3G Overview

Part I
3G Overview
1
Company Confidential
What’s New in WCDMA?
Characteristic to WCDMA
• RAKE receiver takes advantage of multipath propagation
• Fast power control keeps system stable by using minimum power necessary for
links
• Soft handover ensures smooth handovers
Multiservice Environment Air Interface

• Data speed • Capacity and
– In RAN1 bit rate varies from 8 kbps up to 384 kbps coverage coupled -
“cell breathing”
– Variable bit rate also available
• Neighbor cells
– Bit rate gradually grows up to 2 Mbps
coupled via
• Service delivery type interference
– Real-time (RT) & non real-time (NRT) • Soft handover
• Quality classes for user to choose • Fast power control
– Different error rates and delays • Interference limited
• Traffic asymmetric in uplink & downlink system (e.g. GSM
• Common channel data traffic (FACH) frequency limited)
• Inter-system handovers
2
UMTS network architecture Gi Gp
PSTN
GMSC GGSN
AuC
Gc
C H
HLR Gn
PSTN PSTN
Gr
D EIR
F Gf
G
VLR VLR
Gs
B B SGSN
MSC MSC
E
CN
A Gb IuCS IuPS
BSS RNS
Iur
BSC RNC RNC
Abis Iubis
BTS BTS Node B Node B

cell
Um Uu
ME
Microsoft Word SIM-ME i/f or Cu
Document
SIM USIM
Ref. 3GPP TS23.002 MS 3
3G Spectrum Allocation
4
IMT2000 Frequency Allocation for UMTS
1900 1920 1980 2010 2025 2110 2170 2200
TDD FDD MSS TDD FDD MSS

UL/DL UL UL UL/DL DL DL MHz
FDL
FDL/UL
FUL
FDD Mode TDD Mode 5

3G Terms
• IMT 2000
– Third generation mobile systems as defined by ITU
– Global recommendation
• 3GPP
– 3rd Generation Partnership Project (Forum for a WCDMA standardization)
– Involved: ETSI (Europe), ARIB (Japan), TTA (Korea), T1P1 (USA), TTC (Japan)
and CWTS (China)
• UMTS
– Third generation telecommunication system, that is subject to specifications
produced by 3GPP
• WCDMA
– Air Interface technology adapted for UMTS Terrestrial Radio Access (UTRA)
• UTRA-FDD
– WCDMA in 3GPP, FDD mode
• UTRA-TDD
– WCDMA in 3GPP, TDD mode
• CDMA2000
– Air Interface technology proposal from TR45.5 (USA) on evolution of IS-95
(CDMA)
6
UMTS System Characteristics
• W-CDMA : 5 MHz
• Carrier Spacing : multiples of 200 kHz
• W-CDMA spreading rate = 3.84 Mchip/s
• Chip Rate = 3.84 MHz
• Raised cosine filtering with roll-off 0.22
• Information bit rate: between 8 kbit/s and 2 Mbit/s (currently up to 384 Kbit/s)
• Spreading Factor (SF): 4 -256
• Multiple Access Scheme : Wideband DS-CDMA
• Duplex Scheme : FDD and TDD modes
• Carrier Spacing : 4.4 – 5.4 MHz
• 10 ms frame with 15 time slots
• NodeB synchronization: asynchronous
• Highly variable data rates, data rate constant within 10 ms frame
• Bandwidth on demand, efficient resource usage
• Multiple services with different variable data rates over one physical channel
7
Key features of WCDMA
•Soft handoff: user equipment (UE) and base stations use special rake receivers that
allow each UE to simultaneously communicate with multiple base stations. The diversity
gain associated with soft handoff is known as the "soft handoff gain factor".
•Multipath reception: the rake receivers also allow the UE to decode multiple signals
that have traveled over different physical paths from the base station. For example, one
signal may travel directly from the base station to the UE, and another may reflect off a
large building and then travel to the UE. This phenomenon, "multipath propagation", also
provides a diversity gain. The same effect occurs on the uplink from the UE to the base
station.
•Power control: transmissions by the UE must be carefully controlled so that all

transmissions are received with roughly the same power at the base station. If power
control is not used, a “near-far” problem, where mobiles close to the base station over-
power signals from mobiles farther away, occurs. The base station uses a fast power
control system to direct the mobile to power up or power down as its received signal level
varies due to changes in the propagation environment. Likewise, on the downlink,
transmissions from the base stations are power-controlled to minimize the overall
interference throughout the system and to ensure a good received signal by the UE.
8
Key features of WCDMA
Frequency reuse of 1: every base station in the CDMA system operates on the same
frequency for a given carrier, so no frequency planning is required. As every site causes
interference to every other site, careful attention must be paid to each site's radio
propagation.
Soft capacity: capacity and coverage are intertwined in CDMA, depending on the
number of users in the system and the amount of interference allowed before access is
blocked for new users. By setting the allowed interference threshold lower, coverage will
improve at the expense of capacity. By setting the threshold higher, capacity will increase
at the expense of coverage. Because of the fundamental link between coverage and
capacity, cells with light traffic loads inherently share some of their latent capacity with
more highly loaded surrounding cells.
9
WCDMA Compared to GSM and CDMA IS-95
WCDMA vs. GSM
WCDMA has some similarities with GSM technology, however, it is a fundamentally
different technique for allowing multiple users to share the same spectrum and as a
result it has many differences.
10
WCDMA Compared to GSM and IS-95 CDMA
11
Part II
WCDMA Fundamentals
12
WCDMA = DS-CDMA
•WCDMA is a code-division multiple access technology which separates
each user’s voice or data information by multiplying the information by
pseudo-random bits called "chips".
•The pseudo-random bit sequences have a rate of 3.84 Mcps (millions of
chips per second), resulting in the narrowband information bits of the user
being spread across a much wider bandwidth of approximately 5 MHz.
• For this reason, CDMA technology is sometimes referred to as “spread
spectrum.”
•The user data (signal) is first spread by the channelisation code (based
on Hadamard matrix) called Orthogonal Variable Spreading Factor
(OVSF) Code.
•OVSF code has the property that two different codes from the family are
perfectly orthogonal if in phase
13
TDMA based System
14
W-CDMA based System
15
Processing Gain and Spreading
16
Spreading and Despreading
The spreading sequences must have good correlation properties to facilitate the
separation of the wanted signal from all others:
•One sharp and dominant peak of the autocorrelation function for zero phase shift
•As small as possible values of the autocorrelation function for all out-of-phase shift
•As small as possible values of the cross-correlation function for all phase shift 17
Spreading and Despreading
18
CDMA Multiple Access Advantages :
Multiple Access Features
1. All Users’ Signals overlap in TIME and FREQUENCY
2. Correlating the Received Signal despreads ONLY the WANTED SIGNAL
p p
S1
RECEIVER of USER 1
S1xC1
f f p
p S1 = S1 X C1 X C1
p p S2 X C2 X C1
S2
f
f
S2xC2
f f
19
CDMA Multiple Access Advantages :
Interference Rejection
p p
S1
S1xC1
f f
p
S1
p p
I I IxC1
f f
Correlation Narrowband Interference Spread the power

