Porce) 49 5.8 1.6 3.4 3.4 5.6 8.5 9.i
Squeeze (2 clII-LF,cm) 119 0.8 0.5 -0.3 0.0 0.8 1.5 2.0
Squeeze (2 cm) Angle 49 7.1 6.6 -11.5 -3.2 1. ij 11.1 21.2
Squeeze (3 CID- force) 49 10. 1 2.2 4.5 5.6 10.3 13.4 13.9
Squeeze (3 CII- LF, CII) 49 0.6 0.4 - 0.3 0.1 0.5 1• 1 1. e
Squeeze (3 CII) Angle 49 11.0 3.3 -5.8 -1.1 J.7 9.0 11.9
Squeeze (4 cm-porce) 49 11.0 2.3 5. 1 6.3 11.2 14.7 15.5
Squeeze (4 CII-LP,CIII) 49 0.6 0.2 0.1 0.2 0.6 0.·9 1• ,
Squeeze (4 CII) Angle 49 2.4 3.6 -9.6 -2.3 2.3 7.4 11.9
Squeeze (5 clI-Force) 41 9.9 2.5 5.11 5.6 9.11 13.2 17.3
Squeeze (5 cm-LP,clI) 47 0.1 0.2 0.2 0.2 0.7 1.0 1 .5
Squeeze (5 CII) Ang Ie 47 1• 1 J.3 -5.8 -4.9 1.2 6.0 '7.2
Squeeze (6 CII- force) 10 8.9 2.6 11.1 •• 7.8 •• 12.5
Squeeze (6
Sqaeeze (6
5-Pt Pinch
CII-LF,CII)
CII) Angle
(2 clI-Force)
10
10
49
0.9
-1.0
. 11.0
0.3
1.1
0.8
0.4
-3.0
2.0
...
••
2.6
0.9
-1.2
4.0
••
••
5.5
1.6
O. 1
6.3
5-Pt Pinch (2 clI-LP ,CII) 49 1.0 0.4 0.' 0.4 1.0 1.6 2. 3
5-Pt Pinch (2 ell) Angle 49 1.2 3.5 .. 5.8 -5.0 1.2 6.6 11.7
5-Pt Pinch (3 cm:-Porce) 49 3.8 0.8 2.5 2.1 3.7 5.0 6.4
5-Pt pinch (3 cil-LF ,cm) 49 . 0.9 0.4 - O. 0 0.2 1.0 1.5 1.8
5-Pt Pinch (3 em) Angle 49 -1.1 3.2 -13.4 -5.8 -1.3 3.5 ~.II
5- Pl. Pinch (II cm-Porce) 119 3.9 0.7 2.3 2.1 3.9 4.7 6.4
5- Pt Pinch (II CID-L F, ell) 49 1.0 0.5 - O. 2 0.2 1.0 1.7 1• ~
S-pt Pinch (4 CII) Angle 49 -1.6 4.0 -8.8 -8.1 -1.9 4.9 9.2
5-Pt Pinch (5 clII-Porce) 119 3.9 0.6 2.3 2.7 3.6 5.1 6.3
5-Pt Pinch (5 CDl-LF,cm) 49 1. :2 0.4 0.3 0.4 1. :2 1.8 2.0
5-Pt Pinch (5 CII) Angle 49 -0.6 11.11 -11.8 -9.8 O~O 5.2 7.6
5-Pt Pinch (6 cm-Force) 49 4.0 0.6, 2.6 2.9 3.9 5.11 6.2
5-pt Pinch (6 CIII-LF ,cm) 119 1.2 0.3 0.4 0.5 1• 1 '.i 1.9
5-Pt pinch (6 ca) Angle 119. 0.0 3.5 -9.2 -7.5 0.' 5.1 9.2
5-Pt Pinch (7 CII- Force) 43 11.3 0.9 3.0 3.0 11.3 5.6 6.1

206
Grip Strength Statistics
(0.5 -7.5 yea rs)
Pleasurement Descriptive Statistics
If Plean s.d. "in 5th 50th 95th !'lax
3-H Pinch (2 cII-Porce) 46 4.0 0.7 2.2 2.8 4.0 4.9 5.5
3-Pt pinch (2 CII-L P, cm) 46 0.8 0.4 0.1 0.2 0.8 1.3 1.9
3-pt Pinch (2 CII) Angle 46 -4.4 "3".0 -10.5 ":10.3 -5.2 0.7 1.6
3-Pt Pinch (3 cm-Force) 46 3.9 0.6 2.4 2.9 3.9 5.0 5.3
3-Pt Pinch (3 clI-LF,CII) 46 0.8 0.4 0.0 O. 1 0.1 1.3 1.9
3-Pt piL.=h (3 011) Angle 46 -5.5 4.2 - 18 • 3 - 10 ~ 3' -6.4 1.5 9.0
3-Pt Pinch (4 clI-Porce) 46 3.8 0.1 2. ] 2.5 3.8 4.9 5.4
)-Pt Pinch (4 cII-LF,cm) 46 0.7 0.4 - O. 3 -0.1 0.1 1.4 1.6
3-Pt Pincb (4 CII) Angle 46 -:5.9 3.9 -15.1 -13.3 -6.9 0.3 2.6
3-Pt Pinch (5 cm-Force) 46 4.0 0.7 2.1 2.9 1.1. 1 4.9 5.6
]-Pt Pinch (5 cm-LF,cll) 46 0.8 0.4 0.2 0.2 0.8 1.3 1. B
]-Pt Pinch (5 CIl) Aogle 46 -4.8 3.3 ,-11.0 -10.8 -1.1.9 1.0 1.2
]-Pt Pinch (6 CD-Force) 46 4.3 0.8 2./& 3.0 4.3 5.7 5.8
3-Pt pinch (6 cm-L F,ca) 46 0.8 0.4 0.0 '0.2 0.1 1.4 2.2
3-Pt pinch (6 CII) Angle 46 -4.1 3.3 -11.9 -8.1 -4.2 -0.1 8.6
]-pt Pinch (1 cm-Force) 46 4.2 0.8 2.1 3.0 4.2 5.7 6.3
3-Pt Pinch (7 cm-LF,clD) 46 0.7 0.4 - 0.3 0.0 0.7 1.2 1.3
3-Pt Pinch (1 CII) Angle 46 -4.6 2.7 -10.6 -9.9 -4.6 -0.1 O.q
]-Pt pinch (8 cD-Force) 20 4.7 1.2 2.5 •• 4.7 •• 7.9
3-Pt Pinch (8 cm-L F,COl) 20 0.7 0.3 0.1 •• 0.7 •• ,•2
3-Pt Pinch (8 ca) Angle 20 -5.0 3. 1 -12.0 •• -4.3 •• - O. 9
]-Pt Pinch
)-pt Pinch
3-Pt Pinch
(q cD-Force)
(9 clII-LF ,CID)
(9 CII) Angle
1
1
1
5.2
0.5'
-5.0
.,.
••
••
5.2
0.5
-5.0
••
••
••
5.2
0.5
-5.0
••
••
••
5.2
0.5
-5.0
Squeeze (2 CII- Force) 46 6.1 2.0 2.9 4.0 6.4 10~2 11.4
squeeze (2 ell-IF ,CD) 46 0.8 0.4 0.1 0.2 0.8 1.7 2.0
Squeeze (2 CII) Ang le 46 6.9 5.9 -12.8 -2.1 6.5 15.5 17.3
Squeeze (3 CIII- Force) 46 11.7 2.7 7.3 7.7 11. 1 15.8 1 B. 4
Squeeze (3 cm-LF,cm) 46 0.6 0.3 - 0.0 0.1 0.5 1. 1 1.6
Squeeze (3 cm) Angle 46 4.4 3.6 - 3.0 -1.0 3.7 9.1 .16. l
Sq.ueeze (4 CD- Porce) 46 13.1 2.6 7.3 8.6 13.1 11.0 18.3
.squeeze (4 CID- LP, ell) 46 0.6 0.3 - 0.0 0.0 0.6 0.9 1.3
Squeeze (4 cm) Angle 46 3.6 3./& -3.3 -2.5 3.2 9.2 12.2
Sqaeeze (5 CII- Porce) 46 12.0 2.7 6.0 7.1 12.0 16.4 H.9
Squeeze (5 cm- L'f' ,cm) 46 0.1 O. 3 0.1 0.2 0.6 1.2 1.6
Squeeze (S cm) Anqle 46 2.2 2.9 -5.1 -2.2 1. 9 6.9 1.8
sqaeeze (6 CID- Porce) 28 10.7 2.0 6.8 7.1 , 0.9 13.1 14.5
Squeeze (6 cm- LP ,em) 28 0.8 0.3 0.0 0.1 0.8 1.3 1.4
Squeeze (6 cm) . Angle 28 1. 1 5.0 -9.5 -7.3 o. 1 9.2 18.5
Squeeze (7 cll-force) 1 9.2 •• 9.2 •• 9.2 •• 9.2
Squeeze (1 cm- LF ,CID) 1 0.6 •• 0.6 •• 0.6 •• 0.6
squeeze (7
5-Pt Pinch
c m) Angle
(2 em-force)
1
46
1.5
4.4 1.0
•• 1.5
2.3
••
2.8
1.5
4.4
••
6.0
1.5
6.8
5-Pt Pinch (2 .cm-LP,CIII) 46 1. 1 0.4 0.3 0.4 1. 1 1.1 2.0
5-Pt Pinch (2 C ID) Angle 46 1.5 3.4 -1.3 -/&.5 1.2 1.0 7.9
5-Pt Pinch (3 cm-Porce) 46 4.4 0.9 . 2.4 2.8 4.5 5.8 6.0
,;-Pt Pinch (3 cm-LP ,cm) 46 1.0 0.4 0.2 0.3 0.9 1.6 1.9
5-Pt Pinch p cm) Angle 46 -0.9 3.7 -, O. 3 -6.8 -1.4 4.6 6.4
5-Pt pinch (1.1 cII-Porce) 46 .4.3 0.8 2.5 2.6 4.2 5.b 5.1
5-Pt Pinch (4 cD-LF ,CII) 46 1.1 0.4 0.2 0.3 1• 1 1.8 i.l
5-Pt Pinch (4 cm) Angle 46 - 1.1 5.1 -10.0 -9.3 -1.6 1.4 13.3
5-Pt Pinch (5 cm-Porce) 46 4.4 0.8 2.9 3.0 4.2 5.8 6.7
5-pt pinch (5 cm-LP,cm) 46 1.2 0.4 0.2 0.5 ,. 1 1.9 2.3
5-Pt Pinch (5 c II) Angle 46 -0.5 4.3 - 9.1 -8.3 -0.9 6.7 8.2
5-Pt Pinch (6 cm-Porce) 46 4.6 0.9 2.5 3.1 4.5 6.0 6.5

207
Grip Strengtb Sta tistics
(8.5 -
9.5 years)

fleasu rellen t Descriptive Statistics

N ReaD s.d. "in 5th 50t.h 95th "ax
)-Pt Pinch (2 cil-Porce) 42 5.0 0.9 2.8 3.2 5.0 6.3 7.3
3-Pt Pinch (2 clI-LF ,em) 42 0.7 0.4 - O. 0 0.1 0.6 1. 1 2.2
3-Pt Pinch (2 ell) Angle 42 -2.2 3.7 -9.5 -8.3 -2.8 2.6 5. 1
)-Pt Pinch (3 e .... Porce) 42 4.7 0.7 2.9 3.1 4.7 5.7 6.0
)-Pt Pinch (3 e 11-1 P , ell) 42 0.7 0.4 0.1 0.1 0.7 1.2 1.8
3-Pt Pinch (3 em) Angle 42 -4.2 3.6 -11 .1 -10.0 - 3.8 2.3 3.7
)-Pt pinch (4 cil-Force) 42 4.8 0.9, 3. ) 3.4 4.7 6.1 7.0
3-Pt Pinch (4 CII-LF ,ell) 42 0.1 0.4 -0.0 -0.0 0.6 1.4 1.6
3-Pt pinch (4 CII) Angle 42 -4.2 3.7 -12.9 -10.3 - 3. 8 0.5 2.2
~-Pt Pi. nch (5 clI-Force) 42 11.81. 1 3.2 3.4 4.7 6.7 8.3
)-Pt Pinch (5 CII-LP ,CII) 42 0.1 0.3 - 0.1 0.2 0.1 1.3 1.4
3-Pt I'>inch (5 CII) Angle 47 -3.3 3.6 -13.4 -9.2 - 3. 5 3.7 4.2
J-pt Pinch (6 CII- Porce) 42 5.0 1• 1 3.1 1~4 4.9 6.1 fl.1
3-Pt Pinch (6 CII-LF ,CII) 42 0.8 0.3 0.1 0.2 0.7 1.3 1.4
J-pt Pinch (6 CIII) Angle 42 - 3. 02.6 -8.5 -:-7.1 - J. 1 0.9 4.8
3-Pt Pinch (7 cm-Porce) 41 5.4 1.2 3.2 3.7 5. :2 7.3 6.5
3-Pt Pinch (7 CII-LP ,cm) 41 0.1 0.3 0.1 0.2 0.7 1.2 1.4
J-pt Pinch (7 CII) Angle 41 -2.1 2.7 -7.8 -6.0 - 2.2 1.9 4.1
3-Pt Pinch (8 cm-porce) 34 5.5 1. 1 3.1 3.2 5~ 8 7.0 7.4
3-Pt Pinch (8 CII-LF ,CII) 34 0.1 0.4 -0.0 0.0 0.5 1.3 1.8
3-Pt Pinch (A ell) Angle 34 -2.6 1.9 - 6.5 ":6.1 .-2.7 0.2 1.2
3-Pt Pinch (9 clI-Force) 10 5.4 1.2 3.4 •• 5.3 •• 7. ,
3-Pt Pinch
3-Pt Pinch
(9 cm-LF ,cm)
(q cm) Angle
10
10
0.3 0.2
-2.5 1.7
O. 1
-5.4.
••
••
0.3
-2.3
••
••
0.7
-0.5
squeeze (2 em-Porce) 42 8.9 2.8 3.8 4.2 8.4 14.1 15.4
Squeeze (2 clI-lf,CII) 42 0.7 0.5 -0.4 0.1 0.6 1.4 2.3
Squeeze (2 ell) Angle 42 9.1 5.5 -10.4 -1.7 9.9 15.8 20.0
Squeeze (3 CII- Porce) 42 15.3 3.2 9. 1 9.9 15.4· 20.5 23.2
Squeeze (3 cII-LF,CII) 42 0.5 0.3 -0.1 0.1 0.5 0.9 1.3
Squeeze (3 Cll) Angle 42 5.3 2.8 -1.4 0.3 5.2 8.9 111.0
Squeeze (4 cm-Porce) 42 17.2 3.3 11.4 12.2 16.5 22.11 25.6
Squeeze (4 cm-LF,cm) 42 0.6 0.2 - 0.0 0.2 0.6 0.9 1.0
Squeeze (4 C Ill) Ang Ie 42 4.6 3.1 - 1.4 0.3 4.3 9.3 13.4
Squeeze (5 cm- Porce) 42 16.3 3.2 10.6 11.0 16.0 22.4 211.]
Squeeze (S CII-LF ,CII) 42 0.6 0.2 0.2 0.2 o. b 1.0 1. 1
Squeeze (5 ell) Anq Ie 42 3.4 2.7 -1. I) -1.8 3.7 1.1 9.2
Squeeze (6 Cll- Force) 39 15.2 3.0 10.6 10.6 14.8 20.9 21.5
Squeeze (6 ell-Lf,cm) 39 0.6 0.3 0.0 0.1 O.b 1.0 1.3
Squeeze (6 ell) Ang le 39 2.8 2.5 - 2.9 -2.3 3.0 6.1 8.1
Squeeze (7 CII- Force) 9 13.3 2.0 10.6 •• 12.9 •• 16.1
Squeeze (7 CII- LP, ell) 9 0.8 0.4 0.1 •• O. B •• 1.4
Squeeze (7 em) Angle 9 1.0 2.3 -1.7
3.7
••
3.8
0.2
5.7
.*
8.0
4. 3
8.9
5-Pt Pinch (2 clII-Force) 42 5.8 1..2
S-pt Pinch (2 ell- LF, ell) 42 1.0 0.3 0.5 0.6 1.0 1.6 1.6
5-Pt Pinch (2 ell) Angle 42 3.1 3.El - 5. 5 -5.1 3.3 9.0 10. ,
5-Pt pinch (3 ell-Poree) 42 5.6 1• 1 3.4 ·1.8 S.6 7.1 8.3
5-Pt Pinch (3 cm-I. F,Cll) 42 1.0 0.4 0.2 0.2 0.9 1.6 2.0
5-Pt pinch (3 ell) Angle 42 0.9. 3.3 -5.6 -4.9 0.9 ·6.4 7.8
5-Pt Pinch (4 cil-Porce) 42 5.4 1.0 3.6 3.6 5. 1 7.2 7.B
5-Pt Pinch (4 em-LP ,cm) 42 '.1 0.5 0.0 0.2 0.9 2.0 2.4
5-Pt pinch (4 cm) Angle 42 0.8 3.6 -6.8 -4.7 0.6 5.4 10.4
5-Pt pinch (5· em-porce) 42 5.5 1. 1 1.6. 3.7 503 7.1 8.0
s-Pt piDch (5 cm-LF,clI) 42 1~3 0.5 0.2 0.3 1. 3 2.0 2.3
5-Pt Pinch (5 CII) Angle 4.2 1.9 4.5 -9.7 -S.6 1.5 9.8 10.5
5-Pt Pinch (6 cll-Force) 42 5.9 1.3 .1.7 4.0 5.8 8.1 9.5

