Documenti di Didattica
Documenti di Professioni
Documenti di Cultura
Second Edition
Developed, produced, and printed under the authority of the
Florida Department of Education
Produced by the
Institute for Instructional Research and Practice
College of Education
University of South Florida
Copyright 2006
State of Florida
Department of State
Contents
5 Test-Taking Advice 39
6 Additional Information 41
1 Test and Test Preparation Guide Development
Teacher Certification Testing
Since 1980, Florida teacher certification candidates have been
required to pass the Florida Teacher Certification Examination
(FTCE), which has consisted of tests in reading, writing,
mathematics, and professional knowledge. The 1986 Florida
Legislature modified the testing program by also requiring teacher
candidates to pass a test in the subject area in which they wish to be
certified. In addition, the Legislature substituted the Florida College-
Level Academic Skills Test (CLAST) for the reading, writing, and
mathematics portions of the FTCE. The 2000 Florida Legislature
replaced the CLAST with the General Knowledge Test, effective July
1, 2002.
The subject area knowledge tested on the Chemistry 6-12
examination was identified and validated by committees of content
specialists from within the state of Florida. A majority of the committee
members were public school teachers, but the committees also
included district supervisors and college faculty with expertise in this
field. Committee members were selected on the basis of
recommendations by professional associations, experts in the field,
and teachers’ unions. In developing the test, the committees used an
extensive literature review, interviews with selected public school
teachers, a large-scale survey of teachers, pilot tests, and their own
professional judgment.
1
College or university faculty may also use the guide to prepare students
for certification, and inservice trainers may find the guide useful for
helping previously certified teachers prepare for recertification or
multiple certification.
This test preparation guide is not intended as an all-inclusive source of
subject area knowledge, nor is it a substitute for college course work in
the subject area. The sample items are not an exact representation of
the content of the actual test. Instead, the guide is intended to help
candidates prepare for the subject area test by presenting an overview
of the content and format of the examination.
2
2 Preparation for the Test
The following outline may help you to prepare for the examination.
Adapt these suggestions to suit your own study habits and the time
you have available for review.
Overview
• Look over the organization of the test preparation guide.
Section 1 discusses the development of the test and test
preparation guide.
Section 2 (this section) outlines test preparation steps.
Section 3 presents information about the content of the test.
Section 4 lists question formats and includes sample test items.
Section 5 offers strategies for taking the test.
Section 6 identifies sources of further information.
Self-Assessment
• Decide which content areas you should review.
Section 3 includes the competencies and skills used to develop
this subject area test and the approximate proportion of test items
from each competency area.
Review
• Study according to your needs.
Review all of the competencies, concentrating on areas with
which you are least familiar.
Practice
• Acquaint yourself with the format of the examination.
Section 4 describes types of questions you may find on the
examination.
• Answer sample test questions.
Section 4 gives you an opportunity to test yourself with sample
test questions and provides an answer key.
Final preparation
• Review test-taking advice.
Section 5 includes suggestions for improving your performance
on the examination.
3
4
3 Competencies and Skills
The table on the following pages lists the competencies and skills
used as the basis for the Chemistry 6-12 examination. These
competencies and skills represent the knowledge that teams of
teachers, subject area specialists, and district-level educators have
determined to be important for beginning teachers. This table could
serve as a checklist for assessing your familiarity with each of the
areas covered by the test. The competencies and skills should help
you to organize your review.
The following excerpt illustrates the components of the table:
Competency/Skill %
Skill
5
Table of Competencies, Skills, and Percentages
Competency/Skill %
6
Competency/Skill %
7
Table of Competencies, Skills, and Percentages
Competency/Skill %
4 Knowledge of chemical reactions and stoichiometry 24
8
Competency/Skill %
2 Using the periodic table, relate the physical properties of atoms and ions
to the elements' positions on the table.
3 Using the periodic table, relate the chemical reactivity of elements to
their positions on the table.
4 Using the periodic table, determine electron configurations for main
group and transition elements.