Only a small portion of the interfering signal energy passes the filter and
remain as residual interference 20
CDMA Principles
Tc : Chip Rate of the PN Code
m1(t)
M1(f) Tb : Information rate (voice/data)
1 -1 1
f
1/Tb
Tb 2Tb 3Tb
c1(t)
C1(f)
f
1/Tb 1/Tc
Tc 4Tc
m1(t).c1(t)
C1(f)* M1(f)
f
1/Tb 1/Tc
21
Processing gain (Gp)
•Gp = Wc/Wi
•Where
–Wc: chip rate
–Wi: user data rate
Wc f
Wi
•The more processing gain the system has, the more the power of uncorrelated
interfering signals is suppressed in the despreading process
•Thus, processing gain can be seen as an improvement factor in the SIR (Signal to
Interference Ratio) of the signal after despreading
•Example: Voice AMR 12.2 Kbps Æ Gp = 10*log(3840000/12200)= 25 dB
•After despreading the signal power has to be typically few dB above the interference
and noise: Eb/No = 5dB; therefore the required wideband signal-to-interference ratio
is 5dB – Gp = -20 dB.
•In other words, the signal power can be 20 dB under the interference and the
WCDMA receiver can still detect the signal
•Wideband signal-to-interference ratio is also called carrier-to-interference ratio: C/I
•Thanks to spreading and desporeading, C/I can be much lower in WCDMA than
GSM (C/I = 9-12 dB)
22
Spreading in WCDMA
Consists of 2 operations:
1. Channelization
• Transforms each symbol (data bit) to the number of chips (increases
bandwidth)
• Number of chips per symbol = Spreading Factor (SF)
2. Scrambling
• Scrambling code is applied
Scrambling Code
Data TX
Bit Rate Chip Rate Chip Rate
Channelization code (OVSF)
23
OVSF properties
•In the spreading process, information symbols, which occupy a relatively narrow
bandwidth, are multiplied by a high-rate spreading code consisting of chips
•The resulting spread signal has a wider bandwidth dependent on the number of
chips per symbol
•In the de-spreading process, the spreading code is multiplied by the spread signal to
recover the original data symbols. The de-spreading process converts the wide
bandwidth spread signal back to the original narrower bandwidth of the data symbols
•Spreading codes (OVSF) are specially designed to allow the symbols from multiple
users to occupy the same spectrum at the same time, while still allowing the original
information to be retrieved.
•Codes are allocated in RNC
•Restrictions: another physical channel may use a
certain code in the tree if no other physical channel
to be transmitted using the same code tree is using
a code that is on an underlying branch, i.e. using a
higher SF generated from the intended spreading
code to be used. Neither can a smaller SF code on
the path to the root of the tree be used
SF4 24
Scrambling code properties
• The OVSF codes are effective only when the channels
are perfectly synchronized at symbol level
• The loss in cross-correlation, e.g. due to multipaths, is
compensated by the additional scrambling operation
• Scrambling codes are used to separate different cells in
the downlink and different terminals in the uplink
• They have good correlation properties (interference
averaging) and are always used on top of the spreading
codes, thus not affecting the transmission bandwidth
25
Usage of the codes
Channelization Code Scrambling Code
Usage Uplink: separation of physical data Uplink: Separation of terminals
(DPDCH) and control channels (DPCCH)
for the same terminal
Downlink: separation of downlink Downlink: Separation of sectors
connections to different users within on cell (cells)
Length 4-256 chips Uplink: 10ms = 38400 chips
In downlink also 512 chips
Downlink: 10ms = 38400 chips
Number of codes Spreading Factor indicates the number of Uplink: over 16 millions
codes under one scrambling code Downlink: 512
Code Family Orthogonal Variable Spreading Factor 10ms code: Gold Code
(OVSF) 66.7µs code: Extended code
family
Spreading Yes, indicates bandwidth No, does not affect bandwidth
26
Receivers
• Both NodeB and Terminals use the same type of correlation
receivers
• Due to multipath propagation it’s necessary to use multiple
correlation receivers (fingers) in order to recover (combine) the
energy from all paths coherently and obtain multipath diversity
27
Wide Band Channel
• Definition:
• A channel is defined wide when its bandwidth (Bw) is greater than the
Coherence Bandwidth: Bw >> ∆fc
1
∆fc =
2πSτ
28
Wide Band Channel – Delay Spread
Channel impulse response (power delay profile) and delay spread
Dominant Path
τ1
29
Wide Band Channel – Narrow/Wide Band System
Microsoft Word
Document
30
WCDMA and GSM in TU3 Channel
31
Optimal Receiver for WCDMA signal
• For a channel with only one signal path optimal receiver is one
correlator (code de-spreading and integration
Basic unit of
Rake Receiver
32
Optimal Receiver for WCDMA signal
• In a multipath environment optimal receiver utilizes several
correlators (Rake Fingers) tuned for dominant delays = Rake receiver Adobe Acrobat
Document
33
Rake Receiver
• Rake finger delays tuned based on channel impulse
response estimation
• Code Matched Filter, Search Finger
• Fingers combined with Maximal Ratio combining
• Performance of Rake Receiver depends on the channel
powers delay profile
• Max path delay difference vs. chip time Æ amount of
multipath diversity
34
Rake Receiver - Combining
• Combined signal without and with phase estimation and correction
(example 6 path channel)
35
Maximal Ratio Combining of Symbols
Transmitted Received signal Time and Combined

