GOVERNMENT COLLEGE UNIVERSITY LAHORE

Final Assessment
Question No 1:

Muslims and Hindus had been living together for centuries in Sub-continent then why
they got separated? Trace out the historical evolution of Two Nations Theory.

Introduction
War of independence
Hindi Urdu controversy
BENGAL PARTITION
MINTO MORLEY REFORMS 1909
DEMAND OF SEPARATE ELECTRORATE
Revival of Muslim image and identity
Protection of Muslim Culture and Civilization
Conclusion
Introduction:
In the Sub-continent Muslims and Hindus are the those two nations which were lived
from many centuries in the sub continent but there were lot of differences in their
ideology , culture , Caste , Rituals and religion and many other things as the famous
philosophers like‘’ Al-Beruni Said that in his famous book ‘’ Kitab-Ul-Hind ‘’that the two
nations Muslims and Hindus have many difference on the basis of their customs,
cultures , Philosophy , literature and religion practices and I didn’t see any common
things between these two nations and that’s why Hindus and Muslim did not lived
together and there is no any common things between them in the sub continent . and
on the base of Two-Nation Theory there were many differences like Financial and social
differences between the sub-two continent's main cultures, Hindus and Muslims.
Indeed, these differences in viewpoint played a major role in giving birth to the division
of sub-continent into two independent states.The Muslims of the sub-continent were
largely wiiling for these disparities in society because of their , faith and history. In order
to provide protections for their unique and distinct identification as a country, they
eventually decided to demand a separate homeland. On the base of the Two Nation
theory there were many factors and incidents which are the responsible for the
separation of the sub-continent and the first Muslim leader who started their fighting or
struggle for the separate home land intended for the Muslims which was Sir Syed
Ahmed Khan.
major incidents behind the separation of Sub-Continent:

1. WAR OF INDEPENDENCE
The year 1857 when the War of Independence was battled against the British. This
activity, as well, was to no end, and the Muslims had to confront the most severe and
obtuse British reprisal. The British, with the assistance of the Hindus, made a
progression of moves to completely pulverize the Muslims. The decent public activity
was denied to the Muslims for their inclusion in the conflict of freedom. Because of
carrying out a deliberate approach of elimination, the Muslims' monetary status
declined, and they hit the absolute bottom of their public activity.
Sir Syed Ahmed Khan went ahead in this hour of edginess and hopelessness to assist the
Muslims with getting their funk. He encouraged the Muslims to get present day training
first and leave upon political recovery to get back their old situation in the public arena.
Sir Syed dispatched his Aligarh development which showed the Muslims the new
skylines of good life. The Aligarh development capably drove the Muslims to recuperate
their lost magnificence by offering harmony to their social, business, instructive and
political aspects of life in the Indian social set up.
 2. HINDI-URDU CONTROVERSY 1867
Urdu was almost 300 years old and was known from the early days as the tongue of
the Muslims in the sub-continent. The convergence of Arabic, Persian and Turkish
gave rise to a modern language known as Hindustani. Shahjahani and finally Urdu It
was also called as Lashkari because of the merging of other language. Gradually the
new language of Urdu become the media of expression of the Muslims of the sub-
continent. They agreed this language for the communication of their social, cultural
and regional outlooks. Urdu soon passed through stages of development and became
the symbol of Muslims unity and culture. The Muslim and Hindu writes worked a lot
for the development of Urdu. Valuable services have also been provided by Sir Syed
Ahmed Khan for the production and defense of Urdu. The Muslims, thus, developed
an emotional link with Urdu that had attained a national language status.The Hindus
did not like the fast development of Urdu because of their everlasting envy and hate
towards Muslims and their faith.Urdu was introduced as an official language of the
sub-continent in 1825 which aroused Hindus antagonism against this language. The
British too, were not in favor of any measure which was to promote Muslims cultural
values in the sub-continent. The British rules in order to please the Hindus begin to
oppose Urdu to eliminate the influence of Muslims culture.
The Muslims now understood that they were not fair with both the Hindus and the
British. The Hindus' anti-Urdu position reiterated the confidence of Muslims in the Two-
Nation principle.

3. BENGAL PARTITION
The main region with a populace of 78 million was Bengal. The whole territory was
under one lieutenant-lead representative, who alone couldn't assume responsibility for
the strategic solicitations of a wide city. Because of his awkward organization unit, an
enormous bit of the region stayed dismissed.
In 1899, the Viceroy of India became Lord Curzon. He has been a capable and viable
executive. He went on a wide-ranging tour of Bengal's territories and concluded that the
area was much too large to be effectively dominated. The territory's legislative chief had
practically griped about the measured problems they were facing in the vast area. They
had suggested the parcel of land because of its size and massive population.
Various sector designs that, in any case, didn't emerge were seen and discussed. In
1905, Lord Curzon consented to convey the territory into two territories and
coordinated a deliberate meaning of the division of Bengal and submitted it for
endorsement to England. The British Summit settled on the division proposition, and on
The Bengal area was split into two sections on October 16, 1905: which also included
developed areas such as Memansingh, Chittagong, Assam, Rajshahi, Khulna, Rangpur,
and Bogra.