209
Grip Strenqth Statistics
(9.5 -10.5 ,..ars)

!'Ieasure.ent DescriptiYe Statistics

II l'Iean s. d. Ilin 5th 50th 95th Ilall:
3-Pt Pinch (2 cm-FOrce) 44 5.2 1.0 3.4 3.7 5.1 6.7 9.7
3-Pt pinch (2 clI-LP,CII) 44 0.6 0.3 - O. 0 0.0 0.7 1.0 1.2
3-Pt Pinch (2 cm) Anqle 44 -2.2 3.3 -8.1 -7.2 -2.5 2.1 4.5
3-Pt pioch (3 cil-Porce) 45 5.0 0.9 3.6 4.0 4. B 6.6 8.4
3-Pt pinch (3 CII-LF ,CII) 115 0.5 0.3 0.1 0.1 0.5 1. 1 1.4
::l-Pt Pinch (3 CIII) Angie 45 -3.6 3.0 -10.6 -9.6 - 3. 6 1.5 3.1
3-Pt Pinch (4 cil-Force) 45 5.2 1. 1 3.6 3.9 5.0 7.5 B.2
3-Pt pinch (4 clI-LP,CII) 45 0.5 0.3 - 0.2 0.1 0.5 1. 1 1. 2
3-Pt Pinch (4 CII) Angle 45 ~3.2 3.5 -11.6 -8.5 - 3. 6 3.6 5.8
3-Pt Pinch (5 CDl- Poree) 45 5.3 1.0 3.3 3.5 5.1 7.3 1.6
3-Pt Pinch (5 clII-LF,CIII) 115 0.6 0.3 O. 1 O. 1 0.7 1. 1 1. 2
l-Pt pinch (5 CII) Angle 115 -2.7 3. 1 -9.2 -9.0 - 3.5 1.tI 5.9
3-Pt pinch (6 ell-ForCe) 45 5.5 1.0 3.4 3.9 5.3 7.0 7.6
3-Pt Pinch (6 cII-lP ,CII) 115 0.7 0.3 0.0 0.2 0.7 1.1 1.?-
3-Pt pinch (6 CII) Angle 115 -'.9 2.9 - 9.3 -7.2 - 1. 5 2.9 5. 1
3-Pt Pinch (7 cm-Force) 45 5.8 1. 1 Q. 1 4.2 5.6 7.9 8.6
3-Pt pinch (7 cDl-Ll",CIII) 115 0.7 0.3 -0.1 0.1 0.7 1• 1 1.7
3-Pt pinch (7 cm) Angle 115 -1.7 2.7 - 9. 3 -6.11 -1.8 2.3 3.3
3-pt Pinch (8 cm-FOrCe) 43 6.0 1.1 '1.4 4.5 5.7 8.1 8.8
3-Pt Pinch (8 cII-LF,CII) 43 0.6 0.3 -0.0 O. 1 0.6 1.0 1.2
3-Pt Pinch (8 cm) Angle 143 -1.8 2.4 - 8.4 -4.7 -2.4 1.4 6.7
3-Pt Pinch (9 clI-Porce) 25 6.2 0.8 4.3 4.5 6.1 7.4 7.9
3-Pt Pinch (9 ell-iP,cm) 25 0.5 0.3 0.1 0.1 0.11 0.9 1• 1
3-Pt Pinch (9 CIII) Angle 25 -2.5 2.3 - 6. 7 -6.5 -2.5 0.5 3.5
squeeze (2 CII- force) 45 '9.7 3.0 4.2 5.0 9.7 111.0 17.8
Squeeze (2 c.-l F, cm) 45 0.6 0.11 - O. 1 -0.0 0.5 1.2 1.6
Squeeze (2 CII) Anqle 45 9.9 4.2 - 2.7 1.8 9.6 16.4 21. 1
Squeeze (3 Clll- Porce) 45 16. 1 3.1 10.0 10.3 16.5 21.1 21.8
Squeeze (3 CIll-L'P,cm) 115 0.5 0.3 - 0.0 0.0 0.5 0.9 1.0
Squeeze (3 CI) Angle 45 6.3 2.6 1.5 1.7 6.3 9.8 10.9
Sq lJeeze (4 CID- Po rce) 45 19. 1 3.5 1 1. 0 13. 1 19.0 25.0 21.9
Squeeze (II cm-LP,clIl) 45 0.5 0.2 O. 1 0.2 0.5 1. 1 1.2
Squeeze (4 cm) Ang le 45 11.4 2.3 1.0 1• 1 3.9 8.3 11.4
Squeeze (5 cm- Force) 45 19.5 2.7 15.0 15.2 19.2 23.9 27.8
Squeeze (5 cm-LF,cm) 45 0.6 0.2 0.1 0.2 0.6 0.9 1.0
Squeeze (5 CIII) Ang le 45 4.0 1.9 -0.9 0.6 II. 1 1.0 9.0
Squeeze (6 ClD- Force) 44 17.2 3.8 10.1 10.6 17.2 23.3 26.1
Squeeze (6 clI-LF,CII) 411 0.6 0.3 -0.0 0.1 0.6 1.3 1.5
Squeeze (6 CII) Ang le 411 2.4 2.• 8 -1.6 -1.5 1.7 7.3 9.0
Squeeze (7 clI-Force) 18 16.8 3.6 1.0.5 ** 17.2 .* 211.6
•• ••
Squeeze (1
Squeeze (7
S-nt Pinch
5-Pt. Pinch
em- LF, em)
CII) Angle
(2 cm-porce)
(2 cm-LF ,CIII)
18
18
45
45
0.7 0.4
1.9 2.8
6.5 1.4
1.0 0.3
0.1
-3.7
4. 1
0.11
.*
4.7
0.4
0.7
2.1
6.3
1.0
••
8.2
1.11
1. 3
~.4
11 • 8
1.5
5-Pt pinch (2 elll) Angle 45 4.0 2.9 - 2.4 -0.5 4.0 B.B 10.6
5-Pt Pinch (3 cm-Force) 45 6. 1 1.3 4.1 4.4 5.8 1.6 10.9
5-Pt flinch (3 cm-LF.clI) 45 0.9 0.4 0.1 0.3 0.9 1.4 1.7
5-Pt pinch (3 ell) Angle 45 1.3 3.0 -6.3 -3.5 1.4 5.5 7.9
5-Pt pinch (4 cll-Force) 45 5.9 1.2 3.9 4.0 5.7 7.7 10.3
5-Pt Pinch (4 clI-L F.cm) 45 1.0 0.4 0.1 0.3 1.0 1.5 1.9
5-Pt pinch (II cm) Angle 45 1.7 3.7 -4.8 -4.2 1.7 8.2 10.1
5-Pt Pinch (5 cil-Porce) 45 5.ll 0.9 3.9 4.8 5.9 7.3 8.6
5-Pt Pinch (5 clI-LF.em) 45 1• 1 0.5 0.1 0.3 1. 1 1.8 2.3
5- Pt Pinch (5 CII) Angle 45 1.8 3.5 -5.1 -4.2 1.5 7.0 8.9
5-Pt pinch (6 cm-Force) 45 6.1 1.2 3.6 4.6 5.7 8.3 8.8

210
 .

ZERO ORDER CORRELATIONS

Finger Cervical Hand Hand Grip

Height Weight Outside
Linkage Linkage Length Breadth
Diameter
3 Point Pinch

l'J 2 ern I .8074 .7796 .7355 .6122 .7861 .7558 .7764

I-'
I-'
3 ern '.7968 .7751 .7260 .6278 .7717 .7568 .7692
4 ern I .7460 .7397 .6772 .5844 .7219 .7109 .7712
5 ern .7291 .7184 .6480 .5509 .6881 .7024 .6862
6 ern I .7415 .7438 .6480 .5855 .6870 .7060 .6674
7 ern .6372 .6531 .5470 .4244 .5848 .6~01 .5738
8 ern I .3734 .3958 .2972 .1909 .3654 .4646 .3804
9 ern I .2106 .2314 .2498 .2234 .1964 .1351 .2919
r.

ZERO ORDER CORRELATIONS

Grip
Finger Cervical Hand Hand Outside
Height. Weight
Linka.ge Linkage Length Breadth Diameter

Squeeze

2 ern .6846 .6240 .5752 .5057 .6311 .6278 .6136

3 ern .7809 .7271 .6950 .6258 .7396 .7578 .7323

tv
t-'
tv
4 ern I .8665 .8188 .7967 .6765 .8359 .8367 .8205

5 ern .8609 .8107 .7647 .6425 .8211 .8187 .8030

6 ern . 7286 .6780 .5953 .4609. .7047 .6874 .6265

7 ern .6154 .6246 .3805 .3750 .6303 .5929 .6321

,;
 ZERO ORDER CORRELATIONS

Grip
Finger Cervical Hand Hand
Height Weight Outside
Linkage Linkage Length Breadth Diameter

5 Point Pinch

IV
......
2 em I .8269 .8078 .7451 .6171 .8047 .7670 .8059
w .7502 .6450 .8021 .7765 .7978
3 ern .8278 .7979

4 em .8028 .7877 .7319 .6348 .7808 .7661 .7645

5 ern .7521 .7452 .6917 .6068 .7309 .7297 .7149

6 ern .7332 .7348 .6483 .5840 .7047 .7321 .6830

7 crn .6819 .7011 .5970 .5004 .6539 .6954 .6381

8 em .4403 .4387 ~ 2787· .3299 .3580 .4029 .3175

9 ern I .0914 .2257 .1605 .0517 .0234 .0285 .1539

 3.4 ELBOW STRENGTH

EXTENSION

EXTENSION

15l5°
FLEXJ;ON

EXTENSION

EXTENSION

112.5°

EXTENSION

214
;.
_ ..... -
67.5 0 67.5 0

215
112.5° 112 .. 5°

216
 .--
:/-
-,,','/'

217
 3.4.1 Index of Elbow S~rength Data
Measurement Page

1. Elbow Flexion
67.5° . . . • . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 220

900: •••.•••.•••••••••.••••• ~ ••••••••••••.••••.•.•••.•. 221

112.5° .........•.••....................... · 222

135° . . . . . . . . . . . . • . . • . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . • . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 223

157.5° . . . . . . . . . . . . • . . . . . . . . . ~ . . . . . . . • . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 224

180° .•.........•..•......•••......••................. 225

2. Elbow Extension

67.5° 227

90 0 • • • ,. e .. 228

112.5° . . . . . . . . . . • . . . . . . . • . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 229

135 0 .. 230

157.5° •......••.•••.........•........................ 231

3. Elbow Flexion vs. Joint Angle •.....••................ 232

4. Elbow Extension vs. Joint Angle . . . . • . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 233 .. /

5. Elbow Flexion at 112.5 ° vs. Height . 234

6. Elbow Extension at 112.5° vs. Height . 235

7. Elbow Flexion at 112.5° vs. Weight •.•.•.....•........ 236

8. Elbow Extension at 112.5° vs. Weight ••............... 237

9. Elbow Flexion at 112.5° vs. Forearm Linkage . 238

10. Elbow Extension at 112.5° vs. Forearm Linkage 239

218

.....,
 ELBOW FLEXION

DESCRIPTION OF TEST: The radius and ulna are rotated anterior-

ly at the elbow joint (humero-ulnar joint center) in the
sagittal plane.

TEST POSITION: The shoulder is abducted 5°, elbow flexed to the

test position, and wristnuetral at 0°. The right hand
grasps a 2.5 cm diameter handle, the left forearm (distal to
the humero-ulnar joint center) is unrestrained.

ANTHROPOMETRIC MEASUREMENT: The carpal, radial, humeral,

sacral, and thoracolumbar linkages are measured with an
anthropometer.

ADJUSTMENT OF EQUIPMENT: The chair back fixture is set to the

sacral plus thoracolumbar length, aligning the shoulder joint
center with that of the chair. The chair arm fixtures are
set to the humeral and radial plus carpal lengths, aligning
the elbow joint center and center of grip with those of the
. chair. Thin rubber pads are placed under the arm as needed
to maintain these alignments. The shoulder abduction angle
is locked at 5° and elbow flexion at test position. The
distal edge of the wrist support is adjusted to align with
the wrist joint center. The wrist and arm straps are then
secured snugly around the arm and the chest strap around the
chest and left upper arm. The subject's right hand is placed
to grasp the handle on the chair. His left forearm is' placed
in his lap.

INSTRUCTIONS TO SUBJECT: The child pulls his wrist (and hand)

up and his elbow down.

219
 ;: LD Oiol FLEXICN (61.5 DEG) (Kgf-crn)
(/tales and Females)

'je (y rs) t' 'lean s.c!. Min 15th SOth 'I')th ~ax
2.S-~.5 1 40.5 21.6 q.5 10. 3 :I ~. 8 ~2. 1 76.2
3.5-4.;" 9 51.3 1~.4 28.5 31 • 1 54.0 63.5 76.9
4.5- 5.5 1: 59.8 32.1 2 q. q33.0 42.lJ 88.": 129.6
5.5-5.') 23 ~l2. 3 25.2 29.3 .~ 3. j fl6.:! 100." 143.5
6.5- 1. 5 1) 10B.7 10.0 56.13 61.1 1 O~. 3 131.2 11.19.1
7. S- 8.5 1;" 145.5 39.5 8~.8 100.~ 13'1.1 188.7 230.g
>3 • 5- '3.5 14 1 E1 .5 36.9 94.5 123.1 , 5~. S 1 9 5. 7 22q.~
9.5-10.5 8 175.2 42.1 90.4 101.6 180. ') 208. J 22 6.5

300.00

250.00

•
Co:)

~
In
200.00 ..
ro-• ••
CD

. .. .
-
• •
~ 1&0.00
t5 ..
• •.
. .•
It
.•.• . . .
~
100.00

~ .. ••

. .
~
•• •
. •.
• .• .
50.00
• •

0.00 2
3 5 8 7 e 9 to 11
AGE (YEARS)

220

....,
.
-
 ELBOW FLEXION (gO DEG) (Kgf-cm)
(Males and Females)
A.ge (yr-s) N Mean s. d. Min 15th 50th R5th Ma x
2.5-3.5 7 54.6 24.8 23.9 24.5 47.1 66.6 9S.3
~.5-4.5 9 76.6 8.9 68.0 08.0 7S. 1 79.0 97.6
4. is- 5.5 15 84.9 28.2 .17.3 67.2 71. 1 113.5 , 37.8
5.5- 6.5 ~3 l1l. 1 29.·6 57.3 83.2 1.1 , • ~ 141.8 165.9
6. 5- ., .5 13 135.2 34.9 79. O. 103.9 12 a. 1 157. A 198.6
7.5-8.5 15 172 ... 5 48.4 115. 3 127.7 149.7 219.8 284.7
A. 5- q. 5 14 189. 8 39.2 118 5 149.6 184.8
40 215.3 275. 1
9.5-10.5 8 237.5 36.7 195.6 197.'4 219.7 265.5 305.1

350.00

300.00

C)
• 2SO.DO
~
g ... •
200. DO
z•
-
0
l :j
~. ISO.00 .
. ..
..
.
\

... .. • ..
:z
~
-J tao. 00 ~
I&J

.... .... .
•• • ;. •
•
50.00
••

0.00 2
.. S
•
AGE
7
(YEARS)
8 8 10 u

221
 i::l.BOtoi fLEXlCN (11';;.5 ~tG) (Kgf-cm)
(Males and Female!')
~gf> (y ['s) N :'lean s.d. ~in bth 50th q"lth :1 a x
~. 5- J. 5 7 73.3 23.6 27.2 2 <1. 3 72.7 91.b 102.2
3 " 5- 4 • ') 'd 'lb.7 19.7 ~6.8 72. 1 91.L 115.0 13' .7
4. 5-:>. S 15 108" 3 25.3 6"7.5 72.5 104. J 134. ;: 153.0
5.5- 6.5 23 137. 0 33~O 91. 1 10 1. 1 1 ] 1.8 165.6 209. ,
6. ~- 7.5 13 1 ~R. 4 51.8 "'0.0 95.2 146.b 214.b 26G.7
7. 5- tj. ~ 15 203.1 56.3 149.7 154.6 188 •.3 243.4 ~63.2
q. 5- 9.5 14 220.9 57.~ 116.1 16b.3 216.5 ~j4.j 33H.5
9.5-10.5 8 112.8 74.0 209.3 213.fl 2'J 1. 7 386.lJ 415.4.