signal (+noise) phase signal (+
adjustment residual
Finger n.1 noise)
Finger n.2
Finger n.3
UE
WBT
S
36
Maximal Ratio Combining of Symbols
Transmitted Received Modified with Combined
symbol symbol+noise channel estimate symbol +
and relative delay residual
compensation noise
(for combining)
Finger n.1
Finger n.2
Finger n.3
UE
WBTS
37
WCDMA in TU Channel
time
• High level of multipath diversity
38
WCDMA in Indoor Channel
Rake Finger RESOLUTION = 0.26µs

Chip period = 1/3840000 s = 0.26µs
• No multipath diversity.
•0.26µs delay can be obtain if the difference in path lengths is at least 78 m
(speed of light / chip rate). IS-95 (≈1Mcps) Æ 300m path lengths difference
39
Part III
Scrambling Code Planning
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Part IV
Physical Layer
52
Channel Mapping
In GSM, we distinguish between logical and physical channels. In UMTS there are
three different types of channels:
• Logical Channels
Logical Channels were created to transmit a specific content. There are for instance logical
channel to transmit the cell system information, paging information, or user data. Logical
channels are offered as data transfer service by the Medium Access Control (MAC) layer to the
next higher layer. Consequently, logical channels are in use between the mobile phone and the
RNC.
• Transport Channels (TrCH)
The MAC layer is using the transport service of the lower, the Physical layer. The MAC layer is
responsible to organise the logical channel data on transport channels. This process is called
mapping. In this context, the MAC layer is also responsible to determine the used transport
format. The transport of logical channel data takes place between the UE and the RNC.
• Physical Channels (PhyCH)
The physical layer offers the transport of data to the higher layer. The characteristics of the
physical transport have to be described. When we transmit information between the RNC and
the UE, the physical medium is changing. Between the RNC and the Node B, where we talk
about the interface Iub, the transport of information is physically organised in so-called Frames.
Between the Node B and the UE, where we find the WCDMA radio interface Uu, the physical
transmission is described by physical channels. A physical channel is defined by the
UARFCN and the a spreading code in the FDD mode.
53
Radio Interface Channel Organisation
Logical Channels
content is organised in separate channels, e.g.
System information, paging, user data, link management
Transport Channels
logical channel information is organised on transport channel
resources before being physically transmitted
Physical Channels Frames

(UARFCN, spreading code) Iub interface
54
Logical Channels
There are two types of logical channels (FDD mode):
Control Channels (CCH):
• Broadcast Control Channel (BCCH)
System information is made available on this channel. The system information informs the UE
about the serving PLMN, the serving cell, neighbourhood lists, measurement parameters, etc.
This information permanently broadcasted in the downlink.
• Paging Control Channel (PCCH)
Given the BCCH information the UE can determine, at what times it may be paged. Paging is
required, when the RNC has no dedicated connection to the UE. PCCH is a downlink channel.
• Common Control Channel (CCCH)
Control information is transmitted on this channel. It is in use, when no RRC connection exists
between the UE and the network. It is a bi-directional channel, i.e. it exists both uplink and
downlink.
• Dedicated Control Channel (DCCH)
Dedicated resources were allocated to a UE. These resources require radio link management,
and the control information is transmitted both uplink and downlink on DCCHs.
Traffic Channels (TCH):
• Dedicated Traffic Channel (DTCH)
User data has to be transferred between the UE and the network. Therefore dedicated
resources can be allocated to the UE for the uplink and downlink user data transmission.
• Common Traffic Channel (CTCH)
Dedicated user data can be transmitted point-to-multipoint to a group of UEs. 55
Transport Channels (TrCH)
Logical Channels are mapped onto Transport Channels. There are two types of
Transport Channels (FDD mode):
Common Transport Channels:

• Broadcast Channel (BCH)
It carries the BCCH information.
• Paging Channel (PCH)
It is in use to page a UE in the cell, thus it carries the PCCH information. It is also
used to notify UEs about cell system information changes.
• Forward Access Channel (FACH)
The FACH is a downlink channel. Control information, but also small amounts of
user data can be transmitted on this channel.
• Downlink Shared Channel (DSCH)
This channel is used downlink. Dedicated user data and control information for
several mobile phones can be transmitted with one DSCH.
• Random Access Channel (RACH)
This uplink channel is used by the UE, when it wants to transmit small amounts
of data, and when the UE has no RRC connection. It is often used to allocated
dedicated signalling resources to the UE to establish a connection or to perform
higher layer signalling. It is a contention based channel, i.e. several UE may
attempt to access UTRAN simultaneously. 56
Transport Channels (TrCH)
• Common Packet Channel (CPCH)
Similar to the RACH, it is a contention based uplink channel. In contrast to the
RACH, it can be used to transmit larger amounts of (bursty) traffic.
Dedicated Transport Channels:

• Dedicated Channel (DCH)
Dedicated resources can be allocated both uplink and downlink to a UE. Dedicated
resources are exclusively in use for the subscriber.
On the following figures. you can see the mapping of logical channels onto transport
channels, as well as the mapping of transport channels onto physical channels.
57
Physical Channels (PhyCH)
Physical Channels are characterised by
•UARFCN,
•scrambling code,
•channelisation code (optional),
•start and stop time, and
•relative phase (in the uplink only, with relative phase being 0 or π/2)
Transport channels can be mapped to physical channels. But there exist physical
channels, which are generated at the Node B only, as can be seen on the next
figures.
58
Channel Mapping DL (Network Point of View)
Logical Transport Physical
Channels Channels Channels
P-SCH
S-SCH
CPICH
BCCH BCH P-CCPCH
PCCH PCH S-CCPCH

PICH
CCCH
FACH AICH
CTCH CSICH
CD/CA-ICH
DCCH
DSCH PDSCH
DTCH DCH DPDCH
DPCCH 59
Channel Mapping UL (Network Point of View)
Logical Transport Physical
Channels Channels Channels
CCCH RACH PRACH
DCCH CPCH PCPCH
DTCH DCH DPDCH I branch

DPCCH Q branch
60
Transport Formats
TFCS
TB
DCH 2
TB TB TB
TTI TTI TTI
TB
TB
TBS DCH 1
TB TB
TB TB TB
TFS
TTI TTI TTI
TFC
TF
TB Transport Block TF Transport Format

TBS Transport Block Set TFS Transport Format Set
TFC Transport Format Combination
TFCS Transport Format Combination61
Set
Cell Synchronisation
When a UE is switched on, it starts to monitor the radio interface to find a suitable cell to
camp on. But it has to determine, whether there is a WCDMA cell nearby. If a WCDMA
cell is available, the UE has to be synchronised to the downlink transmission of the
system information – transmitted on the physical channel P-CCPCH – before it can
make a decision, in how far the available cell is suitable to camp on. Initial cell selection
is not the only reason, why a UE wants to perform cell synchronisation. This process is
also required for cell re-selection and the handover procedure.
Cell synchronisation is achieved with the Synchronisation Channel (SCH). This

channel divides up into two sub-channels:
•Primary Synchronisation Channel (P-SCH) (SLOT and CHIP SYNCHRONIZATION)

A time slot lasts 2560 chips. The P-SCH only uses the first 10% of a time slot. A
Primary Synchronisation Code (PSC) is transmitted the first 256 chips of a time slot.
This is the case in every UMTS cell. If the UE detects the PSC, it has performed TS and
chip synchronisation.
•This is typically done with a single matched filter matched to the primary
synchronization code which is common for all cells. The slot timing of the cell can be
obtained by decoding peaks in the matched filter output
62
(continued on the next text slide)
Synchronisation Channel (SCH)
2560 Chips 256 Chips

Primary Synchronisation Channel (P-SCH)
CP C
CPP CP CP
Secondary Synchronisation Channel (S-SCH)
Cs1 Cs2 Cs15 Cs1
Slot 0 Slot 1 Slot 14 Slot 0
10 ms Frame
Cp = Primary Synchronisation Code
Cs = Secondary Synchronisation Code 63
Cell Synchronisation
• Secondary Synchronisation Channel (S-SCH)
• (FRAME SYNCH and Scrambling Code Group DETECTION)
The S-SCH also uses only the first 10% of a timeslot; Secondary Synchronisation
Codes (SSC) are transmitted. There are 16 different SSCs, which are organised in a
10 ms frame (15 timeslots) in such a way, that
• the beginning of a 10 ms frame can be determined, and
• 64 different SSC combinations within a 10 ms frame are identified. There is a
total of 512 primary scrambling codes, which are grouped in 64 scrambling
code families, each family holding 8 scrambling code members. The 15 SSCs
in one 10 ms frame identify the scrambling code family of the cell‘s downlink
scrambling code.
• The sequence permits downlink frame synchronization and indicate which of
the code grouping the downlink scrambling code belongs to.
• This is done by correlating the received signal with all possible secondary
synchronization code sequences and identifying the maximum correlation
value. Since the cyclic shifts of the sequences are unique, the code group as
well as the frame synchronization is determined
64
SSC Allocation for S-SCH
scrambling slot number
code group 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14
group 00 1 1 2 8 9 10 15
15 8 10 16 2 7 15 7 16
group 01 1 1 5 16 7 3 14 16 3 10 5 12 14 12 10
group 02 1 2 1 15 5 5 12 16 6 11 2 16 11 15 12
group 03 1 2 3 1 8 6 5 2 5 8 4 4 6 3 7
group 04 1 2 16 6 6 11 15 5 12 1 15 12 16 11 2
group 05 1 3 4 7 4 1 5 5 3 6 2 8 7 6 8
1
group 62 9 11 12 15 12 9 13 13 11 14 10 16 15 14 16
5
1 1
group 63 9 12 10 15 13 14 9 14 15 11 11 13 12 16 10
5 1
I monitor
the S-SCH
11 15 5
65
Common Pilot Channel (CPICH)
With the help of the SCH, the UE was capable to perform chip, TS, and frame
synchronisation. Even the cell‘s scrambling code group is known to the UE. But in the
initial cell selection process, it does not yet know the cell‘s primary scrambling code. There
is one primary scrambling code in use over the entire cell, and in neighbouring cells,
different scrambling codes are in use. There exists a total of 512 primary scrambling
codes.
The CPICH is used to transmit in every TS a pre-defined bit sequence with a fixed data
rate of 30 kbps, which corresponds to spreading factor 15. The CPICH divides up into a
mandatory Primary Common Pilot Channel (P-CPICH) and optional Secondary CPICHs
(S-CPICH).
The P-CPICH is in use over the entire cell. And it is the first physical channel, where a
spreading code is in use. A spreading code is the product of the cell‘s scrambling code
and the channelisation code. The channelisation code is fixed: Cch,256,0. I.e., the UE knows
the P-CPICH‘s channelisation code, and it uses the P-CPICH to determine the cell‘s
primary scrambling code by trial and error (UE tries 8 SC Codes of the group identified).
The P-CPICH is not only used to determine the primary scrambling code. It also acts as
- phase reference for most of the physical channels,
- measurement reference in the FDD mode (and partially in the TDD mode).
There may be zero or several S-CPICHs. Either the cell‘s primary scrambling code or its
secondary scrambling codes can be used. In contrast to the P-CPICH, it can be
broadcasted just over a part of the cell.
66
Primary Common Pilot Channel (P-CPICH)
10 ms Frame
CP
P-CPICH
Cell
scrambling
code? I get it
applied speading code = with trial & P-CPICH
cell‘s primary scrambling code ⊗ error!
Cch,256,0
• Phase reference
• Measurement reference
67
CPICH as Measurement Reference
The UE has to perform a set of L1 measurements, some of them refer to the CPICH
channel:
• CPICH RSCP
RSCP stands for Received Signal Code Power. The UE measures the RSCP on
the Primary-CPICH. The reference point for the measurement is the antenna
connector of the UE. The CPICH RSCP is a power measurement of the CPICH.
The received code power may be high, but it does not yet indicate the quality of the
received signal, which depends on the overall noise level.
• UTRA carrier RSSI.
RSSI stands for Received Signal Strength Indicator. The UE measures the received
wide band power, which includes thermal noise and receiver generated noise. The
reference point for the measurements is the antenna connector of the UE.
• CPICH Ec/No
The CPICH Ec/No is used to determine the „quality“ of the received signal. It gives
the received energy per received chip divided by the band‘s power density. The
„quality“ is the primary CPICH‘s signal strength in relation to the cell noise. (Please
note, that transport channel quality is determined by BLER, BER, etc. )
If the UE supports GSM, then it must be capable to make measurements in the
GSM bands, too. The measurements are based on the
• GSM carrier RSSI
The wideband measurements are conducted on GSM BCCH carriers. 68
P-CPICH as Measurement Reference
CPICH RSCP Received Signal Code Power (in dBm)
CPICH Ec/No received energy per chip divided by the power density in the band (in dB)
UTRA carrier received wide band power, including thermal noise and noise
RSSI generated in the receiver
CPICH Ec/No = CPICH RSCP