5 Relate chemical activity to electron configuration.
6 Identify characteristics of the wave and particle nature of matter.
7 Identify characteristics of unstable nuclei and the particles and energies
emitted.
8 Given measurable quantities, calculate parameters of radioactive decay.
9 Balance simple nuclear equations.
10 Analyze the processes of nuclear fission and fusion, including
interconversion of mass and energy.
11 Identify electron density distribution diagrams and characteristics for
s, p, and d orbitals (e.g., nodes).
9
Table of Competencies, Skills, and Percentages
Competency/Skill %
7 Knowledge of Measurement 5
10
4 Test Format and Sample Questions
11
Sample Items
The following items represent both the form and content of questions
you will encounter on the exam. These sample items cannot cover all
of the competencies and skills that are tested, and they can only
approximate the degree of difficulty of actual exam questions. However,
these items will acquaint you with the general format of the exam.
An answer key follows on page 38.
12
Periodic Table of the Elements
Group Group Group Group Group Group Group Group Group Group Group Group Group Group Group Group Group Group
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18
1 2
H He
1.01 4.00
3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10
Li Be B C N O F Ne
6.94 9.01 10.81 12.01 14.01 16.00 19.00 20.18
11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18
Na Mg Al Si P S Cl Ar
22.99 24.31 26.98 28.09 30.97 32.06 35.45 39.95
19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 36
K Ca Sc Ti V Cr Mn Fe Co Ni Cu Zn Ga Ge As Se Br Kr
39.10 40.08 44.96 47.90 50.94 52.00 54.94 55.85 58.93 58.7 63.54 65.37 69.72 72.59 74.92 78.96 79.91 83.80
37 38 39 40 41 42 43 44 45 46 47 48 49 59 51 52 53 54
Rb Sr Y Zr Nb Mo Tc Ru Rh Pd Ag Cd In Sn Sb Te I Xe
85.47 87.62 88.91 91.22 92.91 95.94 (99) 101.1 102.9 106.4 107.9 112.4 114.8 118.7 121.8 127.6 126.9 131.3
1
55 56 57 72 73 74 75 76 77 78 79 80 81 82 83 84 85 86
Cs Ba La Hf Ta W Re Os Ir Pt Au Hg Ti Pb Bi Po At Rn
132.9 137.3 138.9 178.5 181.0 183.9 186.2 190.2 192.2 195.1 197.0 200.6 204.4 207.2 209.0 (210) (218) (222)
87 88 89 104 105 106 107
Fr Ra Ac Rf Ha
(223) (226) (227) (261) (262) (263) (261)
1
Lanthanide Series 58 59 60 61 62 63 64 65 66 67 68 69 70 71
Ce Pr Nd Pm Sm Eu Gd Tb Dy Ho Er Tm Yb Lu
140.1 140.9 144.2 (147) 150.4 152.0 157.3 158.9 162.5 164.9 167.3 168.9 173.0 175.0
2
Actinide Series 90 91 92 93 94 95 96 97 98 99 100 101 102 103
Th Pa U Np Pu Am Cm Bk Cf Es Fm Md No Lr
(232) (231) (238) (239) (239) (243) (245) (247) (249) (254) (253) (255) (255) (257)
omic mass values given are averaged over isotopes in percentages that occur in nature.
r an unstable element, mass number of the most stable known isotope is given in parentheses.