'150.00

....00

350.00
t:)
•
~
U) 300.00

--
N
•

•
250.00 .. "
..
-~
Z
0
X 200.00
".
.
"
""

.
• . ..
"
."
: . ..
150.00 " "
i!
CD
"
""
"

Ed 100.00 "
.: . ."
. .". ..
"
"

. .. "
so. 00

0.00
2 3 5 6 7 8 9 10 u
AGE (YEARS)

222
 ELBOW HE nON (135 DI:;G) (.Kgf-cm)
(l'1alES and Pelrales)
~qe (y LS) N Mean s.d. Min 15th 50th H5th Max
2.5-3.5 7 6<1.1 23.6 41.7 -42.0 56.7 g4.7 96.1
1.5-4.5 9 87.9 15.3 72.6 73.2 8u.ti 105.9 111.4
4.5-5.5 15 120.A 36.4 62.1 69.0 121.3 156.9 1a 1 • 1
5.5- b. S 23 1J4.3 40.8 34.7 107.0 128.0 17 2.3 220.6
6.5-7.~ 13 1 58.3 62.3 56.4 70.6 157.' 9 180.9 303.4
7.5- 8.5 15 1 B1. 1 ~7.7 104.2 131.5 157. 1 249.6 301.3
:3.5- :}. 5 14 218.6 52.7 163.2 164.9 199.1 ~ 90. 1 318.4
').5-10.5 8 295.7 71.7 190.0 191.3 319.2 342.4 383.5

'lOG.00

350.00
..
• 300.00
Co:)
IIJ
o

-
l/)
(")

•
250.00

-
Z
o 200.00
X
I.&J
..J
0

..
...
..
... •
~
1SO.00 . . ... .
.. .•.: •.
:E
o ~

'.. .
tD
..J
I.&J
100.00 . ..
•
..
so. 00 ..
0.00
2 3 5 8 7 e 8 to 11
AGE (YEARS)

223
 eLBOW FIEXION (157.5 DEG) (Kgf-cm)
(l'Ii\l~s and Females)

A<]c (yrs) l\ Mean s.d. "lin '5th 50th B5th ~ax

~.5- 1. 5
3.5- 4.5
0
Ii
61.4
83.3
25.4
15.0
26.3
62.8
*.
63.8
5~.5
99.3
fl 1. J
** tJS."7
1 02 • 1
4. 5~ 5.5 15 94.933.1 1J6.2 59.4 91. 9 1 ~ J. "7 17 2. 'J
5.5- 6.5 2j 1 16.034.0 fil.7 78. 1 105.J 142.6 19 8.0
6.5- 7.5 n 134.8 51 .3 48.4 . 81.'3 12 q. 1 Hi 1. 0 256.6
1.5- 8.5 15 H4.1 58.4 101.3 108. 3 132. :, 2'<: 5. 3 7.87.9
d. 5-Y. 5 14 lH7.9 50. 1 123.2 130.1 1 g 2. 1 216.3 '286.9
9.5-10.5 8 268.6 78.0 143.0 150.b 27 J. 7 J16.~ ]U 7.4

uo.oo

SSG. DO

~ · 300.00
~
II)
.
• 250.00

-
&;
• ..
-"'"
~ 200.00
><
.
. 0

. ..
~ 150.00
.
.. .
0 0

i .. o •
0

0 0
0

~ 100.00
. . .. ....
0

0
0

.
0
0

.. ... .0

50.00 •

0.00 2
3 5 8 ., 8 9 10 11
AGE (YEARS)

224
,
.....
 ELBOW flEXICN (1 B0 DEG) (Kgf-cm)
(Males and Fl:!lIlaf€s)
Age (y rs) N ~ean s. d. Min 15th SOtl. 85th Md x
2.5-3.5 1 40.0 27.1 14.5 14.6 :3 O. d 59.6 92.6
3. 5-4.5 9 54.6 20.7 16.6 22.5 53.9 74.6 RO.S
4.5- 5.5 15 79.A 29.6 l.j6.3· :. 9.0 ·75. q 90.8 150.5
5.5,.. 6.5 23 134. () 20. 1 45.7 64.4 81.3 98.0 138.5
6~5-7.5 13 96. C; 38.9 111.5 53.0 ~6. 9 140.5 112.6
1.5-8.5 15 119.3 45.9 114.q 63.t:i 118.4 '16 4. ~ 210.6
8.5-9.5 14 153.5 61.1 ·5"7.2 94.0 126. 13 220.6 254.2
9.5-10.5 8 202.7 53.8 11 J. 2 119.5 206.0 235. 1 286.1

300.00

250.00

•
c:J
~.
200.00

-
0
CI)

-l5
0-J
~
ISO.OO
"

.. ..
~ . .,
~
100.00
. ,I • •
e•••

, ..
<tI
. '. '
• .•• . . •
SO.OO
..
."

.,

O.DO 2 , . 5 , 7 8· 8 10 11
AGE (YEARS)

225
 ELBOW EXTENSION

DESCRIPTION OF TEST: The radius and ulna are rotated posterior-

ly at the elbow joint (hurnero-ulnar joint center) in the
sagittal plane.

TEST POSITION: The shoulder is abducted 5°, elbow flexed to

test position, and wrist neutral at 0°. The right hand grasps
a 2.5 cm diameter handle, the left forearm (distal to the
humero-ulnar joint center) is unrestrained.

ANTHROPOMETRIC MEASUREMENT: The carpal, radial, humeral, sacral,

and thoracolumbar linkages are measured with an anthropometer.

ADJUSTMENT OF EQUIPMENT: The chair back fixture is set to the

sacral plus thoracolumbar length, aligning the shoulder
joint to the humeral and radial plus carpal lengths, aligning
the elbow joint center and center of grip with those of the
chair. Thin rubber pads are placed under the arm as needed
to maintain these alignments. The shoulder abduction angle
is locked at 5° and elbow flexion at the test position.
The distal edge of the wrist support is adjusted to align
with the wrist joint center. The wrist and arm straps are
then secured snugly around the arm and the chest strap around
the chest and left upper arm. The subject's right hand is
placed to grasp the handle on the chair. His left forearm
is placed in his lap.

INSTRUCTIONS TO SUBJECT: The child pushes his' wrist (and hand)

down and his elbow up.

226
 ELrWW EX'IP.NSIO"l ,( L1.5 DEG) (Kgf-cm)
(Males and Females)

Age (yrs) N '1ean s.d. Min 15th 50th85th fl!ax

2.5- 3.5 7 72 • .1 15.8 42.7 42.8 5 '}. 779.7 145.6
1. 5-~. 5 q 72.0 18.3 42.6 49.4 6~.4 93. 1 97.8
4.5- 5.5 15 90.7 31 .3 46.5 61.3 7q.3 114.9 165.q
5.5- 6. ') 23 82.~ 21.9 37.13 63.3 79.7 102.7 1) O. 5
6.5-7.5 13 q3.9 37 .8 .1.3.3 49.3 82. ~ 130.6 lS4.0
7.5- 8.5 ' 1S 123.7 29.6 76 '-9 93.0 "5. b 1~O.3 172.4
8 • 5- '1 • S 1~ 140.5 4301 72.1 'l2.2 12CJ.b 181.2 223.2
9.5-10.5 II 158.3 62.3 91.4 95.0 137.0 208.6 27A.3

300.00

250.00
•
<.:)
W
C
LI)
200.00
r-•
CD
• .,.
-
~
(f)

ffi
tSO.OO
•
.. •• •
~
• .
8 · .•
,

:E 100.00 . •. . ..• . . • .,
~
. • . ..
. .
,

rd . • • • • .• •
• •
•

50.00
• •
.
•

0.00 2
s 8 7 8 9 10 11
AGE (YEARS)

227
 ELBOW ::XTENSION (91l 1)~",) (Kgf-cm)
(!"Iales an d Females)

~I'J ;> (yrs) N Mea r s.d. ~in 15th SOtl! 85th ~d>C

2. 5- J. 5 i 7"'1. C J ~. 1 41.1 47.2 64.0 9 ~. 2 14'" •

..,
1.5-4.5 9 67. '3 15.0 39.4 45.7 r.c7.c 7~.? '14.2
~. 5- 5.5 1~ 106.0 49 • .1 18.5 5 O. 1 '00.0 13 Q .-j 2."? J. J
'). 5- 6 • 5 23 100.2 .10.5 59.6 AO.5 10 0.4 13 S. 1 1 ':is. b
6.5- .., .5 1j 121.2 34.2 51.] . 85.6 114. 4 1 ~4. 4 17 ='.:3
7.5-d.~1 1') 1~q.2 39.8 99.9 95.3 lln.6 17 u. 1 )40.'1
B. ::,- g. ~ 14 169.1 50.6 '19.5 1 15. 1 1:'R.1 215. 3 271.3
9.5-10.5 U 1'11.1 96.4 7'i.2 80.8 141. 7 276.6 3':i' .5

'loo.oo

350.00

C»
• 300.00
~
0
en 250.00
•
-
~
0')

ffi
200.00

i:5 . -, . ..
.• •. . .
1&0.00
~
CD
c1 100.00 ... .. .. .. ..
.
•
.. • . : I•

SO.OO .. ."

0.00
2 , 3 5 8 ., 8
• 10 11
AGE (YEARS)

228
 EL130W FX'IENSION (112.5 DEG) (Kgf-cm)
('/''1 a l€s and Female~)

.I\ge (y ["S) N !\lean s.d. Min 15th 50th '35th ~ a x:

2. 5- 3.5 7 lOU.4 28.3 71.7 72.0 lJ3.3 133. 1 14£.8
3.5-:+. ') 9 "1.7 21.2 64.7 68.0 81~. 7 110. 2 132 • .3
4.5- 5.5 15 1.'0.6 43.2 57.1 75.3 13 1.1+ 144.4 2~ 1 • 2
5.5- 6.5 ;n 1 1 q. 148.3 6~. 2 88. 1 134.U 17 5.4 271.5
6. 5- "7. S 13 176 • .35"7.2 q7.6 le9.5 163.5 .; 4~. 0 2b7.6
7.5- 8.5 15 208.8 58.7 107.5 147.7 184.6 '254.7 33 O. 6
8. S- <J. 5 14 2.3 1.1 55.6 144.6 163.2 20C:l.2 295.3 31 e. 2
9.5-10.5 8 245. 1 92.6 130.0 133.2 2jl.~ 335.4 314.7

lIOO.OO

350.00

•
fB 300.00 ••
c
1I1

-
N
•
250.00

.. . .
~
-
f I')

ffi
200.00

.'
8 150.00 .
..... ....
::z
il • • ..
. ... .. .
~ 1DO.DO •

50.00
..

5 8
AGE n'EFlASl
.,
• I 10 11

229
 E:LBOW EX'IENSION (135 lJ£'; I (Kgf-crn)
(''Iales and Females)

Age (y rs) 'Iei'!. n s.d. ~in 15 tb 50th R'jtb ~:n::

2. 5- 3.5 '"
7 QO.7 18.9 60.2 b1 .4 A5.:" 104. 1 ' 20. ,
1.5-4.5 r; 81.8 2Q.7 47.3 52. 1 6 R. 1 ':1 4. 1 , ~ 7 • ~
4. 5- :>. 5 15 125.9 46.1 67.2 75.'" 122.0 15'.0 247. 1
5.5-6.5 23 1 3'1. 7 54.0 S5.7 7B. (l 126.2 17S. b ? 72;, 1
6.5- 7.5 1 .3 160.3 60.0 28.8 100.0 lS 7.9 214. 1 2.1:'. S
7.5- U.. ~ 1S 193.7 68.2 110.1. 121. U 17 S.l 2il7.1 309.0
5.5-9.5 1 Lj 261.2 66.1 13 3.8 119.7 25 j . 7 332. :) 3l:Jl.7
9.5-10.5 I:l 276.9136.9 1 1 R. 8 128. 1 188.':1 41B. b 488. 1

500.00

• •00

UO.OO
~
•
1&.1
0 350.00
~

-
&I)
(I)
300.00
•

-
~
en 250.00
~
~
200.00
...
'.

~
:%
0 150.00 ... .. . •
CD
Ed ... . . •. . ,
100.00
.. . • . .' .. ...
..' . .'.
so. 00
0.00
2 3 . 5
• , 8 8 10 11
AGE (YEARS)

230
 P,LBOW E X'IENSION (157.5 DEG) (Kgf-cm)
(l'Ia 1 es and Fe'lIIales)

Age (yrs) N Means.d. ~in 1 jth 50th R'it h "lax

2.5- 3.5 6. 75.0 13.0 58.8 66.4 00.5
3.5-4.5 9 72.5 29. 1 37 ~ 1
**
38.4 65.8
**
94.7 128 .. 5
4.5-5.5 15 83.5 32.8 31.7 37.3 83.b 106.0 162.5
'i. 5- 6.5 23 99.5 44.0 35.0 53.0 82.8 14 J. 2 194.6
6.5-1.5 13 110.0 63.9 34.1 51.5 110.5 19 g. 2 246.0
7.5-'3.5 15 145.4 65.3 32.0 80.4 '33.5 ~ 1 0.7 277.0
~.5-g.~ 14 206.8 85.5 77.2 90."7 201. 1 297.7 335. q
9.5-10.5 8 278.5149.8 79.5 92.7 205.4 4l8.ti 462.9

500.00

'dO. 00

UO.OO
C)
•
W
Q
350.00
II)
,...•
-
II)

•
300.00

..
-
!
en
z
w
250.00

.... zoo. 00 .
i:j
~ 150.00
CD .• . ..
• ..... ... ,,'
~ ••
100.00
..• ..
•
• . .' . .'., . ••

so. 00 .' . . .•.

0.00
2 5 6 7 8 9 10 11
AGE (YEAftSl

231
 250.0
--e-- 2.5 TO 5 YEARS
- - - 5 TO 8 YEA
~ 8 YEARS AN UP

210.0

L
b 170.0
ffi
a:::
I-
m
~
o
~ 130.0

90.0

so. 0 +---'f----t---~I__-~--__+--__+--_f
~.O 87.5 90.0 112.5 135.0 157.5 180.C 202.5
DEGREES Of fLEXION

232
 250.0
........- 2.5 TO 5 YEARS
~ 5 TO 8 YEARS
~ 8 YEARS RND UP
230.0

210.0

190.0
z:
~
t!)
z
LLI 170.0
a:
~
tJ')

~ 150.0
CD
-'
LLI
130.0

110.0

80.0

70.0
~.O 87.5 80.0 112.5 135.0 157.5 180.0
DEGREES Of EXTENSION

233
 ~50.00
- TREND

z
-
~oo.oo
0
( f)
z
w 350.00
~
x
w
~
w SOD. 00
c
In
. 250.00
--
N

~
a: 200.00
x:
~
~
z lS0.00
w
CI:
~
en 100.00
:x
0
CD
-J
I.LJ SO.OO

O.OO+----+----+---+----+----+----+----f
80.00 100.00 110.00 120.00 130.00 11l0.00 150.00 160.00
HEIGHT (eM)

234
 ~.oo
---- TREND

z 1100.00
-
0
X
l£J
~
350.00

C)
w
c 300.00
11)

--
N
•
250.00

~
a: 200.00
::I:
~
C)

ffi
a::
150.00
~
en
% 100.00
0
m
ci so. 00

0.00 +----f----+----+--.....--+-------lI----+-----1
90.00 100.00 110.00 120.00 130.00 1110.00 150.00 180.00
HEIGHT (eM)

235
 t&SO.oo
- TREND

1100.00
z
-
0
X
LU
-oJ
I.L.
350.00

(,:)
LU
c 300.00
.
--
In
N 250.00 ...
~ ;
a: 200.00
J:
~
(,:) I
z 150.00
LU
a:
~
en
:%
0
100.00 ......
m
IA1
so. 00

0.00
10.00 15.00 20.00 25.00 30.00 35.00 "0.00 1&5.00 50.00
WEIGHT (KG)

236
 1&50.00
- TREND

-
z IAOO.OO
c
en
z
L&J 350.00
~
.J<
LLJ
C)
LLJ
300.00
C

-
l/)

N
• 250.00

~
a: 200.00
%:
~
C)
z 150.00
LLJ
a::
~
(f)
100.00
3
C
m
rd 50.00

0.00 +--__i~-_+--_+_--+_-__i~-_+--_+_-___t
10.00 15.00 20.00 25.00 SO.OO 35.00 ~O.OO 1£5.00 50.00
WEIGHT (KG)

237
 1&50.00
- - lREND

z 1100.00

-...
o
X
~ 350.00
.-
<.:)
w· 300.00
o
L/)
•

-
~ 250.00

r-
CL:
200.00
..
:::I:
.....
~
zL&J 150.00 '"
a:
.....
en
100.00
~
~
50.00

0.00
15.00 17.50 20.00 22.50 25.00 27.50 30.00 32.50 35.00
RADIAL+CARPAL LINKAGE (eM)

238
_ ....
 ~o.oo
-TREND

cz 1&00.00
-ffi
~
350.00
X
LLJ
Cl 300.00
LLJ
C
1.1)
. 250.00
.--
C\I

150.00

100.00

so. 00

0.00+-----4---+---+-----4---+---+-----+---4
15.00 17.50 20.00 22.50 25.00 27.50 30.00' 32.50 35.00
RADIAL+CARPAL LINKAGE (eM)

239
Elbow Strength Statistics
(2.5 - 3.5 years)
Pleasurement Descriptive Statistics
N Plean s. d. !'lin 15th 50th t;5th !'lax
Elbow Extension, 67.S deg 7 72.3 "35.8 42.1 42.8 59.7 19.7 145.6
Elbow Extension, 90 deg 7 77,.0 35.1 47. 1 47.2 64.0 93.2 lln.7 .
Elbow Extension, 112.5 deg 7 108.4 28.3 . 71.1 72.0 103.3 133. 1 146.8
Elbow Extensicn, 135 deg 7 SO.7 1S.Q 60.2 61.4 85.5 104. 1 120.7
£lboII', ExtensicD, 157.5 deg 6
nbow Flexion, 67.5 deg
Elbow Flexion, 90 deg
7
7
75.0 13.0
40.5 21.6
~4. 6 24.8
58.8
5.5
23.9
-- 66.4
10 ~ ] 34.8 52.1
24.5 47.1 66.6 --
90.5
76.2
98.3
Elbow Flexion, 112.5 deg 7 73.3 23.6 27.2 29.3 72.7 91.6 102.2
Elbow Flexion, 135 deg 7 69. 1 23.6 41.7 42.0 56.7 94.7 96.1
Elbow Flexion, 151.5 deg
Elbow Flexion, 180 deg
6
7
61.4 25.4
'10.0 27.7
26.3
14.5
•• 54.5
14.6 30.8 59.6
•• 95.7
92.6

Elbcw Strengtb Statistics

(3.5 - '1.5 years)
Pleasurement De sc rip t i ve Sta tist ics
N Plean S.d. P1in 15th 50th 85th Max
Elbow Extension, 67.5 deg 9 72.0 18.3 112.6 48.4 65.4 93.1 97.8
Elbow ExtensioD, 90 deg 9 67.3 15.0 39.4 45.7 61.6 74.2 94.2
Elbow Extensio D, 112.5 deg 5 91.1 21.2 64.7 68.0 84.7 11 0.2 132.3
Elbow Extension, 135 dEg 9 81.8 29.7 ~7.3 52.1 68.1 94.1 141.8
Elbow Extension, 151.5 dEg 9 12.5 29.1 37.1 38.4 65.8 94.7 128.5
Elbow Flexion, 61.5 deg 9 53.3 14_ II 28.5 31.7 511.0 6].5 76.9
Elbow Flexion, 90 deg 9 76.6 8.9 68.0 68.0 75.1 79.0 97.6
Elbow Flexion, 112.5 deg 9 96.7 19.1 66.8 12.1 91. b "5.0 131.7
Elbow Flexion. 135 deg 9 87.9 15.3 72.6 73.2 80.8 105.9 111.4
Elbow Flexion, 157.5 deg 9 83.3 15.0 62.8 63.8 81.3 99.3 102.3
Elbow Fle:xion, 180 deg 9 54.6 20.1 16.6 22.5 53.9 74.6 80.5

Elba .. Strength Statistics

(4.5 - 5.5 years)

