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BS EN ISO 14125, 1998 BS EN ISO 527-4, 1997 BS 12, 1989 fib T.G. 9.3, 2006
BS EN 2746, 1998 BS EN 2561, 1995 BS 1881 (125), 1986 BS EN 13295, 2004
BS 2782-10 (1005), 1977 BS EN 2747, 1998 BS 1881 (112), 1983
BS EN ISO 178, 2003 ACI 549 R:, 1997 BS 146, 1996
BS EN 2562, 1997 ACI 440.3 R:, 2004 BS 6588, 1996
ACI 549 R, 1997 BS 5328, 1997
ACI 440.3 R, 2004 ACI 232.2 R, 2003
ACI 233 R, 2003
Results – Samples in Solution
• Reductions in the tensile capacity of the FRP bars up to 41.6 %.
matrix fibres
Results – Samples in Concrete
12
Mean Bond Strength (MPa)
10
6
Initial bond strength value
of control samples
4
OPC (control)
OPC
Embedment length: 150 mm OPC/GGBS
2
Bar size: 8 mm square OPC/PFA
Concrete Strength: 40 MPa
0
1 6 11 16 21 26
10
2
5
OPC (control) OPC OPC/GGBS OPC/PFA
OPC OPC/GGBS OPC/PFA
0
1 6 11 16 21 26
0
Time of exposure (months) 1 6 11 16 21 26
-10
• Carbonated OPC bond reduced by 12.9 %
100
Edge of the 100 x 100 x 500 mm concrete prism concrete
Carbon Dioxide
80
100
60 100
Carbonation Test on
40 100 x 100 x 500 mm prisms
20
500
0 waxed
surfaces freshly broken
100 and then re-waxed
Carbonation Depth (mm)
60 70.4 mm
Phenolphthalein
40 Carbonation Test on Carbon
150 mm pull/out cubes Dioxide
Carbonated
20 Area
0 OPC
OPC/GGBS
OPC/PFA
Waxed Uncarbonated Area
0 5 10 15 20 25 30 Surfaces
Time of Exposure (months)
Results – Samples in Concrete
12
10
1.20
Ratio of Concrete Compressive
strength to the controls OPC
1.15
compressive strength
1.10
1.05 6
1.00
4
0.95
6
7
8
9
5
6
7
8
9
5
6
7
8
9
10
10
11
10
11
30
35
OPC
OPC/PFA
40
OPC/GGBS
OPC (control)
45
50
55
60
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
10
11
10
11
0
5
10
15
20
opc
opc/pfa
Results – Samples in Concrete
opc/ggbs
25
opc control
Chemical Deterioration
takes place once the
carbonation front reaches
the FRP bar
Key finding
2 models required to
predict this behaviour
− −
− − − −
: Relative bond retention ty D tR fcm(ty) t t ⋅ tR t tR
tR
(years) (mm) (%) (MPa) (MPa) (MPa)
fcm(ty) : OPC concrete strength as
enhanced by time and
carbonation 28 days 0 100 35.7 6.81 6.81 1
−
: expected bond strength calculated according to Eurocode 2,
t
taking into account the gain in compressive strength.
− −
t ⋅ tR : expected bond strength due to the
effect of carbonation The above table assumes that concrete had zero
− cover and carbonation took place at 28 days
t tR : total bond strength retention in time
Results – Samples in Concrete
1.6
1.4
1.0
0.8
0.6
0.4
no cover 20 mm cover
0.2
10 mm cover 30 mm cover
0.0
0 20 40 60 80 100 120
• There is no need to take into account the carbonation effect on the stress
reduction factors used for durability design