UTRA carrier RSSI
CPICH Ec/No CPICH RSCP UTRA carrier RSSI

0: -24 0: -115 0: -110
1: -23.5 1: -114 1: -109
2: -23 2: -113 2: -108
3: -22.5 : :
... 88: -27 71: -39
47: -0.5 89: -26 72: -38
48: 0 73: -37
Ec/No values in dB RSCP values in dBm RSSI values in dBm

69
Primary Common Control Physical Channel (P-CCPCH)
The UE knows the cell‘s primary scrambling code. It now wants to gain the cell
system information (MIB,SIB), which is transmitted on the physical channel P-
CCPCH. The channelisation code of the P-CCPCH is also known to the UE, because
it must be Cch,256,1 in every cell for every operator. By reading the cell system
information on the P-CCPCH, the UE learns everything about the configuration of the
remaining common physical channels in the cell, such as the physical channels for
paging and random access.
As can be seen from the P-CCPCH‘s channelisation code, the data rate for cell
system information is fixed. The SCH is transmitted on the first 256 chips of a
timeslot, thus creating here a peak load. The cell system information is transmitted in
the timeslot except for the first 256 chips. By doing so, a high interference and load at
the beginning of the timeslot is avoided. This leads to a net data rate of 27 kbps for
the cell system information.
Channel estimation is done with the CPICH, so that no pilot sequence is required in
the P-CCPCH. (The use of the pilot sequence is explained in the context of the
DPDCH later on in this document.) There are also no power control (TPC) bits
transmitted to the UE‘s.
70
10 ms Frame
CP
P-CCPCH
Finally, I get
the cell
system
information P-CCPCH
• channelisation code: Cch,256,1
• no TPC, no pilot sequence
• 27 kbps (due to off period)
• organised in MIBs and SIBs
71
72
Nokia Parameters for Cell Search
• WCEL: PtxPrimaryCPICH
The parameter determines the transmission power of the primary
CPICH channel. It is used as a reference for all common channels.
[-20 dBm … 43 dBm], step 1 dB, default: 33dBm (WPA power = 43
dBm)
• WCEL: PtxPrimarySCH
Transmission power of the primary synchronization channel, the value
is relative to primary CPICH transmission power.
[-35 dB … 15 dB], step size 0.1 dB, default: -3 dB
• WCEL: PtxSecSCH
Transmission power of the secondary synchronization channel, the
value is relative to primary CPICH transmission power.
[-35 dB… 15 dB], step size 0.1 dB, default: -3 dB
73
Nokia Parameters for Cell Search
• WCEL: PtxPrimaryCCPCH
This is the transmission power of the primary CCPCH channel, the
[-35 dB … 15 dB], step size 0.1 dB, default: -5 dB
• WCEL: PriScrCode
Identifies the downlink scrambling code of the Primary CPICH
(Common Pilot Channel) of the Cell.
[0 ... 511], default: 0 dB
74
Secondary Common Control Physical Channel (S-CCPCH)
The S-CCPCH can be used to transmit the transport channels
• Forward Access Channel (FACH) and

• Paging Channel (PCH).
More than one S-CCPCH can be deployed. The FACH and PCH information can
multiplexed on one S-CCPCH – even on the same 10 ms frame -, or they can be
carried on different S-CCPCH. The first S-CCPCH must have a spreading
factor of 256, while the spreading factor of the remaining S-CCPCHs can range
between 256 (30 Kbps or 15 Ksps) and 4 (1920 Kbps). UTRAN determines,
whether a S-CCPCH has the TFCI (Transport Format Combination Indicator)
included (supports variable rates). Please note, that the UE must support both S-
CCPCHs with and without TFCI.
S-CCPCH is on air ONLY when there is data to transmit (FACH or Paging)
We use SF = 64 Æ 120 Kbps (60 Ksps)
75
Secondary Common Control Physical Channel (S-CCPCH)
10 ms Frame
TFCI
Data Pilot bits
(optional)
• carries PCH and FACH