Keas ure me nt DescriptivE Statistics

N PleaD s.d. ~in 15th 50th 85th "ax
Elbow Extension, 61.5 deg 15 90.7 31.3 116.5 61.3 79.3 114.9 165.9
Elbow Extension, 90 deg 15 le6.0 119.] 38.5 50.1 100.0 139.9 22].0
Elbow Extension, 112.5 d 15 133.6 43.2 57.7 75.3 131.4 149.4 241.2
Elbow Elttension, 135 d€g 15 125.9 46.1 67.2 15.7 122.6 157.0 241.1
Elbow ExtensioD, 157.5 d 15 83.5 32.• 8 31.7 37.3 83.6 106.0 162.5
Elbow Flerion, 67.5 deg 15 59.8 32.1 29.9 33.0 ij2.9 88.2 llCJ.6
Elbow Flexion, 90 deg 1!: 84.C:; 28.2 37.3 67.2 71. 1 113.5 137.8
Elbcw Flexion. 112.5 deg 15 108.3 25.3 67.6 72.5 1011.3 1311.2 153.0
Elbow Flexion, 135 deg 15 120.8 36.1.1 62.1 69.0 121.3 156.9 181 • 1
Elbow Flexien, 157.5 deg 1~ 94. S 33.1 46.2 59.ij 90.9 123.7 112.0
Elbow Flexion, 180 deg 15 19.8 29.6 46.3 49.0 75.9 90.8 150.5

240
 Elbow Strength Statistics
(5.5 - 6.5 yea rs)

Measure.ent Descriptive Statistics

N Pfean s.d. Pfin 15th 50th 85th Max
Elbow Extension, 67.5 deg 23 82.4 21.9 37.8 63.3 79.7 ·102.7 130.5
Elbow Extension, 90 deg 23 108.2 30.5 59.6 80.5 100.4 135.1 195.6
Elbo.w Extension, 112.5 deg~3 138.1 1t8.3 64.2 . 8B.1 134. a 175.4 21'.5
Elbow Extension, 135 deg 23 135.7 54.0 55.7 78.8 126.2 179.8 272.1
Elbow Extension, 151.5 deg23 99.5 44.0 35. a 53.0 El2. 8 143.2 194.6
Elbow Flesion" 67.5 deg 23 e2.3 25.2 29.3 53.3 86.8 100.9 1113.5
Elbow Flexion, 90 deg 23 '13.1 29.6 57.3 83.2 111.5 141.8 165.9
Ubow Plexion, 112.5 deg ~3 131.0 33.C 91.1 101.1 131.8 165.6 209.1
Elbow Flexion, 135 deg 2.3 134.3 40.8 34~7 107.0 128.0 1.12.3 220.6
Elbow Flexion, 157.5 deg 23 116.0 34.0 61.7 76.1 105.3 142.6 198.0
Elbow Flezion, 180 deg 23 . S4. C 20.1 45.7' 64.4 81.3 98.0 138.5

Elbow Strength sta tistics

(6.5 - 7.5 years)

!!easurellent Cescriptive Statistics

N Mean s. d. Pfin 15th 50th 85th ft ax
Elbow Extension, 67.5 deg 13 93.~ 31.8 33.3 49.3 82.9 130.6 154.0
Elbow Extension, 90 deg 13 121.2 34.2 51. J 85.6 114.9 154.4 172.8
Elbow Extension, 112.5 deg13 176.3 57.2 97.6 109.5 163.5 2Q4.0 267.6
Elbow Extension, 135 deg 13 160.3 60.0 28.8 100,.8 151.9 219.1 232.5
Elbow Eztensioll, 157.5 deglJ 130.0 63.9 34.1 51.5 110.5 199.2 246.0
nbow Flexion, 67.5 deg 13 108.7 30.0 56~8 67.1 109.3 131.2 169.7
Elbow Flexion, 90 deg 13 135.2 34.9 19.0 103.9 128.1 157.8 198.6
Elbow Flexion. 112.5 deg 13 158.4 51. B 70.0 95.2 146.6 214.6 266.1
Elbow Flexion, 135 deg 13 158.3 62.3 56.4 70.6 157.9 180.9 303.4
Elbow Flexion, 157.5. deg 1~ 134.8 5'.3 48.4 81.8 129. 1 161.0 256.6
Elbow Flexion, 160 deq 13 96.9 38.9 41.5 53.0 86.9 140.5 172.6

Elbow Strength Statistics

(7.5 - 8.5 yea [s)

r!easu['ement Descriptive Statistics

N Sean s.d. P1in 15th 50th 85th !!ax
Elba., Extension, 67.5 deg 15 123.7 29.6 76.9 93.0 115.6 150.3 172.4
Elbow EJ:tension, 90 deg 15 149.2 39.8 89.9 95.3 147.6 174.1 248.9
Elboll Extension, 112.5 d 1~ 2Ce.S 58.7 1,01.5 141.7 184.b 254.7 330.6
Elbow Extension, 135 deg 15 193.7 68 •. 2 110.2 123.8 175.2 287.1 309.0
Elboll Eztension, 151.5 d 15 14S.4 E5.3 32.0 80.4 133.5 210.7 277.0
Elbow f'lell:ion, 61.5 deq 15 145.5 3C; .. 5 84.8 100.8 135. 1 188.1 23 0.9
nbow FleXion, 90 deq 15 172.5 46.4 115.3 127.7 149.7 219.8 284.7
Elbow Flexion, 112.5 deg 15 203.1 56.3 149.7 154.6 188.3 2~3.4 363.2
Elbow Flexion, 135 deg 1!S 181.1 57.1 104.2 '3145 157. , 249.6 30'.3
Elbow Flexion, 157.5 deg 15 164.1 58.4 101.3 108.3 132.5 225.3 287.9
Elbow Flexion, '80 deg 15 119.3 45.9 44.8 63.8 118.4 164.5 210.6

241
Elbow Strength Sta. tistics
(8.5 - 9.5 years)
Measurement DescriptivE Statistics
N Mean s.d. Min 15th 50th 85th Max
Elbow ExtensioD, 67.5 deg 14 140.5 /43.1 72.1 92.2 129.6 181.2 223.2
Elbow ExtensioD. 90 deg 14 169.1 50.6 q9.5 1 15. 1 158.1 215.3 271.9
Elbow Extension. 112.5 deg14 2:: 1. 1 55.6 144.6 163.2 209.2 295.3 318.2
Elbow Extension, 135 deg 111 263.2 66 .1 13].8 119.7 253.7 332.5 361.7
Elbow Extension, 157.5 deg14 206.8 85.5 77.2 90.7 201.1 291.7 335.9
Elbow Flexion. 67.5 deg 14 161.5 36.9 94.5 123.7 157.5 195.7 229.9
Elbow Flexion, 90 deq 14 189.8 39.2 118.5 149.6 184.8 215.8 275. 1
Elbow Flexion, 112.5 deg 14 220.9 57.5 116.7 166.3 216.5 234.3 338.5
Elbow FleXion, 135 deg 11f 218.6 52.7 16]. :2 164.9 199. 1 290.1 318.4
Elbow Flexion, 157.5 deg 14 187.9 50.1 123.2 130.7 182. 1 216.3 286.9
Elbow Flexicn, 180 deg llf 153.5 61.1 57.2 94.0 126.8 220.6 254.2

Elbolll Strength Statistics

(9.5 - 10.5 years)
Plea sure lien t Descriptive Stati!:tics
N Mean s. d. !! in 15th 50th 85th Max
.Elbow Ex tension, 67.5 deg 8 158.3 62.3 91.4 95.0 131.0 208.6 278.3
Elbow EztensiOIl, 90 deg a 191.1 96.4 75.2 80.8 143. 7 276.6 351.5
Elbow Extension, '12.5 deg 8 245.1 S2.6 130.0 133.2 231.8 335. ~ 374.7
Elbow F.xtension, 135 deg 8 276.9136.9 118.8 128. 1 188.9" 418.6 488.1
Elbow Extension, 15.7.5deg 8 278.51115.8 79.5 92.7 205.11 418.8 462.9
Elbow Flexion, 67.5 deg 8 115.~ 112.7 9C.4 101.6 180.5 208.3 226.5
Elbow Flexion. 90 dt:!g 8 237.5 36.7 195.& 197.14 219.7 2&5.5 305.1
Elbow Flexion, 112.5 deg 8 312.8 74.0 209.3 213.8 291.7 386.0 415.4
Elbow Flexion, 135 deg 8 295.1 11.7 190.0 191.3 319.2 342.u 383.5
Elbow Flex ion, 157.5 deg 8 268.6 78.0 143.0 150.6 273.7 316.2 387.4
Elbow Flexion, 180 deg e 202.1 5].8 113.2 119.5 206.0 235.1 286. 1

242
 3.5 Discussion

THREE POINT PINCH: In general, the strength value

obtained for three point pinch increases for older

children. This is seen on the scatter plots as a

gentle upwards slope towards the right. Notice that

the standard deviation is also larger for older children.

This trend of increased variance .for larger values

was seen in the previous strength study and has been seen

in most reports in the literature. As children grow,

larger, Height, weight and most physical dimensions

also exhibit a similar increase in the standard

deviation.

The location of the force vector is approximately

constant but decreases in magnitude as the span between

gripping surfaces is increased. The location of this

force vector passes through the tip of the index finger,

for small spans. This suggests that the index finger is

doing a larger portion of the work, at least for smaller

spans.

For three point pinch, the angle formed by the

force vector with the center line of the transducer

becomes smaller for older children. This change

probably relates to the increased precision with which

an older child can control his movements.

The number of children performing a three point

pinch is progressively less for 7 cm., 8 em. and 9 em.

243

,
. "-
This reduction in numbers is caused by the inability

of smaller children to reach the larger spans. The

same reduction in numbers is also seen for five point

pinch and squeeze, for the same reason.

The first graph of section 3.3.3 (page 200) summa-

rizes the results for three point pinch. The data at

each span is pooled into three age groups and a mean

value computed for each interval. The means have been

connected with straight lines to show how strength

changes for different sized objects. The oldest age

group exhibits somewhat greater strength for the

smallest dimension of 2 em. than for 3-~ cm. This

may be due to the better mechanical advantage afforded

by a larger hand size.

FIVE POINT PINCH: The results for five point pinch

are very similar to those for three point pinch. The

actual strength value is greater for five point pinch

than for the corresponding three point pinch, but the

increase is modest.

The same trends are present for the location of

the force vector as were seen with three point pinch.

The angle formed by the force vector with the center line

of the transducer may be either positive or negative,

but is smaller in average magnitude than for three

point pinch.

The second graph of section 3.3.3 (page 201)

244
summarizes the results for five point pinch. The lines

are again constructed to connect the mean value of data,

subdivided into three age groups; For both of the older

age groups, the minimum strength value does not appear at

the smallest span of 2 ern. The largest v~lue for each

age group does appear at the largest span tested, and

this was usually the largest size object that a child

could successfully pinch.

SQUEEZE: The strength value for squeeze also shows an

upward trend with age, and in general, is larger than

the two types of pinch. The distribution of points on

the scatter plots suggest a more linear change with age

than was found for three and five point pinch. The signif-

icance of the location of the force vector is less clear,

but it does indicate the approximate position of the hand

on the transducer.

The third graph of section 3.3.3 (page 202)

summarizes the data for squeeze by subdivision into

three age groups. Several trends are evident on these

curves. The maximum strength value for each group

occurs at a grip separation of three to five centi-

meters. The maximum strength is found with larger

grip dimensions for older children. The maximum

strength occurs on a rather flat region of the curves,

but it is apparent that performance falls at both extremes.

245
There is a large decrease in strength for small objects

such as the two centimeter span. The curves are approx-

imately evenly spaced and similarly shaped.

CORRELATION: Tables of correlation for pinch and squeeze

are presented in Section 3.3.4 (pages 211,212,213). The

Personian correlation coefficients are reported for selected

variables. The values obtained, show a strong correlation

with height for three point pinch, five point pinch, and

squeeze. The magnitude of the correlation coefficients

decrease for the two largest spans, but the number of

subjects is reduced also. Since this reduction in number

always eleminates smaller children who cannot reach the

larger spans, it alters the distribution by age and all

age related variables. The main utility of the correl-

ation tables is to suggest a relative ordering of physical

dimensions in their relationship to strength. Tne relative

ordering seems remarkably constant across the pinch tables.

ELBOW FLEXION AND EXTENSION: The data for elbow flexion

and extension were obtained on a subpopulation of approx-

imately one hundred children; therefore the number of tests

in each age interval is much smaller than for the hand tests.

Accordingly, the number of points seen on the scatter plots

is less.
As with other strength tests, the measured values are

larger for the older children. There is an increase in the

strength standard deviation as the mean value increases.

246
 One of the more surprising findings in this study,

is that smaller children appear to be stronger for

elbow extension than for elbow flexion. By age ten

years, the strength for flexion is greater than extension.

The differences between age groups may be explained

on the basis of differing lever arms at different ages,

so that the mechanical advantage is different.

The data for elbow flexion and extension is

summarized in Section 3.4.3 (pages 232-239). As before,

the sUbjects are subdivided into three age groups, and

the average strength value in each age group is plotted

against the elbow angle. The maximum value of strength

0
occurs near 112.5 for flexion and for younger children

performing extension.' The oldest age group has maximum

0
strength near 135 •

Scatter plots are presented for elbow flexion and

extension against several related variables. In each

case, a trend line, . fitted by least square methods', is

shown with the data. Notice that the trend lines are

more horizantai for flexion than for extension.

The statistics grouped by age are also presented.

247
3.6 Sample of Strength Calculations

Suppose it is desired to estimate the force which could be

produced by an "average" (50th percentile) 6 year old male who is

pulling upward on a knob situated in the center of a horizonal,

circular surface having a 30 cm. radius. The surface is situated

at waist level for the child and the knob is large enough to allow

easy grasp in the right hane.

One can observe that the linkages used correspond to the sum

of the radial and carpal lengths and from the table for combined

sexes ---
L Linkage Length
L R + LC .
15.2 cm. + 5.1 em.
20.3 cm.
consider first the force which would be produced if the waist is

held fixed so that the torque of elbow flexion is exerted at a

lever arm of 20.3 cm.

_ Torque
F = Force - L'~n k age

For a 50th percentile child the torque is found to be 111.5 Kgf-cm

thus

F (lll.~ Kgf-cm) (2.2046 LB/Kgf)

12.1 LBF
20.6 cm

Now consider the torque capability in the desired direction

at the wrist. That is, the torque produced by wrist adduction is

22.9 Kgf-cm for 6 year old child. (See reference 162.)

F = T (22.9 Kgf-cm) (2.2046 LB/Kgf)
D 5.1 cm
50.5 cm-LBS = 9.89 LBS Force
(5.l"cm)

Thus, the wrist adduction capacity imposes a limit on the de-

sired force and one would conclude that the desired force on

the knob would be 9.89 pounds force.

 4.1. STATIC ANALYSIS OF STRENGTH CHAIR

NOTE: Refer to ~he limb and limb fixture shown in Figure 4.1.1.
The sum of the moments about any point on a body in static
equilibrium must equal zero. A free body diagram of the li~b can
be drawn showing all the forces acting on the limb (excluding
gravitational effects): -

Note: FAX - force on A in the X direction, etc.

Azt, MAZ
y
t- A,
1
1 ~Mz
IA
1 .......
J
X
-FAX 8
t-FAY ~-F8Y
~ Is ~

Summing the moments about joint A:

EM AZ = -(-FAX£l) - (-FBY£B) - MAZ ~ 0

M
AZ
= FAX£l+ F By 2 B Equation #1
Similarly, a free body diagram of the limb fixture can be drawn:

249
Summing the moments about point AI:
EMA,Z FAX£l + FBY(£B'+ d2) + FAy d 2 - MA'Z o
MA,Z = FAX£l + FBY£B + (FAY + F By )d2 Equation #2
Solving Equations #1 and #2 simultaneously
MAZ = MA,Z - FAy d 2 - FBy d 2 Equation #3

Since MA,Z is the bending moment to which gage set A will

re~pond and MAZ is the "strength" about joint A, the strain gage
set at A provides an adequate measure of the torque generated about
joint A providing the error terms F Ay d 2 and F Byd 2 are small or can
be approximated by either of the following methods:

1) 2
By design d «£B and the approxiamation may be made

FBY£B»FByd2 ~ 0 and Equation #3 becomes

Equation #4

FB~ay
2) b T measured by the gage set at B' where

MBZ = MB,z exactly and F By = MB,Z

f
B

Substituting this relation into Equation #4 gives

Equation #5

Where: MA , 7, = output of gage set A

MB,Z = output of gage set B

£
B = known linkage measurement

d = known constant
2

Method (2) is conveniently used since the secondary channels

were sampled specifically to provide the required additional data,
i.e., the simultaneous torque about the more distal joints. For
the hip and shoulder joints, a cascad~d error term is generated.

250
Sampling the more distal joints allows for precise calculation
of the error terms.

Finally, it should be noted that these error terms arise

only when the axis of rotation does not pass through the gage
set used for measurement. It is implied that when a gage set'
does not align with the axis in one plane, it does in a perpen-
dicular plane and no error term exists for strength measurement
in that perpendicular plane. This general example was chosen
to exemplify error terms which generally arise only in sagittal
plane strength measurements (by chair design) .

251
4.2 Principle of Operation of Grip Strenoth Transducer

In the plane of its handle, the grip strength transducer may be

represented schem?tically as a bar of constant eros section shaped

like the letter "G". The child forces the two handles together

where indicated,. by exerting

. shear and normal forces F s and F n,

respectively. Resistance strain gage~ are located at positions

A , A , B , B , and
l 2 l 2
e and respond to bending moments on the bar at

these locations.