CONSTANTS
−1 −1 −1 −1
Gas constant, R = 0.0821 L iatmimol K = 8.314 J imol iK Planck’s constant, h = 6.63 x 10 −34 Jis
23
= 8.31 volticoulombimol−1iK−1 = 62.4 Litorrimol−1iK−1 Avogadro’s number = 6.022 x 10 moleculeimol−1
= 8.31 x LikPaimol−1iK−1 Electron charge, e = −1.602 x 10 −19 coulomb
Speed of light, c = 3.00 x 10 8 mis−1 1 faraday = 9.65 x 10 4 coulombimol−1
1 atm = 760 mmHg = 760 torr = 101 kPa 1 calorie (cal) = 4.184 J (exact)
1 Cal = 1 kcal
13
Molal Freezing -Point and Boiling -Point Constants
14
Standard Reduction Pote ntials Standard
in Aqueous Solutions Potential,
E ° (V)
F2(g) + 2 e– 2 F–(aq) 2.87
S2O82–(aq) + 2 e– 2 SO42–(aq) 2.01
H2O2(aq) + 2 H+(aq) + 2 e– 2 H2 O( ) 1.78
MnO4 –
+8H
(aq) + 5
(aq)
+
e –
Mn2+(aq) + 4 H2O( ) 1.49
–
Cl2(g) + 2 e 2 Cl–(aq) 1.36
Cr2O72–(aq) + 14 H+(aq) + 6e –
2 Cr 3+
(aq) + 7 H2 O( ) 1.33
O2(g) + 4 H+(aq) + 4 e– 2 H2 O( ) 1.23
Br2( ) + 2 e– 2 Br–(aq) 1.07
15
DIRECTIONS: Read each item and select the best response.
1.
Pure Substance Homogeneous Mixture Heterogeneous Mixture
1 Brass Methanol Wood
2 Methanol Wood Brass
3 Wood Brass Methanol
4 Methanol Brass Wood
Select the row that has each substance in the correct category.
A. 1
B. 2
C. 3
D. 4
2. What is the molality of a solution of ethylene glycol C2H4(OH)2 prepared by mixing 10.0 g of
ethylene glycol in 62.5 g of water?
A. 0.00258 m
B. 2.22 m
C. 2.58 m
D. 6.25 m
D. Increasing the surface area of the solvent by using a larger beaker will increase the rate of
dissolution.
16
4.
Element bp (K)
He 4
Ne 25
Ar 95
Kr 125
Xe 170
Which forces best explain the trend shown in the table above?
A. ion-induced dipole interactions
B. nuclear binding energy
C. dipole-dipole interaction
D. London dispersion forces
5.
Mass vs. volume of substance A
12
11
10
Mass in grams
9
8
7
6
5
4
3
2
1
B. 0.25 g/cm3
C. 4.0 g/cm3
D. 0.25 cm3/g
17
6. In a microwave oven, electrical energy is converted to
A. nuclear radiation.
B. oxidation-reduction energy.
C. electromagnetic radiation.
D. chemical energy.
8.
Phase Diagram of a Pure Substance
A E
Pressure
D
C
Temperature
According to the given figure, the substance can undergo a phase change on the line
segment DE from
A. solid to liquid.
B. solid to vapor.
C. liquid to solid.
D. liquid to vapor.
18
9. Which change results in an increase in the entropy of the system?
A. H2O(g) to H2O(l)
B. H2O(s) to H2O(l)
D. Hg(l) → Hg(s)
10. Calculate the standard free energy change, ΔGrxn , for the following reaction and predict
0
2 NO ( g ) + O2( g ) → 2 NO 2( g )
A. ΔGrxn
0
= -70.54 kJ/mol , spontaneous
B. ΔGrxn
0
= -70.54 kJ/mol , nonspontaneous
C. ΔGrxn
0
= 70.54 kJ/mol , spontaneous
D. ΔGrxn
0
= 70.54 kJ/mol , nonspontaneous
12. Which process is most likely to occur when a molecule is exposed to infrared radiation?
A. Bonds will rupture.
B. Electrons will move to higher energy orbitals.
C. Nuclear spin states will vary.
D. Molecular vibrations will change.
19
13. A small race car is powered by solar cells on its roof. This is an example of which series of
transformations?