• Multiplexing of PCH and FACH
on one S-CCPCH, even one
frame possible S-CCPCH
• with and without TFCI (UTRAN
set)
• SF = 4..256
• (18 different slot formats)
• no inner loop power control
76
S-CCPCH and the Paging Process
• The network has detected, that there is data to be transmitted to the UE (MTC).
Both in the RRC idle mode and in the RRC connected mode (e.g. in the sub-state
CELL_PCH) a UE may get paged. But how does the mobile know, when it was
paged? And in order to save battery power, we don‘t want the UE to listen
permanently to paging channel – instead, we want to have discontinuous reception
(DRX) of paging messages. But when and where does the UE listen to the paging
messages?
• Cell system information is broadcasted via the P-CCPCH. The cell system
information is organised in System Information Blocks (SIB). SIB5 informs the
mobile phones about the common channel configuration, including a list of S-
CCPCH descriptions. The first 1 to K entries transmit the (transport channel) PCH,
while the remaining S-CCPCH in the list hold no paging information.
• The UE determines the S-CCPCH, where it is paged, by its IMSI and the number of
PCH carrying S-CCPCHs K. When paging the UE, the RNC knows the UE‘s IMSI,
too, so that it can put the paging message on the correct PCH transport channel.
• Discontinuous Reception (DRX) of paging messages is supported. A DRX cycle
length k has to be set in the network planning process for the cs domain, ps
domain, and UTRAN.
k ranges between 3 and 9. If for instance k=6, then the UE is paged every 2k = 640
ms. If the UE is in the idle mode, it takes the smaller k-value of either the cs- or ps-
domain. If the UE is in the connected mode, it has to select the smallest k-value of
UTRAN and the CN, it is not connected to. 77
S-CCPCH and the Paging Process
UTRAN
BCCH (SIB 5)
common
channel
definition,
UE including Node B RNC
a lists of
Index of S-CCPCHs
0 S-CCPCH carrying one PCH
1 S-CCPCH carrying one PCH
K-1 S-CCPCH carrying one PCH
S-CCPCH without PCH
UE‘s paging channel:

Index = IMSI mod K „my paging S-CCPCH without PCH
e.g. if IMSI mod K = 1 channel“
78
The Paging Process
Paging Indicator Channel (PICH)
UMTS provides the terminals with an efficient sleep mode operation. The UEs do
not have to read and process the content, transmitted during their paging occasion
on their S-CCPCH. Each S-CCPCH, which is used for paging, has an associated
Paging Indicator Channel (PICH). A PICH is a physical channel, which carries
paging indicators. A set of (paging indicator) bits within the PICH indicate to a UE,
whether there is a paging occasion for it. Only then, the UE listens to the S-CCPCH
frame, which is transmitted 7680 chips after the PICH frame in order to see,
whether there is indeed a paging message for it.
The PICH is used with spreading factor 256. 300 bits are transmitted in a 10 ms
frame, and 288 of them are used for paging indication. The UE was informed by the
BCCH, how many paging indicators exist on a 10 ms frame. The number of
paging indicator Np can be 18, 32, 72, and 144, and is set by the operator as part
of the network planning process. The higher Np, the more paging indicators exist,
the more paging groups exist, among which UEs can be distributed on.
Consequently, the lower the probability, that a UE reacts on a paging indicator,
while there is no paging message in the associated S-CCPCH frame. But a high
number of paging indicators results in a comparatively high output power for the
PICH, because less bits exists within a paging indicator to indicate the paging
event. The operator then also has to consider, if he has to increase the number of
paging attempts. 79
S-CCPCH and its associated PICH
S-CCPCH frame,
τS-CCPCH
associated with PICH frame
τPICH
= 7680
PICH frame chips
for paging indication no transmission
b0 b1 b286 b287 b288 b299
# of paging Subscribers with Subscribers with