Severing the bar at each gage set and writing static equations

of equilibrium of moments for the distal handle: (Note: MAl ~. bend

moment at gage set AI)

At AI: (1) MAl = -F (D)-F (L -L)

n s 3
At A : (2 ) M +F (L -D)-F (L -L )
2 A2 n 5 s 3 1
At B :
l
( 3) M -F (L +D)-F (L -L )
n 4 s 2 1
BI
At B :
2
(4 ) MB2 -F n (L 4 +D) +F s (L l )

At e : (5) Me = -F (L +D)
n 4
L3
L2
~Lli
--
B2 e
---
B1
1
L4
-F I

1,
s All

~
I

-F
n
I DISTAL/
HANDLE
I F
n
L5

\PROXH1AL
t
F
s
HANDLE A2

L-

252
.i
 Subtracting equation (Z) from equation (It:

Subtracting equation (4) fr.om equation ().):

(7) MBZ-M = FsL

BI Z
In,the appropriate wheatstone bridge configuration, the difference

in strain gage outputs at two different bar locations may be bb-

tained providing the cross sectional material and geometry at each

position is id~ntical:

Thus,

(8) LlM = MAZ-M (=FnL )

A AI S
(9) A M = MBZ-M (=F sL )
B BI Z
are measured independent quantities requiring Z channels of data.

Next, substituting equation (8) into (S) .and rewriting:

(10)

Therefore, utilizing a third gage set input Me' one can determine

F , F ' and L (=L +D) by equations (8), (9), and (10):

n s F 4

F = LIM
s. B
L2

253
,,
-,
- :;
-- ...... _-
Additionally, a resultant force on the handle may be determined as

well as its direction (~J perpendicular to the handle:

F == -:. V(F J 2 + (F ) 2
n s
-1 F
¢ tan s
Fn

Finally, it should be noted that determination of LF requires a F n

component to generate Me and MA . In power grip configuration, F

n
is the major force component and no difficulty is encountered.

Generally F »
n
F
s
("<20°).

254

r
 ALDEkMAN, h.B., AND bANFIELD, T.J.: kELIAI:HUH ESTI:VJATI'J,\J
IN THE :vIEASUhEi"1ENT ~JF Snm\JGTrl. HES. blUAKT., 4iO:44~,1969.

:2 ALEXAI\JDEk, J., AI\JD 1010LNAk, G. E. : VlUSCULAK STKENGTrl IN

CHILDkE~: ~KELIMINAkY kE~OKT 3N aBJECTI~E STANDAkDS. AKCrl.
t-'HYS. MED. kEHABIL., 54:424, 1973.

3 ANDEKS,)N, T. w.: wEI GHTED STkE,\JGTrl TESTS Fl.JK TrlE I-'kEDI ClIOI'\)
:) F ATI"{ EL ETI C ABI Ll H }.\J HIGH SCHJ0L GI h.L S. kES. I>iLJAKT.,
7: 1 36, 19 36.

4 AKI"1STK()I\JG, T.J •• AND CHAFFIN, D.B.: A E:HO,MECrlANICAL MODEL

lF THE HAND IN ~o~Eh GKIt-'. JtCU~ATIONAL AND SAFETY
ENGI NEEKI N(~, U,\JlI.iEkSI TY JF 'MI CH IGA,\J. 9 L<J t'.

5 AUXTEk. D.M.: STkE:NGTH A,\JD FLEXlBILITY OF DIFFEkEl\lTlALU

DIAGNOSED EDUCABLE MENTALLY kETAkDED 80YS. KES. bUA~T.,
37: 455, 1966.

6 BEASLEY. v..c.: II\JFLUENCE OF ,VlETH1D IN ESTI."1ATES OF ,N')kMAL

KNEE EX TDJS.Jk FlkCE A''1JNG \JI)KMAL A\lD t-'OST-h)LIO
CHILDkEN. ~HYS. THEk. kEI.i .. 36:21. 1956.

7 BECHTOL, c.·o.: GkI l"' TEST S1 USE OF DY\JA~OMETEk wlTri

ADJ USTABLE riAND St-ACI NG. J. BO,\JE & JOINT SUkG.,
36-A:821O, 1954

8 BEDFIJKD, T., A'\lD WAkNEK, C.G.: STKENGTri TESTS: OBSEkvA-

TI:JNS ON THE EFFECTS I)F hOSTUKES ON STkENGTri OF I-'ULL..
TriE LANCET, 2: 132rl, 1937.

'} 'BEkGEk, K.A.: LE(~ EXTENSIJI\I FI)KCE AT THKE!:: DIrFEKEI\lT

ANGLES. kES. l:.IUAkT •• 37: 5610, 1966.

1~ BOI]K wAL TEk. K. w.: GKI ~ STKENGTri 1\10 hiM S FO k ''1AL ES. KES.
blUAkT., 21:249.19510.

11 BOiNEkS, L.E.: INVESTlGATIJNJF Tr-IE kELATI~)I\J~rl1t' 'JF rlAND

Sl t E AND LJ wEK Ak,"1 GI kTH S T) HAND GK1 t' STkE\lGTH A~
,"1EASUkED ElY SELECTED HAND DY<\JI)M!JI'1ETEt<S. KES. l>IUAkT ••
32: 311:18, 19 6 1 •

12 E:lKI)I,...N. ~J.C., BUCHANAN, C.J., Ai\lD MANDEL, J.: A STUDt' OF

STKENGTH CAI-'AblLl I I ES DF CHILDKEI\J AGES HJO THkl)UGI"! SIX.
(23 I-'AGES) FI'NAL kEt-'OKT, ,Nl:::lSIk 73-156, t'1(I)JECT 44610142,
1973.

255
 13 BUk-{E. II..E.: A ~TU!JY)F TrlE kELATI),\JSrllt-' 'JF A("E TJ ~TKE,\JGTrl
AND E\JDUhANCE I~ Ghl~~I\JG. UN~UbLI~rlEO DJCT)KAL
[)1.s~EhTATI'l!\J. U,\JIVEr,SITt )F IJV-,A. 1';152.

ILi tJUho{r:; ~.. E.: TtiE hELATI)'J t)F Gkl~ .::,rKENGTti AND GKI~
.':>1t\E\J(,'[rl E,\JOUhA'\JCE T) AGE. J. AI-'t'L. I-'rll'':'IJL •• vlL. 5. 1953·

15 LJUXTn.\I. D.: E"TEN':'!").',) IF Tr-iE ><ki-\U~-II.E8EK TE':'1. hE:::'. (,JUAKT ••

2~: 2 I iLl. I 9 5 7 •

If, CALf*ELL.L.:::'.: H)[)Y '::'fA8ILltATl··HI/ IN TtiE STKENGTrl \JF AK,"1

EJ<TE,\J~I')N. J.HU"1AN FACTJh~. Li: 125. 1';162.

17 CALf)~,ELL. L.S.: THE EFFECT JF FlJT-KEST rJ::>ITI,JN 0,\1 THE

STkEi\)(;TH OF HOkltJi\JTAL t-'ULL !:Jl' TrlE HAI\JD. U':'HM"L. KE~. Li23.
191'>1').

Itl CALD~,ELL. L.':'.: TrlE EFFECT 'JF Tr-iE ~r'ATIAL t-"JSlTILJ,\I 'IF A
C)NTk0L)~ TrlE ~TKE\lGTH 1F ::>1" LI'JEAk,HANO MOVEMENT':'.
USA'1hL. kE~. Lill. 1959.

19 CALDlAELL. L.':'.: HlDY I-'·)':'ITI,),'J A\l1J TrlE Sfr;EI\JGTrl

A'\lD ENDUkANCE ilF' ''1A\JUAL r'ULL. J. HU,'1AN FACT,)h::. Li: 125. 1962.

2 iLl CALOI.o.ELL. L.~.: DECI\E''1E\JT A'\JO KECJVE,\l' wi Tn KEI-'ElI TI VE

"1MI."1U,'1 '1USCULAk E)\EkT1,11\J~. J. HLJ"1A.\J FACTQnS. 12:5Li7. 1';170.

21 CALOV-,ELL. L.S.: kELAfIVE ~U,:,CLE LJADING AND ENDUKANCE.

J. EN(;INEEKINli t-':::'YCrlJL')Gt. Li:155. 196J.

22 CA"1h\lE'f. rl.K •• Ai\l1J ~,ErlK. k.I.o..: AN I,\JTEI\t-'KETJ-ITI')\1 JF THE

SThDJETH DIF'FEhEI\JCE~ A~~')CIATELJ "'IIH vAktll\)(; /-I'\JGLE':' lJF
I-'ULL. hES. UiUAkT •• 3(,: Li113. 1965.

2J CA;'1r'·\JEY. H.K •• AND wErik. 1\.1.'1.: ,:,IGNIFICA,\JCE iJF SThE·\IGTrl

liAkIATI'l'\) THk')UGei A I\Ai\JGE ·JF JJIi\lT I\I)JTIoJ,\I. J. /-I,'1EI\. t-'HYS.
TrlEk. ASSOC., "5:773. 1965.

2Li CAkL~')\I. !i.h •• AI\JD -<k')LL. w.: TrlE USE IF ANI-ILl':::'I~ JF

VAkIANCE IN ESTl'1ATl\lG ,.. ELIA8ILIHH' ISDi\l)ETklC ELb,JiN
FLEX.l J.\J ST/xE·\)(;Trl. I\E~. 61UAKT.. Li 1: 129. 1971<).

25 CAhi"1AN., A.: I-'A!i'J AND ,sTht:\JGTrl ,~EA.sU"E""'ENTS :JF 1,507

SCrl')!)L CHI LOkEN I ,\JSAGI NAw. IVJI Cri I GAI\J. A''1EK. J.
I-'Sl'Crl')L.•• 116: 392. )~99.

2(, CAkt-'EI\JTrk. A.: A STU[)t )F Ai\JGLES 1\1 THE '!'1EPSUI\EI'1E,xlT tJF

LEG LIFT. r..ES. l:JUAKT •• 9:711. 1';136.

256
 27 CAhPENTEk. A.: STkENGTH TESTI.'JG I:'J TriE FI KST TriKEE
GkADES. kES. biUAfn •• 13: 328. 19ij2.

28 CAkPENTEk. A.: THE MEASU~EMENTS aF GENE~AL MOTuK

CAPACITY AND GENEKAL ''10TI)k ABILlT'I' li\l TriE F1KST
THkEE GkADES. kES. blUAkT •• 13: ijijij. 19 ij2.

29 CAkTEI-<. G.H. : kECONSTkUCTION OF ~E KQGEkS STkENGTH

AND t"'HYSICAL f1T\JESS li\lD1CES FOk UI-'I-'Ek E::LE,"1ENTAK'l'.
JUNDk HIGH AND SENI')K HIGH SCrluOL E:l:JYS. U,'JI-'UI:lLlSHED
DI)CT')KAL DISSEkATIDN. UNIVEt\SITY OF JKEG'J\I. 1958.

CHAFFIN. D.B.: EkG')NO,"1IC5 GUIDE FJK THE ASSES5''1ENT OF HU.'1AN

STATIC STkENGTH. AMEk. INDU~TkIAL HYGIENE ASSOC.
J I) U 1'<:\1 AL • I-' • 51,1 5. 19 7 5.

31 CHAFFIN. 0.8 •• A'ND I:lA>(EK. W.H.: A E:I10MECrlANICAL 1'10DEL FOk

ANALYSIS DF S'O-1i'1ETkIC SAGITTAL PLANE LIFTING.
AilE TRANSACTIONS. 2: 16. 1971ll.

32 CHAFFIN. 0.8.: A CO"1r-UTEkltED BIO'-1ECrlANICAL ,y],jDEL-

DEVELOI-'MENT OF AND USE IN STUDYING GkOSS BODY
ACTI'JNS. J. BlljMECrlS .. 2: ij29. 1969.

33 CHA'J. E.Y •• Ot"'GkANDE. J.D •• AND AX. !...,EAk. F.E.: THhEE-

DIMENSIONAL FOkCE ANALYSIS JF FINGEK JOINTS IN
SELECTED ISO''1ETkIC HAND FU.\lCTI,)NS. J. I:HOMECri ••
9:387.1976.

CriktAN. A.E •• GIE:lSrJN. G.I""., AND TrlOMt"'SON. G.8.: A kE-

STUDY OF THE EFFECTIVE~ESS OF FOUt< INSTkUMENT5 FOK
kEC!1 kDI NG MUSCL E STKENGTH. UNt-'UBLI Sri ED :-1ASTEk' S TH ES1 S.
SI-'KINGFIELD COLLEGE. 1953.

35 CHlIkCHILL. E .. AND KU!:3'l'. A.: N)I'-10GKAPH OF THE HAI\lD AND

ITS kELATED DH1ENSI'Oi\lS. wkl GHT AI K DEVELtJh"1ENT CENTEk.
TECH. kEt-'. Nf). 57-198.1957.

36 CLAkKE. H ••. Ar\l[) 8~ULEY. T.: STl<ENGTH CUI\VES FrJI'I

FOUkTEE,\J JI)lI\lT "-1')VEr'1ENTS. J. Assr)c. PHYS. MENT. kEHAE:l ••
ij: 12. 195"-'.

37 CLAkr<E. H.H •• bAILEY. T.L •• Ai\lD CLAYTON. T.~.: !\lEw

IJBJECTI VE STkENGTH TESTS OF l"1U5CLE GkOUPS lJ,( CAE:lLE-
TE;NSIi)N :'1ETHOD5. kES. blUAkT. 23: 136. 1952.

38 CLAkKE. H.H •• EL"<INS. E.C •• MAkTIN. G.,.., •• AND WAKli,'1. >(.G.:

kELATIr)NSHI t-' I::JETWEE\I I:lrJDY t"'l)SI TO'\I AND THE AI-'I-'LI CAT! ON
JF MUSCLE 1-'o)\o.Ek TO ','10VEMENTS JF THE JOli\lTS. AhCH. r-HY,S.
,"lED .. 31:81. 19511.

257
,
-~--
39 CLAHKE. H.H.: A ,'1AI\JUAL: CA8LE-TE,\J5IJI\J STKE\JGTH TE'::'TS.
5TUAhT E. MUhl-'l-{Y CO •• wEST St-'kINGFlELD. N.H •• 1953.

illl) CLAKKE. H.H.: A KELATI'),\JSHIJ-' I)F STI\EI\lGTH A,\lD Ai\lTrlKJ-

J-'0'1ETkiC MEASUKES T0 VAkiOUS AKM STKENGTH CKITEKIA.
kES. l,;UAkT.. 25: 13il. 195il.

ill CLAkKE. H.H.: C')I:'1J-'AkIS')N IlF INSTKU"1E'\JT5 FOk kECOKDlNG

,'1USCLE STkENGTH. KES. (,JUAkT •• 25: 398. 1954.

42 CLAkKE. H.rl.: kECENT ADVA~CES IN MEASUKEMENT AND

U\JDEkSTANDING QF VOLITIONAL MUSCULAk STkENGTH. KES.
blUAKT •• 27:263. 1':156.

il3 CLAkKE. rl.H.: kELATIil'\JSrllJ-'S.JF STkEI\lGTH AND ANTHkO-

hlMETKIC :"1EASUkES TL) t'rlYSICAL t-'EkFJk'1ANCES INVOLVING
THE TkUN>< AND LEGS. kES. blUAKT •• 2t1:223. 1957.

44' CLAkK E. H .H.: COkKELATI)N BETwEEN TrlE STkENGTH/i"lASS

kATI1 AND TH E St-'EED OF AI\J Ak'1 I"!') VE,'1ENT. kES. biUAKT ••
31 : 57(,1. 19 6 (.1.

ilS CLAkI<E. H.H • • AND CAKTEk. G.H.: ')KEGO\J SL'1t-'LIFlCATIONS

'JF THE STKENGTH AND j-'Hl'SICAL FIT,'\lESS INDICES. /\E5. biUAKT ••
30: 3. 1959.

46 CLAkKE. H.H •• AND JAl'\MA\l. B.a.: SCHOLASTIC ACHIEVP1ENT

()F 8Jl'S 9. 12. AND 15 YEAKS IJF AGE AS kELATED TO VAKIOUS
STkE,\JGTH AND Gk'J wTrl ,'1EASUKES. kES. l:.iUAkT •• 32: 155. 1961.

il7 CLAkKE. H.H •• AND t-'ETEkSI),\j. I'(.H.: CONTKAST OF

MATUkATIONAL. STkUCTUkAL AND STKENGTH CrlAkACfEKISTICS
OF ATrlELETES AND I\Jl,\lATHELETES 10 TO 15 YEAk,:, OF AGE.
kES. biUAkT •• 32: 163. 1961.

48 CLAkKE. H.H •• A'\JD CLAkKE. D.H.: S()CIAL ~TATUS A\\JD

MEI\lTAL rlEALT~ ,JF 8'Jl'S AS kELATED TO Tt:iEIH i'1ATUr;ITY.
STkUCTUkAL AND STKEI\JGTH CHAkACTEkI STl GS. kES. b1UAl\T ••
32: 326. 1961. '

Li9 CLAkKE. H.rl .. It'VING. k.i\l .. AND rlEATrl. 8.rl.: kELATlO:\l

OF 1'1ATUKI TY. STkUCTUkAL AI\J D ,5TKE,\I(;1H l'1EA~UKES T'J TH E
Sr)r"lATOTYPES 'IF 8Dl'S 9 THk'JUG'-l 15 l'EAkS OF AGE. l-<E~. blUAKT ••
32: Li 49. 19 61 •

50 CLAk~E. H.H •• AND ':'HELLEY. 1'1.: MATUKIT'r'. SThUCTUKE.

STkENGTH. MaT~k ABILITY AND INTELLIGENCE TEST I-'K0FILES
DF' ')UT.STANDING ELE'1.E,\jTAkl' AND JUNIOk HIGH '::'Crl)')L
AT""ELETES .....HYSICAL EDUCATOK. 1~:132. 1961.

258
 51 CLAkI<E, H.H., AND HAK,dSO'J, J.C.: DIFFEKENCES I,'J
I-'HYSICAL A:'IlD f"1JT,)k TKAlT::' BETwEEN BOYS ,)F ADVA,'JCED,
NOk:vJAL AND kETAKDED ,:vJATUKI TY. kES. bJUAKT., 33: 13,1962.

52 CLAkKE, H.ri., A,'JD wICI<ENS, J·.S.: ,:vJATUKIT'r', STkUCTUkAL

STkENGTH AND MiHOk ABILITY (ik)wTH CUkVES (JF BOYS 9-15
YEAkS JF AC;E. KES. blUAkT., 33: 26, 1962.