A. electromagnetic to electrical to mechanical
B. nuclear to thermal to mechanical
C. thermal to electromagnetic to mechanical
D. nuclear to chemical to mechanical
14. All of the following spectroscopic techniques measure the amount of radiation absorbed or
emitted by a sample EXCEPT
A. mass spectroscopy.
B. infrared spectroscopy.
C. UV-visible spectroscopy.
D. NMR.
16. Select the option that shows the bonded pairs in order of increasing polarity.
A. HI, HBr, HCl, HF
B. HF, HCl, HBr, HI
C. HCl, HBr, HI, HF
D. HF, HI, HBr, HCl
B. C3H6O
C. Na2CO3
D. C3H8
20
18. In which molecule does a carbon atom exhibit sp2 hybridization?.
A. H
|
H – C – OH
|
H
B. H H
| |
H – C – C – Br
| |
H H
C. H H
\ /
C=C
/ \
H H
D. H–C≡C–H
H O
| //
H–C≡C–C–C
| \
H O–H
A. 1
B. 2
C. 3
D. 4
21
20. Which of the following Lewis dot structures is correctly represented?
A.
H +
:
H:N :H
:
B.
_
H
:
H: O:
:
C.
: :
:N: :N:
: :
D.
: :
:Cl :
: :
: :
:Cl : P :Cl :
A. linear
B. trigonal planar
C. square planar
D. tetrehedral
B. SF4
C. PCl5
D. BF3
22
23. At room temperature, CsF is expected to be a
A. brittle solid.
B. conducting solid.
C. conducting liquid.
D. soft solid.
A. acetic acid
B. ethanoic acid
C. propanoic acid
D. butyric acid
26. When the equation below is balanced, what is the coefficient for the oxygen?
KClO3(s) → KCl(s) + O2(g)
A. 1
B. 2
C. 3
D. 4
23
27. Calcium oxide (CaO) is a basic anhydride. Predict the product of the reaction of calcium oxide
and water.
CaO + H2O →
A. Ca(OH)2
B. H2CaO3
C. Ca + H2O2
D. CaH2 + O2
28. When 0.950 g of carbon monoxide react with an unlimited amount of iron(III) oxide, how many
grams of iron metal are produced?
3 CO + Fe2O3 → 2 Fe + 3 CO2
A. 0.630 g
B. 1.26 g
C. 1.89 g
D. 2.84 g
29. How many milliliters of 0.100 M NaOH solution are needed to react completely with 200.0 mL
of 0.200 M H2SO4?
A. 100.0 mL
B. 200.0 mL
C. 400.0 mL
D. 800.0 mL
30. In the process shown below, 0.400 mol of copper is allowed to react with 0.200 mol of nitric
acid. What mass of nitrogen dioxide will be produced?
Cu + 4 HNO3 → Cu(NO3)2 + 2 NO2 + 2 H2O
A. 2.30 g
B. 4.60 g
C. 9.20 g
D. 18.4 g
24
31. Consider the given reaction.
2 NO(g) + 2 H2(g) → N2(g) + 2 H2O(g)
The rate law for this reaction is R = k[NO]2[H2]. If both [NO] and [H2] are doubled, by what
factor does the rate of this reaction increase?
A. 2
B. 4
C. 6
D. 8
32. If the chemical reaction C(s) + CO2(g) ↔ 2 CO(g), ΔH0 = 120 kJ, is initially at chemical
equilibrium, it will shift in the direction of formation of products by
A. decreasing the volume of the system.
B. adding a catalyst to the system.
C. adding 1 mol of CO to the system.
D. applying heat to the system.
33. Consider the hypothetical reaction 2x +3y → 2z for which the kinetic data were obtained.
Determine the rate law of the hypothetical reaction using the data given above.
A. rate = k[x]2
B. rate = k[y]2
C. rate = k[x]2 [y]2
D. rate = k[x]2 [y]3
25
34. Select the equilibrium expression for the given reaction.
2 NO2(g) + 7 H2(g) → 2 NH3(g) + 4 H2O(g)
A.
[NH3 ] [H2O ]
2 4
K=
[NO2 ] [H2 ]
2 7
B.
[NO2 ] [H2 ]
2 7
K=
[NH3 ] [H2O ]
2 4
C.