MINTO MORLEY REFORMS 1909

By 1909, India was overwhelmed by inside precariousness and disarray. To safeguard
and ensure their inclinations as a country, the activities of the Hindu and Congress
radicals constrained the Muslims toward cautious idea to their upcoming line of activity.
At this point, with solidness, the Muslims had come to comprehend that they were an
unmistakable country.
Hindu Mahasabha had emerged with an unequivocally biased thought of patriotism in
Indian legislative issues. On account of the British leaving the land, Muslims were
worried about their position. To ensure their character, Muslims consented to follow a
strategy.
The Bill, notwithstanding, was ordered in 1909 after understanding by the parliament
and royal endorsement, and after the names of the Viceroy and Secretary of State for
India got recognized as the Minto-Morley Modifications of 1909. The accompanying
statements were remembered for that act:
I. The long-standing demand of Muslims for a separate electorate was conceded
and included in Minto-Morely Reform
II. The readiness of discrete appointive rolls was requested.
III. The authoritative gatherings were consumed.
IV. The authority of the gathering was expanded. The individuals were given more
freedoms and they could introduce any goal or movement before the gathering
for conversation.
V. The emissary's Council participation was at sixty individuals.
VI. The participation of the Bengal, Uttar Pradesh, Bihar, Bombay, Madras, and
Orissa regions was set at 50 people, while the enrollment of the Punjab, Burma,
and Assam territories was set at 30 people. The Indians remembered for the
Executive Council of the Viceroy and in the commonplace Executive Councils.
VII. VII. Common Executive Councils were required to be elected from neighborhood
authorities, worker's guilds, and universities.
VIII. Lt. In Bengal, Bombay, and Madras, lead leaders were elected. These regions had
the possibility of forming their own councils.

It is fortified the Two-Nation Theory which turns into the evidence of Muslims' free
The Muslim League's consideration of Quaid-I-Azam was a verifiable occasion which
gave the political battle of the Muslim League another measurement. The Muslim
League has additionally called for Indian self-rule, putting the Muslim League and the
section nearer to one another. Individuals from the two players concluded that to get
the public authority around to acknowledge the requests, they should work with one
another.
An extraordinary advertiser of Hindu-Muslim congruity was Quaid-I-Azam. He asked the
Muslim League to hold its yearly gathering in Bombay in 1915. The Muslim League
promptly took up the counsel of the Quaid and dispatched its endeavors under their gui.

4. DEMAND OF SEPARATE ELECTRORATE

The humiliating treatment which the Muslims got at the hands of the British and Hindus,
developed feelings of unrest and suspicion among them. The Hindu agitation against Urdu and
the partition of Bengal is ample proof of the heinous Hindu objectives of perpetually subduing
the Muslims.

Muslims, along these lines, to defend their future requested the arrangement of independent
electorate. The different electorate was surrendered by the Minto-Morley changes of 1909.

The foundation of the Muslim League in 1906 imbued another soul among the Muslims. The
Muslim League gave devoted authority to the Indian Muslims.

5. Revival of Muslim image and identity

Muslims were ruled by Hindus in every social sector in United India. Because of their educational
and political backwardness, Muslims were unable to deal with Hindus. Hindus had taken a
prejudiced stance, blocking all paths to wealth and growth for Muslims. The appeal for Pakistan
was made to shield Muslims from Hindu dominance and oppression.

6. Protection of Muslim Culture and Civilization

Even with their distinct cultural values and practices, Muslims have long been treated as a
separate community. Their social practices set them apart from other countries. Despite living
alongside Hindus and other nations for centuries, Muslims proudly retained their separate
portrait.
Indians have always wanted to crush Muslims as a country and then integrate them into Hindu
society. The glaring manifestations of the ignoble Hindu mentality trigger shudders and Sanga
movements.
The defense of Muslim culture and its liberation from Hindu dominance was one of the major
goals of the Pakistan revolution. Muslims refused to acknowledge Hindu hegemony over them.
Muslims desired peace for their country, which was not possible under Hindu hegemony in
United India.