53 CLAkKE, H.H., Ai\JD SCH)t'F, T.G.: CJ.\lSTkUCTIJN ,JF A

1'.1 USCUL Ak STkE,'JGTH TEST F:H< BOY S II'J GKADES 4, 5.. AND 6.
RES. blUAkT., 33: 515 .. 1962.

54 CLAkKE, H.H., AND DEGUTIS.. E.W.: kELATIONSHII-'S BETwEEN

STANDING BkOAD JU:vJ1-' AND VAklJUS ,"1AIUKATIi:)NAL, ANTHkOI-'I)-
METklC AND Snm\JGTH TESTS OF 12 YEAi-< OLD BJ'(S. HES. loJUAI\T.,
35: 258, 19 64.

55 CLARKE.. H.H.: ~USCULAk STKENGTH AND ENDURANCE IN MAN.

ENGLEwOOD CLI FFS, N.J· ... t'kENTI CE-HALL, 1966.

56 CLOSE, J.k., AND KI DD, C.C.: THE FU,'JCTIONS DF THE MUSCLES ,)F THE
T,HUMB, THE INDEX, A·'JD LO.'JG FINGEKS. J. HONE JOINT SUKG.,
5 1- A: 1 6 kl1 , 19 69 •

57 COL GATE, J. A.: A/'(i'1 STkE;'JGTH kELATI VE TO AKi"1 St'EED.

RES. UUAkT., 37: 14, 1966.

58 Ci)i)NEY, w,.t'., A'JD CnAJ, E.Y.: BIO,VJECHANICAL ANALYSIS OF

STATIC FORCES IN THE THU'1B DUkING HA'JD FU\jCTION. J. BONE
J')lNT SUkG ... 59:27, 1977.

59 COUSINS, F.G.: EFFECT iJFTkAI'\JED AND UNTkAI:\JED TESTEI\S

UI-'Q\J THE AD:vJINISTkATIO\j OF GkII-' STkENGTH TEST::'.
KES. blUAkT., 26:273, 1955.

6kl DANIELS, L., AND w,JKTHINGHA,"1, C.: MUSCLE TE~Tl'\JG; TECHNIblUES

OF MANUAL EXA,VJINATllm. SAU.\IDEkS, 1972.

61 DAkCUS.. H.D.: A STkAIN GU~GE DYNAMOMETEk FOh MEASURING

THE STkENGT~ OF MUSCLE CONTRACTION AND FQK kE-
EDUCAT! NG ''''1USCLE5. ANN. !'"HY~. ,'-1ED.,· 1: 163, 1953.

62 DAkCUS, H.[J.: THE MAAIIVJUM TOKbiUE~ DEVELOl-'ED IN r'KONATlJI\)

AND SUI-'INATI~N OF THE kIGHT HAND. J. ANATJ~Y, LONDON,
VO L. 8 5, 19 5 1 •

63 DE:'1t'STEk.. w.T., SHEkk, L.A., AND I-'kIE.sT, J.G •.: CUI'JVEKSIO:\J

SCALES FOk ESTlMATI\lG I-W"1EkAL AND FE'MOi~AL LENGTH,s
JF FUNCTI 1NAL SEGMENTS IN T~E L1I'1B,s OF A'.'1EKICAN
1

CAUCASOID MALES. HUMA,'J BI')LOCi'r', 36:246,1964.

259

,"
64 DEMt-'STEk, w.T., AND GAUGrl,t<A,\j, G.: t-'KL)t-'EI~TlES 'JF 800Y
SEG''1Ei'JTS 8ASED ),'J SItE AND wEIGKT. M1Eh. J. A,'JAT.,
121:J: 33, 1967.

65 01 CO< SD,\j, k. A., ET AL: A DEVI CE FJ 1\ MEASUkI NG

TrlE Fi)kCE ,)F TKE DIGITS OF THE '"lAND. I:Hu\'1ED. E,'JGIN.,
7:27~), 1972.

66 Inss, w.s., AND '<AI~t-')VICrl, /"'.1,1.: A C')I'1I"'AkISON

') F Ci)NCENTkI C, 'ECCENTKI C, AND I '::;'),'1ETkI C STkENGTrl QFELHJ w
FL[I\JkS. J. AI-'I-'L. hiYSI,JL .. 21:1:351, 1965.

67 DOwNEK, A.H.:STkENGTrl)F TrlE ELH)w FLEAQk MUSCLES.

t-'HYS. TKEk. kEV., 33:68, 1953.

68 DkUkY, E!.J.: MUSCLES U-I ACTI'JN. NATIONAL I-'kESS, 1962.

69 EL'<INS, E.C., LEDEN, U.M., AND wA'<IM, ><.G.:. Ol:lJECTIVE

kECQkDING OF TrlE ::>TkENGTH ')F NOt~MAL ,"1U.':lCLES. AkCK. I"'ril'S.
,"lED., 32:639, 1951.

7k:l ESrENSCHADE, A.S.: MJTI)k l-'EkFOk,'1ANCE IN AD'JLESCENCE,

INCLUDING TKE STUDI' OF kELATIONSHII-'S wITH l"1EASUKES OF
t-'riYSICAL Gk,)wTK AND l'1ATUkIT'(. M'JNOGKAt-'rl SOC.
kES. CHILD DEVELOI-'., VOL.5, :\JO. I, 1951:1.

71 EVEkETT, I"'.w., AND SILLS, F.: THE kELATIONSrill-' OF GhIt-'

STl<E'\lGTH TO STATUkE, Si)MATOT'(j-'E CLlM/-"JNENTS AND A·\jTrlkO-
/-,OI"1ETKIC MEASUI~E'1EI\jTS OF TKE KA,\JD. KES. blUAkT., VuL. 23,
1952.

72 FlSHEk, M.B., AND l:lIkkE,\j, J.E.: AGE AND STkENGTrl. J. Al-'l-'L.

t-' SY Crl ., 3 1: .49 I:J.. 19 47'.

73 FLINT, ,'1.M.: kELATIONSrlII"' OF THE GhAVITY LINE TEST TJ

l-'OSTUKE.. TkUNK STkENGTH .. ANlJ HI/-,-TKUNK FLEAI 13ILI TT' OF
ELEMENTAkY SCrl,JOL GIKLS. kES. l>iUAt<T ... 35: 141, 1964.

7.4 FOWLER, W.:-1.: blUANTITATIVE STkENGTrl i'1EASUkEMENTS Ii'J

MUSCULAr< DYSTkOhi'(. AkCrl. t-'rlYS. ,"lED ... 48:629 .. 1967.

75 GAkDNEk, v.'.[) ... A·:.JDJS8UkN, w.A.: STkUCTUkE I)F TrlE

HU'1AN 81)[)I'. SAUNDEkS, 1973.

76 (~AkG ..A.: THE DEVEL()/-','1E'\JT AND VALlDATIONJF A 3-DIM-

ENSIJNAL HAND FakCE CAl-'ABILIT,( MaDEL. MASTEK'S
THESIS .. UNIVEkSITY rJF MIHIGAN, 1961"' ... 1973.

260
 Reproduced \rom
best available coPY·

77 GAkkETT .. J.h.:CLEAkANCE A,\J[) I-'EkF:)kMANCE VALUES Far: THE

BAkE-'i ANDED MoJO TH E PkESSUkE- GLO V ED Ol-'EKATOk. AMkL - Tk- 68 - 24..
WkIGHT-I-'ATTEkSO;\j Alk FOkCE BASE .. 1968.

78 GAUGHRAN. G.k ... AND DEMj-'STEk.. iI.T •. : FOkCE ANAL'(SES

"OF H)kltONTAL HiO-HANDED j-'USHE::l AND PULL:S li'J THE SAGI TTAL
PLANE. HUMAN BII)L ... 28: 67 .. 1956.

79GEOkGE .. A.S ... AND GEOKGE .. c.: INFLUENCE OF T'),\lIC NEC'<

POSTURE UI-'I)i\J GRIP STkENGTH OF .INSTITUTIONALItED ME,'HAL
kETAkDES. kES.bJUAkT ... 46: 17 .. 1975.

80 GE')kGE .. C.: FACILITATIVE AND INHIBITOk'( EFFECTSQF THE

TONI C NECK REFLEX UPON GkI I-' STRENGTH OF kI GrlT- AND LEFT-
HANDEDCHILDkEN. RES. blUAkT ... 43: 157.. 1972.

81 GEOkGE .. C. D.: EFFECTS OF THE AS'(,"1METkI CAL TJNI C NECK

POSTURE UPON GkII-' STkE,\IGTH ,I)F NOki'1AL CrlILDkEN. kES.
bI UA k T ... 41: 361 I. 19 7 ~ •.

82 GESER .. L.R.: SKINFOLD MEASUr:E5 'JF TWELVE-YEAk OLD BO'(S AS

kELATED TO VARIOUS MATUkI T'r' .. l-'H,( 51 blUE .. STkENGTH .. AND ,'10T,)(\
MEASUkES. I-'H.D. IN I-'H'(SICALEDUCATION. 14L~ 1-' ... U,\IIVEkSIT'(
OF DkEGON.. 1965.

83 GLINES.. D.: kELATIOi\lSHIl-'S OF kEACTION .. :'1iJVL"1ENT.. AND

COMPLETION TIMES TO CEkTAIN MOTOK .. STkENGTH ..
ANTHkOPOMETRIC AND MATUkiTY MEASURES. UNPUBLISHED
DO CTOkAL 01 SSEkTAT! 01\1.. UNI VEkSI TY OF OkEGON.. 196L,:l.

E:SiI GOODING .. l-'.J.:. THE. EFFECTS iJF HiO STkICTL'( CONTKOLLED

MOTIVATIONAL TECHNIbJUES ON THE GKIl-' STKENGTH OF MALE :SUb-
JECTS. MASTEk'S THESIS IN I-'H'(SICAL.EDUCATION.. UNIVERSITY OF
MASS ... 1967.

85 GkIFFITTS.. C.H.: THE INADEblUAC'( OF STkEi\lGTH i'JOKMS. kES.

bJUAkT., 6:117 .. 1935.

66 HAFFAJ EE.. D... 1"10RI Te, U ... AND SVANTESSQN.. G.: I SOl'1ETKI C
KNEE EX TENSI Ji'J STkENGTH AS A FUNCTION OF JOINT ANGLE..
MUSCL E L E"JGTH .. AND MOTOR UNI T ACT! \II T'r'. ACTA.
Ok1H,)I-'. SCANOINAV ... 43: 13~1 1972.

87 HALLI D.M.: ,"10TOt< FITNESS TESTS FOK FAkiv1 BO'(S. kES.

bJUAkT.,13:Lt32 .. 19042.

8!j HALL .. D.M.: ENDUKANCE TESTS FOt< i1-H CL UB ,"1EI."lBEkS. I'<ES.

bJUART.1 22:37 .. 1951.

261
 H9 HALL~ D."1.: SELECTIi)'II AND STANDAkDltATION OF STKEI\lGTH TEST~
FOk iI-H CL UB ME,\/)bEkS." kES. blUAkT. ~ 27: 28 5~ 1956.

9VJ HAkkIS,)N~ J.C.: THE CJ,\lSTkUCTlQN 'JF CA8LE-TENSIOt\l

STkENGTH TESTS NoJkMS Far. HJY S SEVEN~ NI NE~ TWEL VE~ AND
FI FTEEN Y EAkS i) F AGE. ,~. S. I'll ..-HY 51 CAL EDUCAT! ON~
UNI VEkSI T'( DF OkEG,)N." 1958".

91 HEATr-lEkINGTON.Y1.k.: EFFECT OF ISOMETkIC TRAINING ON THE

EL 1:-1) V. FL EX I IN F')hCE TOkblUE I) F GkADE FI VE 80'1' S. RES.
blUAkT •• il7:il1. 1976.

92 HELMS~ ~.G.: A STUDY OF STATIC DYNJ~OMETkIC STRENGTH AND

ITS kELATIJi\lSHIl-' TO SELECTED I NDI CE::> OF GkOwTH AND DEVELOI-'-
:"1ENT. l-'H.D. DISSEkTATION.Ut\lIV. OF ,MICHIGAN. 1961.

93 r-lEi\lkY~ F.,M •• AND \o.:HITLEY~ J.D.: kELATIOt\lSHIl-'S BETwEEN

INDI VI DUAL DI FFEkE,'JCE5 IN STkENGTH. SPEED. AI\lD MASS IN AN
AI<I'1 ;v)I)VEMENT. to::ES. biUAkT •• 31:2Li. 196kl.

9Li HETTlNGEk. To: I-'HYSIOLOGY OF STkENGTH. c.c. THOMAS. Sl"'hING-

FIELD. ILL •• 1961.

95 HIkSCH. D •• PAGE. D •• ,'1ILLEk. D •• DU'18LETOt\l. J.H •• MJD MILLEK

E.K.: I:HOI'1ECHANICAL ANALYSIS OF THE METACAkl-'Ol-'HALANGEAL
JJINT OF THE THU,MB. J. BIOMECH •• 7: 3i13. 197i1.

96 HOLLI NG~OkTH. L. S •• AND TAYLOk. G. A.: STUDI ES OF t'HY 51 CAL

CONOI Tl,)NS AND GkOWTH: B2. SitE AND STkENGTH ,)F "
CHILDkEN wHO TEST AB!)VE 135 Ibl. TwENTY-THIkO VEAk800K OF THE
NATlLJ,\JAL SOCIETY F')k STUDt OF EDUCATION .. l-'AkT I: TtiE EDUCA-
TII)N OF GIFTED CHILDkEN. BLtJr)MINGTON~ ILL •• I-'U8LIC SCtiOOL
P U BLI SH I N G CO.. P. 221 - 2 37. 19 2 iI.

97 HOUTz:. S.J •• ET AL: EFFECT OF hJ STUkE ON STkENGTti OF TtiE

KNEE FLEl\Ok AND EX.TENSOk MUSCLE. J. AI-'l-'L. PHYSIOL .. II: il75.
1957.

9<3 HUBBAkD~ A.w •• AND MATTHEwS. 0.1<.: LEG LIFT STkENGTti: A

COIMl-'AkI SON OF ,'1EASUkEMENT METH:JDS. KES. blUAkT •• 2i1: 33. 1953.

99 HUGH-JONES. 1-'.: THE EFFECT 0F LIMB ~OSITION IN SEATED

SUBJECTS !)N THElk A8ILITY To] UTILItE THE MMIMU\/)
CO'llTRACTILE FOkCE ')F THE LII"1B l'1USCLES. J. PHYSIOL ••
1~5: 332. 19i17.

1\10 HUNSICKER.. I-'.A.: AkM STkENGTH AT SELECTED DEGkEES OF ELbO'.-.

FLEXION. AIk FOkCE /-'k,)JECT NO. 721i1-71727. WADC Tk 5i1-5i1d.
WkI GH T PATTEkSO,'ll AI k FOKCE 8ASE~ 1955.

262
 ....v-.

1161 HUNSI CKEk .. I-'.A ... AND DONNELLY .. k.L.: I NSTf,UMENTS TO ,'1EASUkE
STkENGTH. l-<ES. UUAkT ... 26: 41d8 .. 1955.

102 HU\JSICKEk .. P.A., AND GkEY; G.: STUDIES IN HUt'1AN STkEi'JGTH.

kES. blUAkT ... 28: 109, 1957.

103 IKAI .. '1., AND STEINHOUS.. A.H.: SOI'>1E FACTOkS ,'10DIF'l'ING THE
EXPkESSION OF HUMAN STkENGTH. J. Ai-'l-'L. I-'rlYSIOL ... 16: 157.
1961 •

104 11-<1 SH.

E.A.: Ol-'TlMUM ENDURANCE MEASUKEMEI'JT 'JF ELBOw FLEXOk
MUSCLES AND THE RELATIONS OF STkENGTH .. ANTHkOPOMETkIC ..
AND FATI GUE FACTOkS TO AkM STkENGTH Ckl TEkI A. UNl-'UBLI ~HED
DOCTORAL DI~SEkTATlO'\J.. UNIV. OF OkEGO\J. 1958.

lidS IkVING~ R.N.: COMPAkISOi'Il'JF MATUkIH .. STkUCTUkAL

AND MUSCULAk STkENGTH MEASUkES FOk FIVE SOMATOTYPE CATA-
GOrnES OF BOYS NINE THk'JUGrl FIFTEEN YEAkS OF AGE.
UNPUBLI SHED DOCTOkAL 01 SSEkTATlON .. ' UNI V. OF OkEGO,'J .. 1959.

106 JACKSON .. A.S ... AND FRANKIEwiCt. k.J.: FACTJklAL

EXPkESSIONS Of MUSCULAk STkENGTH. RES. biUAkT ... 46: 21:16 ..
197 S.

107 JACOB.. s.w ... AND FkANCONE .. C.A.: STkUCTUkE AND FUNCTION IN
MAN. SAUNDEkS.. 1970.

lid8 JAkVIS.. D.K.: KELATIVE STkENGTH Of THE HIP kOTATOk MUSCLE

GkOUPS. PHYS. TrlEk. kEV ... 32: 5(,iJ0.. 1952.

lid9 JEi'JSEN .. C.k ... AND SCHULTz: .. G.W.: AI-'l-'LIED KI,'JESIOLOGY.

MCGkAw-H 1 LL.. 1970.

110 JENSEN. k.H ... SMIDT .. G.L ... AND JOHNSTON, k.C.: A TECHNIl>IUE
fOk OBTAINING MEASUkEMENTS OF FaRCE GENEkATED BY HI~
i"1USCLES. AkCH. PHYS. l'1ED., 52:21<:'1 .. 1971.

III JENSEN .. H.K.: DYNAMOMETEk FOk STATIC AND DYNAMIC MEASUkE-

MENTS IJF ROTATIONAL ,V10VD1ENTS. KES.UUAKT ... 47: 56.. 1976.