2 [NH3 ] 4 [H 2O ]
K=
2 [NO 2 ] 7 [H2 ]
D.
[NO2 ] [H2 ]
2 7
K=
2 [NH3 ]+ 4 [H 2O ]
26
36.
Acid Ka
1. Acetic acid 1.8 x 10-5
2. Carbonic acid 4.3 x 10-7
3. Hydrocyanic acid 4.9 x 10-10
4. Hydrofluoric acid 6.8 x 10-4
37. Which substance could be added to an acetic acid solution to form a buffer?
A. CH3OH
B. NaC2H3O2
C. NaCl
D. HC2H3O2
27
38.
A. iron
B. magnesium
C. iron nitrate
D. magnesium nitrate
40. What would be the effect of placing a piece of solid zinc metal in a beaker containing a
solution of silver nitrate?
A. Silver metal will precipitate from the solution.
B. Zinc metal will be formed in the solution.
C. Silver ions (Ag+) will be produced.
D. No reaction will occur.
28
41. Which of the following is a combustion reaction?
A. CH4(g) + 2 O2(g) → CO2(g) + 2 H2O(l)
43. Based on their positions in the periodic table, select the set of elements exhibiting an
increase in atomic radius.
A. P, Al, Mg, Na
B. K, Ca, Ga, As
C. Cs, Rb, K, Na
D. Rn, I, Se, P
52
45. Which electron configuration is correct for the ion 24 Cr 3+ ?
A. 1s22s22p63s23p64s23d4
B. 1s22s22p63s23p64s23d1
C. 1s22s22p63s23p63d3
D. 1s22s22p63s23p64s13d5
29
46. Which valence shell electron configuration of neutral atoms would represent an element most
likely to form a 2- ion?
A. 3s2
B. 3s23p2
C. 3s23p4
D. 3s23p8
24
48. The half-life of Na is 14.9 hours. If the initial mass of a sample is 24.0 g, how many grams
11
A. 3.0 g
B. 4.0 g
C. 6.0 g
D. 12.0 g
49. Which net nuclear reaction is the primary source of solar energy?
A. radioactive decay of heavy hydrogen (deuterium)
B. fission of helium nuclei to form hydrogen
C. fusion of hydrogen nuclei to form helium
D. proton emission of hydrogen gas
30
50. Which graphic represents a d orbital shape?
A.
B.
+
C.
+
D.
51. A scientist is investigating the validity of a low carbohydrate diet. She measures the grams of
carbohydrates eaten per day by the subjects, the weight of the subjects, a physician's opinion
of the health of the subjects, and the willingness of each subject to remain on the diet.
Which of the following is a scientific observation from the above information?
A. The low carbohydrate diet works.
B. The number of grams of carbohydrates is inversely proportional to the change in weight of the
subject.
C. The grams of carbohydrates eaten each day varies with each subject.
D. Subjects feel better on the diet.
31
52. All of the following are necessary characteristics of scientific research EXCEPT
A. validation by repetition.
B. current economic value.
C. publication or presentation.
D. documentation through written records.
53. A student believes that the tap water in his home acquires lead from the house plumbing. He
uses a spectrophotometer to compare the lead content of the tap water to that of bottled water
from the grocery store. The student's data show that water from his home contains a higher
concentration of lead than the bottled water. He concludes that his household water supply is
indeed being contaminated by the plumbing.
A major flaw in the student's experiment is
A. failing to test several different brands of bottled water.
B. testing the bottled water and tap water samples at different times.
C. failing to test the water for lead content before it enters his home.
D. choosing an analytical technique that is not sensitive enough.
54. A student must determine the density of carbon dioxide at room temperature. After obtaining
a large flask of known volume, the student fits it with a rubber stopper and finds the mass of
the flask with the stopper in place. The student then fills the flask with carbon dioxide gas,
refits the stopper, and reweighs it.
What assumption has the student made that will introduce a serious flaw into the results?