indicators per frame Pq indicator Pq indicator
(Np) paged => not paged =>
18 (16 bits) {b16q, …,b16q+15} = {1,1,…,1} {b16q, …,b16q+15} = {0,0,…,0}
32 (8 bits) {b8q, …, b8q+7} = {1,1,…,1} {b8q, …, b8q+7} = {0,0,…,0}
72 (4 bits) {b4q, …, b4q+3} = {1,1,…,1} {b4q, …, b4q+3} = {0,0,…,0} 80
144 (2 bits) {b2q, b2q+1} = {1,1}
Company Confidential {b2q, b2q+1} = {0,0}
Nokia Parameters for S-CCPCH and Paging
RAN 1 & RAN1.5 support data rates of 15, 30, and 60 ksym/s for the S-CCPCH.
FACH Open Loop power control can be implemented only if the S-CCPCH is
dedicated, uplink PC information through the RACH (RAN 2)
• WCEL: NbrOfSCCPCHs
The parameter defines how many S-CCPCH are configured for the
given cell.
Range: [1,2], step: 1; default = 1 (1 = FACH&PCH; 2 = FACH on 1st /
PCH on 2nd)
• WCEL: PtxSCCPCH1 (carries FACH & PCH)
This is the transmission power of the 1st S-CCPCH channel, the value
is relative to primary CPICH transmission power.
Range: [-35 dB … 15 dB] , step size 0.1 dB, default: - 5dB
• WCEL: PtxSCCPCH2 (carries PCH only)
This is the transmission power of the 2nd S-CCPCH channel, the
Range: [-35 dB … 15 dB] , step size 0.1 dB, default: - 5dB
81
Nokia Parameters for S-CCPCH and Paging
• WCEL: PtxPICH
This is the transmission power of the PICH channel. It carries the
paging indicators
which tell the UE to read the paging message from the associated
secondary CCPCH. This parameter is part of SIB 5.
[-10 dB..5 dB]; step 1 dB; default: -8 dB (with Np =72)
NP
Repetition of PICH bits
[18, 36, 72, 144] with relative power [-10, -10, -8, -5] dB
• RNC: CNDRXLength
The DRX cycle length used for CN domain to count paging occasions
for discontinuous reception. This parameter is given for CS domain
and PS domain separately. This parameter is part of SIB 1.
[640, 1280, 2560, 5120] ms; default = 640 ms.
• WCEL: UTRAN_DRX_length
The DRX cycle length used by UTRAN to count paging occasions for
discontinuous reception.
[80, 160, 320, 640, 1280, 2560, 5120] ms; default = 320 ms
82
FACH and S-CCPCH
The transport channel Forward Access Channel (FACH) is used, when relatively small amounts of
data have to be transmitted from the network to the UE. In-band signalling is used to indicate,
which UE is the recipient of the transmitted data (see MAC PDU with UE-ID type). This common
downlink channel is used without (fast) closed loop power control and is available all over the
cell. FACH data is transmitted in one or several S-CCPCHs. FACH and PCH data can be
multiplexed on one S-CCPCH, but they can also be be transmitted on different S-CCPCHs.
The FACH is only transmitted downlink. The FACH is organised in FACH Data Frames via the Iub-
interface. Each FACH Data Frames holds the Transmission Blocks for one TFS. The used TFS is
identified by the TFI. A TFI is associated with one Transmission Time Interval (TTI), which can be
either 10, 20, 40 or 80 ms. The TTI identifies the interleaving time on the radio interface.
A FACH Data Frame has header fields, which identify the CFN, TFI, and the Transmit Power
Level.
The Transmit Power Level gives the preferred transmission power level for the FACH and for the
TTI time. The values specified here range between 0 and 25.5 dB, with a step size of 0.1 dB.
The value is taken as a negative offset to the maximum power configured for the S-CCPCHs,
specified for the FACH.
The pilot bits and the TFCI-field may have a relative power offset to the power of the data field,
which may vary in time. (The offset is determined by the network.) The power offsets are set by
the NBAP message COMMON TRANSPORT CHANNEL SETUP REQUEST, which is sent from
the RNC to the Node B. There are two power offset information included:
• PO1: defines the power offset for the TFCI bits; it ranges between 0 and 6 dB with a 0.25 step
size.
• PO3: defines the power offset for the pilot bits; it ranges between 0 and 6 dB with a 0.25 step
size.
Another important parameter is the maximum allowed power on the FACH: MAX FACH Power. 83
FACH and S-CCPCH
Power Transmit Power Level

offsets for FACH Data Frame
TFCI and
TPC CFNTFI TB TB
defined
Iub
during
channel Uu
setup
Node B RNC
max. transmit
power for S-CCPCH
UE
0..25.5
dB,
step size
0.1
PO1 PO3
Transmit Power Level Pilot bits
TFCI
Data
(optional)
84
Nokia Parameters for S-CCPCH Power Setting
Currently, either one or two S-CCPCHs are supported.
• WCEL: PowerOffsetSCCPCHTFCI
Defines the power offset for the TFCI symbols relative to the downlink
transmission power of a Secondary CCPCH. This parameter is part of
SIB 5.
P01_15/30/60
15 ksps: [0..6 dB]; step 0.25 dB; default: 2 dB
30 ksps : [0..6 dB]; step 0.25 dB; default: 3 dB
• WCEL: PowerOffsetSCCPCHPilot
Defines the power offset for the pilot symbols relative to the downlink
transmission power of a Secondary CCPCH. This parameter is part of
SIB 5.
P03_15/30/60
85
Code Tree Capacity
86
Part V
Power Control
87
Effect of TX & RX Powers on Interference Levels
Downlink transmission power

= Interference to the network
Uplink transmission power Uplink received power =

= Interference to other cells Interference to own cell users
Since every TX and RX power is causing interference to others, PC

is necessary to limit the interference 88
CDMA Fundamentals : Power Control
Near-Far Problem
Pr,1 = EIRP(MS1) - PL1 = 21 - 100 = -79 dBm

Pr,2 = EIRP(MS2) - PL2 = 21 - 90 = -69 dBm PL2 = 90 dB
Pr,1
Pr,2
P = 21 dBm
P = 21 dBm
PL1 = 100 dB
MS2
MS1
(S/N)1 = Pr,1 - Pr,2 = -10 dB MS2 must be Power Controlled by -10 dB to have
(S/N)2 = Pr,2 - Pr,1 = +10 dB the same S/N for both users MS1 and MS2
89
Near-Far Effect
90
Purpose of Power Control in WCDMA
91
Physical Random Access (Open loop Power Control)
Outer Loop Power Control
Fast Closed Loop (Inner) Power Control
92
Physical Random Access (Open loop Power Control)
In the random access (based on Slotted ALOHA approach with fast acquisition
indication) , initiated by the UE (MOC), two physical channels are involved:
• Physical Random Access Channel (PRACH)

The physical random access is decomposed into the transmission of preambles in
the uplink. Each preamble is transmitted with a higher output power as the
preceding one. After the transmission of a preamble, the UE waits for a response
by the Node B. This response is sent with the physical channel Acquisition
Indication Channel (AICH), telling the UE, that the Node B as acquired the
preamble transmission of the random access. Thereafter, the UE sends the
message itself, which is the RACH/CCCH of the higher layers. The preambles are
used to allow the UE to start the access with a very low output power. If it had
started with a too high transmission output power, it would have caused
interference to the ongoing transmissions in the serving and neighbouring cells.
Please note, that the PRACH is not only used to establish a signalling connection to
UTRAN. It can be also used to transmit very small amounts of user data.
• Acquisition Indication Channel (AICH)