112 JONES.. C.E •• KOBkICK .. J.L., AND GAYDOS.. H.F.: ANTHkOl-'O"1ETkIC

AND BI()I'1ECHANI CAL CHAHACTEki STI CS ()F THE HA:-.JD. HEADUUAtHEK:S
UUARTEkMASTEk kESEAkCH AND ENGINEEkING COMMAND..
TECH. k E l-' • NO. E t-' - 10id .. NAT TICK.. MAS S. .. 19 58 •

113 JO,\JES.. n. E.: SK EL ETAL MATUkl TV AS kELATED TO STHENGTrl.

CHILD DEVELOt-'MENT. 17: 173.. 1946.

114 J,)NES.. H.E.: THE :SEXUAL :V1ATUkiNG OF GIKLS A~ kELATED TO

GkQ wTH 1 N STRENGTH. t\ES. UUAkT... 18: 135.. 1947.

263
· ;
._-...:.-_-
115 JONES.. rl.E.: MOTOk PEKFOkMANCE AND GKOWTH.
UNl V EkSI TY 0 F CALI FIJ kNI A PkESS.. BEKI'< EL EY.. CALI FOkNI A..
19 Lj9 •

116 JONES.. k. E.: kELI ABILI TY ')F' i"1USCLE STKENGTH TESTI NG UNDEr;
VAkYING MATUkATIONAL CO,\jDITIONS. J. AMEk. PHYS. TrlEK ...
42: 2Lj~.. 1962.

117 I'<ELL']K .. ').T.k ... FkOST .. J ... SILl:lEi-<l:lEkG .. N ... IVE"SE,\j .. I ... AND
CUMMI NGS.. k.: HAND STkENGTrl AND DE'; TEkI TY.J. OCCUr'. TH Ek ...
25: 77 .. 1971.

118 KENDALL .. H.O ... KENDALL .. F.r' ... AND WAD'sWOkTH .. G.E.: MUSCLES..
TESTING AND FU\JCTI)N. WILLIAMS AND WILKINS .. 1971.

119 KENNEDY .. w.k.: THE DEVELOP,YJE,\JT OF AN ELECTkICAL STkAIN

GUAGE DYNOMOMETEK AND A CABLE TEN~QMETEk FOk OBJECTIVE
MUSCLE TESTING. AkCH. PHYS. !"lED ... Lj6: 793 .. 1965.

121<:1 KING .. B.G ... AND SHOv.'EkS .. i"1.J.: HU,"1Ai'J ANATOMY AND PHYSIOLOGY.
SAUNDEkS .. 1963.

121 KINTIS.. I-'.F.: PATTEkNS :)F GkOWTrl IN STkENGTH OF ELEi'1EN-

TARY SCHOOL BOY S. MASTEk' S TH ESI 5.. UJ'~I VEKSI TY 'JF
WISCONSIN .. 1953.

122 KIkCHNEk .. G... AND GLPJES .. D.: COMPARATIVE ANALYSIS OF

EUGENE .. OkEGON ELE,"1ENTAkY SCHOOL CHILDkEN USING
THE KkAUS-WEBEk TEST OF MINIMUM MUSCULAk FITNESS. kES.
("iUAkT ... 28: 16.. 1957.

123 KIkCHNEk .. G.: THE CONSTkUCTION OF A BATTEkY OF TESTS

DESIGNED TO MEASUkE STRENGTH .. ENDUkANCE .. POWEk AND SPEED
AMI).'.JG EL EMENTAkY SCH'JOL - AGE BOY S. DOCTOkAL DI S'sEkTATI Oi'l ..
U,\JIVEK5ITY 'JF QkEGO,\J .. 1959.

12"1 KkAUS.. rl.: MINU,m"l MUSCULAk FlTNE.':iS IN SCHOOL CrlILDkEN.

KES. ("iUAkT ... 25: 178 .. 195"1.

125 KkOE"1Ek .. -(.rl.E ... AND GIE,\JAI-'P .. E.M.: HAND-HELD DEVICE TQ

MEASUkE FINGER (THUMB) STkENGTH. J. Ar'I-'L. PrlYSIOL ...
29:526 .. 1971::1.

126 KkOEMEk .. K.H ... AND HOwAkD.. J.M.: I-'KOI::lLEr"1S IN ASSESSING

MUSCLE STkENGTrl. A:"1kL-TK-68-1LjLj .. Wr-IGHT-I-'ATTEKSIJN
All' FOI-.(CE BASE .. OHIO .. I97L1.

127 KkOE:"1Ek .. I'<.H.: HUMA.'>J STkENGTH TEkMINJLI)GY .. MEASUr;EMENT

AND I NTEkPkETATl ON :)F DATA. J. H Ui"1Ai\J FACTORS.. 12: 297 ..
1970.

264
 128:'<k'][;,"1Ai'll, \0.'.,"1.: THE MANUAL AND ']kAL STkENGTH OF AMEkI CAN
WHITE AND NEGKr] CHILDKEI'Il. kEbJkT TO THE GLASS CONTAINEK'
,"1ANUFACTUkEkS I NSTI TUTE, SEPTE,"1BEK, 1971.

129 Kk,JLL, w.: kELIAE:llLITY OF A SELECTED ,'1EA5UkE OF HU"1Ai\J

STkENGTH. HES. I:.IUAkT., 33: 4HJ, 1962.

13~ LA"1PHIEAk, D.E., M-JD '10NTOYE, rl.J.: MUSCULAk STKENGTr!

AI\lD EODY SIlEo HUi"1AN mOL., 48: lil7 .. 1976.

131 LAkSON, C.L ... A'.JD NELSOi\J, k.C.: AN ANALYSIS OF STKENGTH,

SPEED AND ACCELEkATIO:\l OF ELBJvl FLEXION. AkCH. PHY::>. ["1ED.,
5 ((): 2 7 4, 19 69. ,

132 LAUBACH, L.L.: EDDY C,)MhJSITION IN kELATION TO

l'1USCLE STkENGTr! AND kAI\lGE OF JOINT M,JTIO,\I. J. ,SPOkTS.
ME D., 9: 89, 19 69 •

133 LONG, C ... OJNkAD, P.W., HALL, [.A., AND FUkLEK, S.L.:
INTkINSIC-E!'\TkINSIC MUSCLE CONTROL OF THE HAND IN
r'Q\o.'Ek GkIP AND PkECISIO:\l HANDLING. J. BJNE JOINT SUKG.,
52-A:653, 1970.

134 LU,\JDE .. B.K., BkEWER, W.D., AND GAkCIA.. I-'.A.: GRIP STkEI\lGTH 'JF
COLLEGE wOMEN. AkCH. I-'riYS. MED. kEriAB., 53: 491, 1972.

135 l"1AGLI SCHO, c.w.:BASES OF NOk,'1S FOk CABLE-TENSIOi'J STKENGTH

TESTS FOR UPPER ELEMENTAkY, JU\lIOk HIGH AND SENIOR
HIGH SCHOOL GIRLS.kES. t>lUAkT., 39:595, 1963.

136 ,:v]AkTIN .. E.C.: :vJUSCLE STkENGTH AND t"1USCLE SYMMETkY IN

HU"1AN BEINGS, I . IN CriILDkEN.A,'1Ek. J. I-'HYSIDL.,46: 67,
19 18 •

137 MA}HIN, J.B,.' AND CriAFFIN, D.H.: BIOMECHA,'JICAL CDi'1t'UTEkItED

SIMULATI0N OF HU~AN STRENGTH IN SAGITTAL-PLANE
ACTIVITIES. AIlE TkANSACTIDNS.. 4: 19, 1972.

138 MA'r', w.w.: kELATIVE ISOMETkIC F'JkCE OF THE HIP AI3DUCTOI';

AND ADDUCTOk MUSCLES. Pr{YS~ THEK., 48:8il5.. 1968.

139 ,"lAYER.. L., AND GkEEi'JBERG~ B.H.: l"lEASUHEMENTS OF THE

STkENGTH OF THE THUN~ MUSCLES. J. BONE JOINT SUkG.,
24:842, 1942.

1ill!) MCCLOY, C.H.: TESTS OF STkENGTH AS MEASUkE,YJENTS OF

PHY SI CAL STATUS. CH AI-'TEK VI I , At-'f'kAI SI NG t-'HY 51 CAL
STATUS, Ui\lIVEhSITY OF IOwA STUDIES IN CrilLD
WELFAkE .. 15:611.. 1938.

265

,
_~::IL.... _
1<:i1 MCCOMAS, A.J., SICA, k.E.P., AND rETITO, F.: MUSCLE
STkENGTK I N BOY 5 ~) F 01 FFEKENT AGES. J. NEUkOLOGY, NEUKO-
SUkGEkY, AND PSYCHIATkY" 36: 171, 1973.

1<:i2 ,'1CGkAw, L.~i., AI\lD I'1CCLE:\lNEY, !:l.N.:kELIAHILITY JF

FI TNESS STRENGTH TESTS. /'(ES. \,iUAkT., 36: 289, 1965.

1.1:i3 MEkCHANT, A.C.:HIP ABDUCTQk MUSCLE FOkCE. J. bJNE JOINT

SUf<G. 47: <:i62, 1965.

1.1:i.l:i ,'v1EkEDITt-i, H.: THE Ki-IYTH:--l ,)F PHYSICAL Gi-;OWTrl. A STUDY OF

EIGHTEEN ANTHKI)t-")METkiC l'v1EASUKEMENTS 1,\1 IOwA
CITY wHITE MALES kANGING IN AGE BETWEEN UIkTH AND
EI GHTEEN~ YEAkS. UNI VEkSI TY !)F IOWA STUDI ES
IN CHILD wELFAkE, VOL. I I , '\lO. 3, 1935.

l.1:i5 METH ENY, E.: BkEATHI NG CAPACI TY AND GkI I-' STkENGTH OF
I-'kESCrl'JOL CHILDkEI\I. Ui\Il VEkSI TY OF IOWA STUDI E::i
IN CriILD WELFARE, 18: 1-207, 19<:i~.

1.1:i6 METHENY, E.: THE PkESENT STATUS OF STRENGTH TESTII\lG

FOk -CHILDREN OF ELEMENTAkY SCH')OL AND I"RE,5CHOOL
AGE. kES. (,JUAi-n., 12:115, 1941.

1.1:i7 MI CkQ-MEASUkEMENTS. k,)MULUS, MICt-ii GAN, TECHNI CAL Ll TEkATU/'(E.

145 MILLEk,;>l.A., AND LEAVELL, L.C.: KPll:3Ek-GkA)'-STACKI-'OLE,

ANATOMY AND PHYSIOLOGY. MACMILLAN, 1972.

149 MOLNAR. G.E., AND ALEXANDEK. J.: OHJECTIVE MUSCLE

STkENGTH I N CHI L DkEN: USEFULN ES5 0 F 1 SOK 1 NET! C
DEVI CE. SI GNI FI CA,\lCE OF PARAMETEKS OF GkQ WTn. AhCH.
t-'HYS. l"1ED., 52:583. 1971.

15~ ,'10LNAk. G.E .. AND ALEi\ANDEk, J.A.: OBJECTIVE, (,lUMHITIVE

MUSCLE TESTING IN CrlILDkEN: A PILOT STUDY. AkCI1.
PHY s. l'1ED. kEHABI L.. 54: 224, 1973.

151 MONTOYE. H.J •• AND FAULKNEH, J.A.: DETEkMINATION DF THE

Qt-'TIMUM SETTING OF AN ADJUSTABLE GkIP D~NAMOMETEK. kES.
l>iUART., 35: 29. 196.1:i.

152 MONTOYE, rl.J., AND LAMt-'HIEAk. D.E.: GRIP AND AkM STKEt-lGTrl IN
MALES AND FEMALES, AGE 10 TO 69. ttE~.l,lUAkT., 4tl: 1\!l9. 1977.

153 MONTPETIT. k.k., MONTAYE. H.J •• AND LAEDING, L.:

GHI t-' STRENGTH OF SCHOOL CHILDkEN, SAGI NAw,:-1I Crt I GAN:
1899 AND 1964. HES. bJUAKT., 38:231. 1967.

266
 Reproduced \rom
besl avaHabl e copy.

15Ll MOkkIS, C.B.: TrlE 'I1EASUkEMENT OF THE STkENGTH OF

MUSCLE' kELATI VE TOA CkOSS SECTION. RES.l>lUART.,
I 9 : 29 5 ' I 9 41:) •

155 :-1UNkOE, R.A.: kELATlONSrllf-'S BETWEEN SOMATOTYPE

COMPONEI\JTS AND '1ATURI TY, STRUCTURE, STkENGTrl, l"1USCU-
LAR ENDURANCE AND MOTOk ABILITY MEASUkES OF TWELVE
YEAR OLD BOY S. UNPUBLI SHED DOCTOkAL DI SSEkTATION,
UNI VEkSITY J I' 0 kEGON, 1964.

156 MUNROE, k.A., CLAkKE, H.H., AND HEATH, B.H.: SOMATOTYt'[

METHOD FOk YOUNG BOYS. AMEk. J. PHYS. ANTHkOP.
3kl:195.

157 MURRAY, M.P., AND SEt'IC, Sot:!.: MAXIMUM ISOMETklC TOkblUE

OF HIP ABDUCTOk AND ADDUCTOk MUSCLES. PrlYS. THER.,
48: 1 327, . 19 6tl •

158 NELSON, R.C., AND FAHRNEY, R.A': kELATIONSHIP BETwEEN

STRENGTH AND SPEED 0 I' EL BO IN FL EX I ON. i-(ES. b1UART.,
36: 455, 19 65.

159 NEWMAN, L.B.: A NEW DEVICE FOR MEASUklN'G MUSCLE STkENGTH.

ARCH. PHYS. MED., 30: 23Ll, 19L19.

160 NWUGA, V.C.: GRIP STRENGTH AND GRIP ENUUkANCE IN PrlYSICAL

THEkAPY STUDENTS. AkCH. t-'HYS. II1ED. kEHAB., 56: 296, 1975.

161 OLSON, V.I..., ET AU THE MAXIMUI"1 TOkblUE GENEkATED

BY TliE ECCENTRI C, I SOMETRI C A,NDCONCENTkl C
CONTRACTIONS OF THE HIP ABDUCTOR
MUSCLES. PHYS. THEk.• , 52: 1.ll9, 1972.

162 OwINGS, C.L., CHAFFIN, D.B., SNYDER, k.G., AND NORCUTT, R.H.:
STkENGTH CHAkACTERI STI CS OF U. S. CHILD"EN FOR PRODUCT
SAFETY DESIGN. FINAL t<EPOkT, kEt-'.NO. kl119kl3F, 240 P.,
ANN ARBOk" MI CHI GAN" 1975.

163 OWINGS" C.L., SCHNEIDER, L.W., SNYDEK.. k.G., AND SPENCEk.. M.:
COMPUTER, CONTkOLLED ANTHkOt-'OMETkY: A POkTABLE SY STEM FOk
USE wI TH INFANTS 'AND CHILDkEN. PkOC. ANN. CONI'. ENG. IN
MED. AND BIOL ... 16:385.. 1974.

16Ll O~JlNGS.. C.L., SNYDER.. k.G., CHAFFIN .. 0.8." AND NORCUTT,

".H.: COMPUTER CONTROLLED ISOMETklC STkENGTH MEASUkEMENT
OF CHIlDkEt\J. PhOC. ANN. CONI'. ENG. 11-..) MED. AND 810L.,
17: 198 .. 1975.

165 PAGE, J.T ... AND kUBE .. R.P.: FURTHE" STUDIES OF THE
INSTRUMENTS AND TESTS FOR MEASURING THE STKENGTH
OF MUSCLES INVOLVED IN OkTrlOPEDIC DISABILITIES.
UNPUBLISHED MASTE!\'S THESIS .. SPRINGFIELD COLLEGE,
19 51 •

267
166 PAGi1wSKI, S., AND I-'IEKAkSKI, K.: BIOMECHANICSOF.\"1ETACAHPO-
PHALANGEAL JOINT. J. I:HOMECK., 10:205, 1917.

167 PATTEkSJN, J.K.: THE EFFECTS OF COMPETITIVE SwIM1'1ING

TkAINII\1G I)N GlkLS IN RELATION TO THE SELECTED
ANTHROPOMETRIC AND STRENGTH MEASUREMENTS. M. ED. IN
I-'HYSICAL EDUCATION, UNIVERSITY OF TEXAS, 1965.

168 PISf,SON, W.k., AND O'CONNELL, E.H.: AGE, HEIGHT, v,EIGHT, AND
GRIP STRENGTH. kES. (,IUART., 33: 439, 1962.

169 I-'HILLIPS, K.E.: EVALLJATIi)NOF THE HIP. I-'HYS. THER., 55:975,

1975.

170 PRQVINS, K.A.: EFFECT OF LIMB ,",OSITION ON THE FOkCES

EXERTED ABOUT THE ELBOW AND SHOULDEk JOINTS ON THE
TV.'!) SIDES SIMULTANEOUSLY. J. APPL. I-'HYSIOL.,
7: 38 7, 19 55.

171 PROVINS, K.A.: MAXIMUM FORCES EXEi"\TED ABOUT THE ELBOw

AND SHOULDEk JOINTS ON EACH SIDE SEI-'AkATELY AND
SIMULTANEOUSLY. J. APPL. PHYS,IOL., 7:387, 1955.

172 PRQVINS, K.A". AND SALTER, No: MAX£.''1U''1 TOk(,lUE EXERTED

ABOUT THE ELBOw JI)lNT. J. APPL. t'HYSIJL., 7:393,19,55.

173 (,JUIGLE'l', B.M., AND CHAFFIN, D.B.: A CQ·'1I-'UTEkItED mO,"1ECHANI-

CAL MO DEL APPLI ED TO ANALY SI S OF SKII NG. MED. AND SCI ENCE
IN SI-'OkTS, 3:89, 1971.

174 LiUIGLEY, B.M.: kELATl')NSHIPS AMONG ISOMETRIC ,"1USCULAk

STkENGTH, RELATIVE-LOAD ENDURANCE, AND SELECTED CAkDIOVAS-
CULAR ELECTkOMYOGkAI-'HIC VARIABLES. DOCTORAL DISSEkTATIDN,
UNIVEkSIH OF MICHIGAN, 144 P., 1973.