Conclusion
In the Sub-continent Muslims and Hindus are the those two nations which were lived from
many centuries in the sub-continent but there were lot of differences in their ideology ,
culture , Caste , Rituals and religion and many other things as the famous philosophers like‘’
Al-Beruni Said that in his famous book ‘’ Kitab-Ul-Hind ‘’that the two nations Muslims and
Hindus have many difference on the basis of their customs, cultures , Philosophy , literature
and religion practices and I didn’t see any common things between these two nations and
that’s why Hindus and Muslim did not lived together and there is no any common things
between them in the sub-continent .The Muslims, thus, developed an emotional link with
Urdu that had attained a national language status. The Hindus did not like the fast
development of Urdu because of their everlasting envy and hate towards Muslims and their
faith. Urdu was introduced as an official language of the sub-continent in 1825 which
aroused Hindus antagonism against this language. On the base of the Two Nation theory
there were many factors and incidents which are the responsible for the separation of the
sub-continent and the first Muslim leader who started their fighting or struggle for the
separate home land for the Muslims which was Sir Syed Ahmed Khan.

Question No 3:

Agriculture sector is the backbone of Pakistan’s economy. Discuss in detail its

problems and present practical remedies to overcome the issues.

Answer

1: Introduction of agriculture

2: Agriculture problems in Pakistan

 Limited cultivable land

 Waterlogging and salinity
 Low development of Allied product
 Low per acre yield
 Inadequate rural Substructure
 Uneconomical land holdings
 Ancient method of production
 Absence of irrigation facilities
 Inadequate Agricultural research
 Scarcity of HYV Seeds

3: Remedies to overcome Agricultural issues

 Increase cultivable area

 Supply of agriculture credit
 Increase per acre yield
  Waterlogging and salinity control
 Construction of dames
 Improve Inadequate rural infrastructure
 Provision of HYV seed
 Agricultural research
 Mechanization
 Training of farmers

4: conclusion

Introduction:

The rural area is the strength of our homeland's economy. A big part of the populace's
immediate types of revenue is agribusiness. Yet, the development pace of agribusiness
in Pakistan is confronting a ton of issues which is bringing about an increment of
destitution. The farming area is struggling with these issues due to a number of reasons,
including low per-section land yield in Pakistan compared to other developing nations,
small cultivable region, waterlogging and saltiness, and an obsolete creation policy.

Agricultural Problems in Pakistan

Limited cultivable area:

Pakistan has a gross land area of just 79.6 million hectors, with only 23.7 million hectors (28%)
used for agriculture. A number of nearly 8 million hectors of land are currently inactive and
unused. Since there is a great deal of subdividing and discontinuity of land ownership,
technological engineering cannot be implemented in rural regions.

Waterlogging and salinity

Because of the surge of water from the channels, the water table has come nearer to
the outside of the dirt and the plants can't get air and develop. Waterlogging then Since
saltiness stores from inland have appeared on the outside of soil, they have had an
unfavorable impact on the exhibition of the horticultural field, causing the surface to
become hot and obliterating the plants and yields. Each year, waterlogging and saltiness
sway about 0.10 million sections of land of soil. It's a misuse of room, but on the other
hand, it's a deficiency of creation.
Low development of Allied product
Associated products allude to such inventions that aren't horticultural but help ranchers
improve their expectations for daily comforts in a roundabout way. Pakistan's
production of organic products, milk, poultry, fish, livestock, and ranger services is
woefully insufficient.

Low per acre yield

This is the issue to be settled just as the consequence of different issues of farming areas of
Pakistan. Pakistan has one of the least for every section of land yields in the country. It is around
33% of what is created in different nations of the world. For instance: For the situation of rice
Japan and Egypt's creation is multiple occasions in Pakistan. The condition of sugarcane, cotton,
and wheat is comparable; in our region, 45.0 percent of the workforce is employed In
developing countries, this sector accounts for less than 5% of GDP.

Inadequate rural Substructure

The rustic framework is another essential issue in Pakistan country zones, similar to streets,
stockpiling, offices, transport, power, schooling, disinfection, and wellbeing offices are
insufficient to meet the necessary development of agribusiness. The all-out length of the ranch
to showcase streets isn't just more limited, yet in addition in a bad way. There are no metal-led
streets in a few towns. Only 34% of country networks approach to power. Vendors exploit weak
ranchers and there are no coordinated showcasing administrations.

Uneconomical land holdings

The term uneconomical possessions allude to the developing units which are little in size
and the development cycle can't be as expected and viably applied to them.
Subsequently their info and yield proportion is low contrasted with greater homesteads.
Land holdings are partitioned again and again as a result of growing population and land
separation under the rule of legacy. As a result, an overwhelming number of ranchers
are crammed into two hectors of land. New technology is difficult to introduce on small
plots of land.

Ancient Method of Production

While rural motorization is filling in Pakistan, in many zones, old carries out are as yet
utilized for agrarian creation. Yield can't be expanded as per worldwide norms utilizing
old and customary creation strategies.