A. The volume of the flask remains constant.
B. The mass of air is negligible.
C. Carbon dioxide does not react with rubber.
D. Room temperature has remained constant.
55. Which theory accounts for the equal bond lengths (C-C, 1.44 angstroms) in benzene?
A. atomic orbital theory
B. resonance theory
C. localized orbital theory
D. paramagnetic behavior theory
32
56. The following data were collected during a strong acid-strong base titration. Both a pH meter
and an indicator were used. The following data were recorded.
Which data are most suitable for determining the equivalence point?
A. volume of titrant and pH
B. volume of titrant and color
C. pH and color
D. pH only
33
57. Read the following excerpt and answer the question below.
During the early and middle parts of the nineteenth century, chemists prepared a
large number of colored compounds containing transition metals and other
substances such as ammonia, chloride ion, cyanide ion, and water. . . .
However, in 1890, a young Swiss chemist named Alfred Werner . . . became . . .
interested in these compounds . . . [and] constructed a scientific paper containing
his now famous coordination theory. . . .
In his paper on the coordination theory, Werner explained not only the metal-
ammine[*] compounds but also most of the other known transition metal
compounds.
*Ammine is the name for NH3 as a ligand.
From Chemistry 6th ed., by S. Zumdahl and S. Zumdahl, 2000, Boston: Houghton Mifflin.
This theory is the basis for much of contemporary inorganic chemistry that has yielded, for
example, new anticancer drugs and plastics.
Which of the following best describes Werner's original work?
A. Basic scientific research, with an impact on technology today.
B. Basic scientific research, with no impact on technology today.
C. Applied scientific research, with an impact on technology today.
D. Applied scientific research, with no impact on technology today.
58. The discovery of radioactivity played an important role in the development of which atomic
model?
A. Bohr (planetary) model
B. Rutherford (nuclear) model
C. Schrödinger (quantum mechanical) model
D. Thomson (plum pudding) model
34
60. Calculate the density of a block of cast iron whose volume is 2.61 cm3 and whose mass is
20.25 g.
A. 8.0 g/cm3
B. 7.8 g/cm3
C. 7.76 g/cm3
D. 7.759 g/cm3
35
61. Which standard heating curve of water has temperature in the Kelvin scale?
A. Temperature
212
32
Time
B.
Temperature
373
273
Time
C.
Temperature
100
Time
D.
Temperature
300
200
Time
36
62. A standard daily diet commonly contains 2.0 x 103 food calories. How many joules is this?
A. 4.8 x 102
B. 8.4 x 103
C. 4.8 x 105
D. 8.4 x 106
64. Which of the following would be best suited to measuring the concentration of a dye in
solution?
A. glass burette
B. mass spectrometer
C. spectrophotometer
D. graduated cylinder
65. Wearing safety goggles in school science laboratories where chemicals or open flames are
used is
A. determined at the discretion of the teacher.
B. recommended but not required by state law.
C. determined by local school systems.
D. required by state law.
37
Answer Key
1. D 23. A 45. C
2. C 24. C 46. C
3. B 25. C 47. A
4. D 26. C 48. C
5. C 27. A 49. C
6. C 28. B 50. C
7. B 29. D 51. C
8. D 30. B 52. B
9. B 31. D 53. C
10. A 32. D 54. B
11. C 33. B 55. B
12. D 34. A 56. A
13. A 35. C 57. A
14. A 36. D 58. B
15. B 37. B 59. B
16. A 38. B 60. C
17. D 39. B 61. B
18. C 40. A 62. D
19. C 41. A 63. D
20. A 42. C 64. C
21. D 43. A 65. D
22. C 44. D
38
5 Test-taking Advice
39
40
6 Additional Information
Write to the address below for an order form and price list if you wish
to order additional copies of this test preparation guide or guides for
other subject areas, the Professional Education Test, the General
Knowledge Test, or the Florida Educational Leadership Examination.
Test Preparation Guides / USF
The Institute for Instructional Research and Practice
FAO199
4202 Fowler Avenue
Tampa, Florida 33620-7930
41
42
003