175 kAkIC~, L., GKOSS, K., AND MOHNS, '1.J.: COMPAkISON OF

TWO METHODS OF MEASURING STkENGTH OF SELECTED MUSCLE
GROUPS IN CHILDKEN. kES. WUAHT., 26: 74, 1955.

176 RARICK, L., AND THOMPSON, J.A.: kOENTGENOGkAI-'HIC

'1EASUkES OF LEG MUSCLE SIi:E AND ANKLE EXTENSOt\
STRENGTH OF SEVEN-YEAk-OLD CHILDkEN. RES. WUAkT.,
27: 321, 1956.

177 HAf"nCK, G.L., AND OYSTER, No: f-'HY"SICAL MATUf~ITY,

MUSCULAR STRENGTH AND MOTOk ~EkFOkMANCE OF YOUNG
SCHOOL-AGE I:lOYS. kES. WUART., 35: 523, 1964.

268

~.

t
 178 RASCH .. f'.J.: RELATIDNSrlII-' OF ARM STRENGTH .. \o.;EIGHT
AND LENGTH TO SI-'EED OF MOVEMENT. RES. ~UAHT.~
25: 328 .. 1954.

179 hASCH .. I-'.J.: EFFECT OF J-'OSITION OF FOREAkM 'ON

STRENGTH OF ELBa,,",' FLEXION. RES. QUAl-(T ... 27: 333 .. 1956.

180 kEDD~ J.G.: A STUDY OF STATIC D'r'NOMOi"lETEH STRENGTH

IN BOYS TEN TO TwELVE YEAkS OF AGE. UNI-'UBLI SHED
DOCTORAL DISSEkTATlOI\J~ UNIVERSITY OF MICHIGAN .. 1958.

IB 1 RI CE .. R. S... AND KOLAND.. R. D.: A,\J EVALUATION OF THE SAFETY

PERFOR""lANCE OF TRICYCLES AND MINIBIKES. CONTKACT NO.
FDA - 729 1.. 98 P • .. 19 72.

182 RICH .. G.Q.: IVJUSCULAf< FATIGUE CUKVES OF BOYS AND

GIRLS. kES. QUART.~ 31: 485 .. 1960.

183 RIKLI .. k.: EFFECTS OF EXI-'EKIME,\JTEI< EXI-'ECTAI\)CY SET AND

EXJ-lERI MENTER SEX UPON GRI P STkENGTHAND HAND STEADI-
NESS SCOkES. kES. (WART ... 45:416.. 1974.

lSi! kOBERTS~ D.F ... J-'ROVINS.. K.A ... AND MORTON .. k.J.: ARM
STRENGTH AND BODY DIMENSIONS. HUIIllAN SIOL ...
31: 334.. 19 59 •

185 ROHMERT, \0.'.: THE AHM STHENGTH OF :vIAN STANDING IN

VARIOUS BODY POSI nONS. INTERNAT. lEI T. FUr< ANGEW.
PHSIOL., 18: 175,1960. (GERMAN)

u) 6 HOHMEkT, w.: ,VJAXI,IIlAL STkENGTH OF ,"lEN I N THE MOVE,VJENT

OF THE AkMS AND LEGS. RESEAkCH kEI-'. NO. 1616.. LANDES
VEkLAG~ 1966. (GERMAN)

un ROLLO, E.T.: FACTOR ANALYSIS OF CABLE-TENSIO;\! STRENGTH

TESTS FOR UI-'I-'Ek ELENlENTAkY~ JUNIOr< HIGH .. AND SENIOr<
HIGH SCHOOL GIRLS. I-'H.D. I!\) I-'HYSICAL EDUCATION .. 1081-' ...
UNI VEkSI TY 0 F Or<EGO N.. 1965.

188 SAL TEf< .. N., AND DAkCUS, H. D.: THE EFFECT OF THE DEGREE
lF ELB')w FLEXION ON THE l'1AXI'MUM TOK(,JUES DEVELOPED
IN PRDNATION AND SUPINATION OF THE kIGHT HAND. J. ANAT.
LONDON .. VOL. 86. 1952.

189 SCHAEFFER.. J.P.: MQkRIS' HU,'vJAN ANATOMY. THE BLAKISTON co ...

PHILADEU'HIA .. I-'A ... 1942.

1916 SCHANNE .. F.J.: A THkEE-DIMENSIONAL HAI\lD FOkCE CAPAI:HLITY

,"lODEL FOJ-( A SEATED l-'Er<SON. UNPUBLlSHED l-'H. D.
DISSEkTATION, UNIVEkSITY OF MICHIGAN .. 1972.

269

~ ,

_.... -
.\
191 SCHMIDT, k.T., AND TOEwS, J.V.: GRIP STRENGTH AS
,"!EASUi<ED BY THE JAMAr< DYNO,"!'J,"!ETEr<. ARCH. t'HY::I. MED.,
VOL. 51, NO.6, 1970.

192 SCHOJ-iF, T. G.: CONSTkUCTIOIN OF A l'1USCULAR STkENGTH TEST

FOr< 80Y S I i'J GRADE FOUR, FI VE, AND SIX.. UNPUBLI SHED
DOCTOkAL DISSERTATION, UNIVEkSITY OF OREGON, 1961.

193 SILLS, F.D.,AND EVEkETT, P.w.: RELATIONSHH' OF

EX TkD1E SOMATCJTY PES TO PEkFOl-<MANCE IN MOTOk AND STKENGTH
TEST,S. l-<ES. QUAkT., 204:223, 1953.

1904 SINGEk, K.N.: J-iHYSICAL CHAKACTEkISTICS.. PERJ-iETUAL-MOTOk,

AND I,NTELUGENCE DIFFEHENCES BETwEEN THlkD AND SIX.TH
GRADE CHILDREN. kES. biUAkT ... 40:tl~3.. 1969.

195 SINGH, "1.: DYNAI"!OMETEk FOr, ISOTONIC AND ISOMETz-.;IC ,STkENGTH

,"1EASUkEMENT. AkCH. J-iriY S. MED. REHAB ... 53: 049 1.. 1972.

196 SINGH .. "1 ... AND BUCK .. T.M.: LEG-LI FT STl-<ENGTH TEST loll TH
ELECTI<OGONIOMETkiC ANALYSIS 'JF KNEE ANGLE. AkCri. J-iHYS. l"1ED.
REHAB... 56: 261.. 1975.
(
197 SINGH .. "1 ... AND KARJ-iQVITCH .. P.V.: STRENGTH OF
FOREARM FLEXORS AND EXTENSORS IN MEN AND wOME\J.
J. APJ-iL. J-iHYSIOL ... 25:177 .. 1968.

198 SMITH .. J.A.: RELATION OF CEkTAI.N t-HYSICAL TRAITS

AND ABILITIES TO MOTOk LEARNING IN ELEMENTAKY SCHOOL
CHILDkEN. RES. biUART ... 27:22k:l.. 1956.

199 SMITH .. L.E ... AND k:JYCE .. J.': MUSCULAk ,STKENGTH IN

RELATION TO BODY Ci)\"1J-iOSI TION. ANI'J. N.'(. ACAD. SCI ...
110:809 .. 1963.

200 SMITH .. L.E.: SPECIFICITY OF INDIVIDUAL DIFFERENCES

OF RELATIONSHIP BETwEEN FOREARM STkENGTHS AND SPEED
OF FOkEAkM FLEXIO,N. kES.61UAkT., 040: 191 .. 1969.

201 SNYDER .. R.G., CHAFFIN, D.B ... AND SCHUTl .. R.K.: LINK SYSTE:"1
OF THE HU,\1AN TORSO. FINAL REI-',)RT .. kEI-'. NO. AMkL-Tk-71-
Bfj .. 273 J-i ... ANN Al<BOk .. MI CHI GMIi .. 1972.

2~2 SNYDEk, R.G ... SI-'ENCE)·<, M.L ... IHHNGS.. C.L ... A,\JD SCHNEIDER..
L. w.: PHY SI CAL CHARACTEkl STI CS OF eril L m<E.NAS KELATED TO
DEATH AND INJURY FOr< CO':'JSUI'1Ek I-'r<ODUCT DESI GN AND USE.
FINAL REPQkT .. kEJ-i. NO. UM-HSkI-BI-75-5 .. 20411-'.,
ANN AkElQk .. MICHIGA,\) .. 1975.

270
 2"13 SNYDER .. R.G ... CHAFFIN .. D.B ... ~CrlNEIDER.. L.w ... FOUST .. O.k ...
B')wMAN .. B.I"1 ... ABDELNQUk .. ·T.A ... AND BAUi"1 .. J.K.: BASIC
BIO:-lECHANI CAL PkOr-EkTI ES OF THE HUI'>1AN NECK kELATED TO
LATEkAL HYPEkFLEXION. FINAL kEI"ORT .. kEP. NO.
U,"1-HSkI-HI-75-~.. 3"17 t-' ... AN'\! AkBOk .. l"1ICHIGAN, 1975.

2104 SNYDER, R.G., CHAFFIN, D.B., ANDSCrlUTt, k.I<.:LINK SYSTD-l

OF THE HUMA~ TOkSO, AMRL TECHNICALkEf'JRT ..
AMf<L-Tk-71-88, 1972.

205 SNYDER, k.G ... SCrll\JEIDEk~ L.w., OloJPIlGS, C.L., REYNOLDS, H~M ...
GOLOMB, H.D ... A:'JD SCrlQkK, :"1.A.: A,\JTHROt-'OMETkY OF II\JFANTS..
CHILDkEN, AND YOUTHS TO AGE 18 FOR PRODUCT SAFETY
DESIGN. FINAL kEI"'JRT, REP. NO. U,'1-HSkI-77-17, 628 t-'.,
ANN ARBOR, 1'>11 CHI GAN, 1977.

206 STACK, rl.G.: '>1USCLE FW,JCTION IN THE FINGERS. J. BONE JOINT.

SUR G., 4 4 -B: 8 9 9 , 19 62.

207 STUART, H.C.: STANDARDS OF PHYSICAL DEVELOPMENT FOR

REFERENCE IN CLINICAL At-'I"RAISEMENT. J. PEDIATk., 5: 194..
1934.
2kJ8 TANNER, J.M.: GROwTH AT ADOLESCENCE. BLACKv,ELL SCIENTIFIC r'UBL!-
CATIONS, 1962.

209 THISTLE, H.G., HISLOP, H.J ... MOFFkOID, i"l ... £T AL:
I SDKI NETI C CONTkACTIOt-J: NE\o.' CONCEPT OF RESI STI VE EX Eto;CI SEe
A to; CH. PH Y S. MED. I-( EH A BI L ., 48: 279 .. 19 6 7 •

210 TINKLE, w.F ... AND MJNTOYE, H~J.: RELATIOI'J;>HIP BETWEEN GkIP
STRENGTH AND ACHI EVEMENT IN PHY SI CAL EDUCATION AMut-JG 'COLLEGE
MEN. RES. GUAkT., 32:238 .. 1961.

211 THO.'1AS .. D.H ... LONG .. C ... AND LANDS,VJEER.. J.':vJ.F.: BIOMECHMHCAL
CJNSIDEkATIONS OF LU,"1BRI CALI S BEHAVIOR IN THE HU'-'lAN FINGER.
J. B I I) ME CH • .. 1: 1 0 7 .. 19 68 •

212 THOMPSON .. · C.w.: MANUAL OF STkUCTURAL KII\1ESIOLOG .....

MOSBY .. 1973.

213 THOMPSON .. C.W., AND KkAN;e .. L.G.: ''1ANUAL OF STi":'UCTUkAL

KINESIOLOGY. 1\10SBY, 1969.

214 TOf"lARAS .. W.A.: kELATI')NSi-{lp OF AI"JTHkOPOMETkIC

AND STkENGTH MEASURES OF JUNIOk HIGH SCHOOL BOYS
TO VARIOUS AhM STkENGTH Ckl.TEkIA. UNPUBLI SHED DOCTOkAL
DISSEkTATION .. UNIVERSITY OF OkEGON .. 1959.

215 TOMBERLIN .. J.: ISOMETkIC FOkCE OF HIP f~OTATOt~ MUSCLE

GkOUPS. UNPUBLISHED MASTEk'S THESIS, PALO ALTO,
CALIF., STANFI)kD UI\1IVEkSITY, 1960.

216 TONER, S.B., AND BROW;\!, W.C.: DEVELOPMENT OF INSTI-(U:>1ENTATION

FOk MEASUREMENT OF THE I"USH AND PULL STRENGTHS
OF I-'RE- SCHOOL CHI L DkEi'll. PkELHlI NAkY REPDkT TO TH E
BUREAU OF PRODUCT SAFETY, FOOD AND DkUG ADMINISTkATION ..
MAY, 1971.

t. 271
_ .....
'-' _-
217 TROUP, J.D., ANDCHAPMAN~ A.E.: THE STHENGTH OF THE
FLEl\.Ok AND EXTENSOR MUSCLES OF THE TRUNK. J. BIOMECH.~
2: 49~ 1969.

218 TUTTLE~ w.w.~ JANNEY~ C.D.~ AND THOMlJSON~ C.w.: kELATION

. OF MAXIMUM GI<II-' STRENGTH TO GRIJ-' STI-olENGTH
ENDURANCE. J. APt-'L. PHY SI OLe ~ 2: 663~ 1950.

219 TUTTLE~ \o;.v.,.,

JANNEY~ C.D., AND SALt:ANO~ J.V.: hELATION
OF MAXIMUM BACK AND LEG STkENGTH ENDURANCE.
RES. QUART., 26:96~ 1955.

220 USAMRL: THE EFFECT OF THE SPATI AL POSI nON OF A. CONTROL

ON THE STRENGTH OF SIX LINEAR HAND MOVEMENTS. kEJ-'QRT
NO • 41 1, 19 59 •

221 USAI''1RL: THE EFFECT OF FOOT-kEST 1-'051 TION ON THE STRENGTH OF

HORItONTAL PULL BY THE HAND. kEf-'OkT NO. 423~ 1960.

222 VAN ECK, P.J., CHAFFIN~D.B., FOUST~ D.R.~ BAU,"'l, J.K.,

AND SNY.DEk, k.G.: A BIBLIOGRAPHY OF WHIPLASH AND
CEkVI CAL KI NEMATI C MEASUREMENT. 164· P. ~ UNI VEkSI TY OF
MICHIGAN~ ANN ArmOk~ MICHIGAN~ 1973.

223 WAKIM, K.G., ET AL: OBJECT1VE kECOkDING OF MUSCLE STKENGTH.

ARCH. PHYS. MED.~ 31:90~1951:J.

224 WANG~ I-'.Y.: GROWTH i)F GkIl-' STkENGTH OF cHEJIANG CHILDkEN.

ACTA. P SY CHOLO G. 51 NI CA, 24: 239 ~ 1963.

225 WASSERMAN~ D.E., GERMANN~ T., GOULDING~ D.V., AND PIl::Z:O~ F.:
AN INSTkUMENT FOR TESTING ISOMETRIC STRENGTH AND
ENDURANCE. NIO SH (ABSTRACT), CI NCI NNATI ~ OHI O~
MAY ~ 1974.

226 WEISS~ M.W., AND FLATT, A.E.: A t'ILOT STUDY OF 198

NORMAL CHILDREN - PINCH STRENGTH AND HAND SItE IN
THE GROWING HAND. AMEk. J. OCCUI-'. THER., 25: 10~ 1971.

227 WESSEL, J.A., AND NELSQN~ R.C.: kELATIONSHIP BETWE.EN GRIP

STRENGTH AND ACHIEVEMENT IN PHYSICAL EDUCATION AMONG
OJLLEGE WOMEN. RES.' QUART.~ 32:244~ 1961.

228 WHITE~ D.E., AND LEE~ G.C.: A STUDY OF THE RELATIONSHIP

OF VARIOUS STRENGTH AND ANTHkQlJOMETkI C l'1EASUkES
AS RELATED TO SELECTED TRUNK AND LEG STkENGTHS
CRI TEki A. UNPUBL I SH ED MASTER'S TH E5I S,
UNI VERSI TY OF OkEGON, .1955.

272
 229 1i.'H I TL EY. J. D.. A'\j 0 ~,"1I TM. L. 1::.: VEL a C I TV C Uk VE S
AND STATlC-ACTlCJ'l 5Tf'.ENt:'Trl COI~kI::LATIO"\jS IN kELATlON
TO THE MASS MOVED BY THE AkM. RES. UUART •• 34: 379, 1963.

230 WHITLEY, J.D., AND SMITH. L.E.: MEASUkP1ENT ()F

STRENGTH ~F ADDUCTION 0F THE AkM I~ VAkiOUS
POSITIONS. M~CH. I-'HYS. MED •• ,lj5:326. 196,lj.

231 \dLL:.IA,"1S. 1'1 •• At\lO STUTtMAN, L.: STkENGTH VA~IATION

THi~DUGH THE kANC.;E ;JF J)lNT '''1 I JTION. t'HYS. TrlEk.
k F: V. , 3'): l 45, 1'} 59 •

232 WILLlAi'1S. M.J •• E.T AU MUSCU~: ~'iJkCE CUi~VE5 OF SCHOOL

CHILDkEN. J. AMEk. l-'HYS. THER. ASSOC •• .£15:539, 1965.

233 \oiOkDEN~C.: BASES 'JF NQKMS Fur< CAE:lLE-TENSI'JN STRENGTH

TESTS' FIJI- UIJI-'Ek ELEMENTAl.;)', JUNIOk HI GH, AND
SENIOk KI GH SCH')QL GIRLS. 1"1. ED. IN l-'HY 51 CAL
EDUCATION. UNI VE"SI TY IJF)i,EGON, 1965.

i\KlTE: FOR USE IN THIS BIBLlOGkAl-Wr', JOURNAL OF THE AMERICAN

ASSOCIATl0N F')i-\ HEALTH, r'HYSICAL EDUCATION,
AND kECkEATI'lN IS I-IEFEkkED TO AS RESEARCH l:.IUAkTEkLY
(kES. (,JUA"T.).

273
T,
~'