Absence of irrigation facilities

In Pakistan, a shortage of irrigation infrastructure has seriously hindered the expansion
of cropland. Lower water sources, as well as disruptions from water courses in the
fields, are a significant concern in the agriculture sector.

Inadequate Agricultural research

Exploration and Education are proceeding with necessities for agrarian improvement
not just in growing better seeds, improving development strategies, and better
utilization of present-day techniques for development. To increase agrarian production
capacity, continuous advancement in horticulture growth research is needed. In
Pakistan, there are a total of 16 horticulture colleges and universities.

Scarcity of HYV seeds

Our helpless ranchers are forced to use seeds of poorer quality due to a lack of high
yielding assortment (HYV) seeds. However, even though seed is available, it cannot be
bought due to low wages and bad working conditions. Seeds' inside essence has a major
influence on agricultural development.
Solutions to Agricultural problems of Pakistan

Increase cultivable area

As the entire land of Pakistan is 79.6 million hectors. From which merely 23.7% million
hectors is useable for production that is totally 28% of total so we should increase
cultivation area for the more product and cash crops. The remaining whole land is idle
and un-utilized so we should get benefit of it and use more land for better growth of
agricultural product.

Supply of agriculture credit

In Pakistan, helpless ranchers are unable to cover the expense of expensive innovation
with their own money, so the provision of farming credit on basic terms and conditions
is critical. Every single financial work, including agribusiness, relies upon credit.
Accessibility and satisfactory rural credit influence crop profitability in the manner it
encourages the ranchers to buy improved homestead contributions at the hour of
planting. The (STL) conspire and the (LTL) plot are the two significant types of
horticultural advances accessible in Pakistan from organized credit sources. Ranchers
will actually want to utilize the transient advance plan to get farming data sources, for
example, improved seed assortments, manures, and pesticides. This advance will keep
going for a year and a half. The drawn-out credit is accommodated tube divider
equipment, hardware and ranch execute, recovery of land building. This credit is given
to 5 to 7 years.
Increase per acre yield
Per acre yield is the biggest pin point of all problems and this is also the solution of all
problems. If per acre yield increase the GDP rate increase and agricultural products will
become cheaper and easily affordable for the farmers and poor people. The farmers get
profit of it and they have sufficient amount of product for their survival and support
them in their needs.
Waterlogging and salinity control
Per year, waterlogging and salinity wipe out about 1,000,000 acres of land in Punjab and
Sindh. It limits the amount of land that can be planted, necessitating the construction of
cylinder wells, trench bank repair, and water depletion. We should control water-
logging since it diminishes efficiency and makes restricted cultivable zone so for
disposing of it. We ought to need to control waterlogging and saltiness for more
cultivable land and great outcomes.

Construction of dames
Heavy, unwelcome rains and flooding have decimated agricultural production in some
places. It's vital to build ladies and groups on streams to address this topic. Through the
development of women, we can gather water and use it in the period of scarcity and
furthermore complete deficiency of water.

Improve inadequate rural infrastructure

We should develop rural infrastructure for the help of poor famers. Country should
provide those useable roads, product storage facilities, transport for shifting their
product to cities and markets provide them electricity for using electric machines while
cultivation to meet the requirements of agricultural growth.

Provision of HYV seed

High yielding assortment of seeds isn't accessible at the appropriate cost in Pakistan. In
this way, ranchers need to rely on the inferior quality of seeds that causes a 20%
decrease in all-out creation. The government ought to give HYV seed at the least cost for
this situation that ranchers should utilize it and get benefits. Through this example yield
per section of land increment and benefits both rancher and landowner.

Agricultural research
To overcome the horticulture industry's backwardness, agribusiness research is needed.
There are only around 16 important farming schools and colleges in Pakistan.
Government should build work in the field of farming and open more establishments for
agribusiness advancement and for research reasons.

Mechanization
Homestead motorization is crucial for eliminating the farming issues. Utilizing ranch
apparatus to plant, develop, and collect harvests expands the proficiency and amount of
produce.

Training of farmers
Our ranchers are uneducated and badly prepared in this way, their efficiencies are poor.
Government should begin specialized curriculum establishment and start molecule
preparing programs for ranchers and give them preparation about cultivating.

Conclusion
Being a Pakistani, it is our duty to for work for our country and in each and every aspect
of its development. We should also for agriculture sector and its development and
getting it out from darkness and get it in to new levels of development. We should work
for the utilization of current methods, arrangement of credit offices, attempt to give
essential foundation and agrarian examination offices to all ranchers, and work hard day
and night for the evacuation of the multitude of issues of our rural area. As we know
agriculture is the backbone of our nation and almost population of our country is based
on it.