This physical channel indicates to the UE, that it has received the PRACH
preamble and is now waiting for the PRACH message part.
93
Random Access – the Working Principle
UE Node B
No response PRACH (preamble)
by the
Node B
No response PRACH (preamble)

by the
Node B
PRACH (preamble) I just detected

a PRACH preamble
OLA!
AICH
PRACH (message part)
94
Random Access Timing
The properties of the PRACH are broadcasted (SIB5, SIB6). The candidate PRACH
is randomly selected (if there are several PRACH advertised in the cell) as well as the
access slots (= 2 TIME SLOTS) within the PRACH. 15 access slots are given in a
PRACH, each access slot lasting two timeslots or 5120 chips. In other words, the
access slots stretch over two 10 ms frames. A PRACH preamble, which is
transmitted in an access slot, has a length of 4096 chips.
Also the AICH is organised in (AICH) access slots, which stretch over two timeslots.
AICH access slots are time aligned with the P-CCPCH.
The UE sends one preamble in uplink access slot n. It expects to receive a response
from the Node B in the downlink (AICH) access slot n, τp-a chips later on. If there is no
response, the UE sends the next preamble τp-p chips after the first one. The
maximum numbers of preambles in one preamble access attempt can be set
between 1 and 64. The number of PRACH preamble cycles can be set between 1
and 32.
If the AICH_Transmission_Timing parameter in the SIB is set to BCCH SIB5 & SIB6
to
•0,
then, the minimum preamble-to-preamble distance is 3 access slots, the minimum preamble-to-
message distance is 3 access slots, and the preamble-to-acquisition indication is 3 timeslots.
•1,
then, the minimum preamble-to-preamble distance is 4 access slots, the minimum preamble-to-
95
message distance is 4 access slots, and the preamble-to-acquisition indication is 5 timeslots.
Random Access Timing
SFN mod 2 = 0 SFN mod 2 = 1 SFN mod 2 = 0
P-CCPCH
AICH access
slots0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7
5120
chips
(distances depend on AICH_Transmission_Timing )
UE point of view
Acquisition
AICH Indication
access slots
preamble-to-AI AS # i
distance τp-a
4096 chips
PRACH Preamble Message

access slots Preamble part
5120 chips AS # i
preamble-to-preamble preamble-to-message
96
distance τp-p distance τp-m
PRACH Power Setting
Preamble_Initial_Power =
UL interference
1st preamble: + Primary CPICH TX power – CPICH_RSCP
power setting + Constant Value
Constant Value
attenuation
estimated receive level
in the DL
UL interference
at Node B
-5..10
dB
1..8
dB Pp-p Pp-m
Pp-p
Pre- Message
Pre-
Pre- amble part
amble
amble
# of preambles: 1..64 # of preamble cycles: 1..32 97

Nokia Parameters Related to the PRACH and AICH
WCEL: PRACHRequiredReceivedCI
This UL required received C/I value is used by the UE to calculate the initial
output power on PRACH according to the Open loop power control
procedure. This parameter is part of SIB 5.
[-35 dB..-10 dB]; step 1 dB; default -25 dB. We use - 20
WCEL: PowerRampSteponPRACHPreamble
UE increases the preamble transmission power when no acquisition
indicator is received by UE in AICH channel. This parameter is part of SIB
5.
[1dB..8dB]; step 1 dB; default: 2 dB. We use 1
• WCEL: PowerOffsetLastPreamblePrachMessage
The power offset between the last transmitted preamble and the control
part of the PRACH message.
[-5 dB..10 dB]; step 1 dB; default 2dB
• WCEL: PRACH_preamble_retrans
The maximum number of preambles allowed in one preamble ramping
cycle, which is part of SIB5/6.
[1 ... 64]; step 1; default 8. We use 7
98
• WCEL: RACH_tx_Max
Maximum number of RACH preamble cycles defines how many times the
PRACH pre-amble ramping procedure can be repeated before UE MAC
reports a failure on RACH transmission to higher layers. This message is
part of SIB5/6.
[1 ... 32]; default 8. We use 16
WCEL: PRACHScramblingCode
The scrambling code for the preamble part and the message part of a
PRACH Channel, which is part of SIB5/6.
[0 ... 15]; default 0.
• WCEL: AllowedPreambleSignatures
The preamble part in a PRACH channel carries one of 16 different
orthogonal complex signatures. Nokia Node B restrictions: A maximum of
four signatures can be allowed (16 bit field).
[0 ... 61440]; default 15. We use 4
• WCEL: AllowedRACHSubChannels
A RACH sub-channel defines a sub-set of the total set of access slots (12
bit field).
99
[0 ... 4095]; default 4095. Company Confidential
• WCEL: PtxAICH
This is the transmission power of one Acquisition Indicator (AI) compared
to CPICH power. This parameter is part of SIB 5.
[-22 ... 5] dB, step 1 dB; default: -8 dB.
• WCEL: AICHTraTime
AICH transmission timing defines the delay between the reception of a
PRACH access slot including a correctly detected preamble and the
transmission of the Acquisition Indicator in the AICH.
0 ( Delay is 0 AS), 1 ( Delay is 1 AS) ;default 0.
• WCEL: RACH_Tx_NB01min
In case that a negative acknowledgement has been received by UE on
AICH a backoff timer TBO1 is started to determine when the next RACH
transmission attempt will be started. The backoff timer TBO1 is set to an
integer number NBO1 of 10 ms time intervals, randomly drawn within an
Interval 0 ≤ NB01min ≤ NBO1 ≤ NB01max (with uniform distribution).
[0 ... 50]; default: 0.
• WCEL: RACH_Tx_NB01max
[0 ... 50]; default: 50.
100
OL PC is needed to keep the quality of the communication at the required

level (BLER, SIR, BER,…) by setting the target (SIR) for the fast power control.
It aims at providing the required quality: no worse, no better. Too high quality
would waste capacity. It is needed in both UL and DL since there is Fast PC
(Closed Loop or Inner Loop) in both UL and DL
101
In RADIO BEARER SETUP Message you can find the Target BLER (for the DL)
For AMR and PS 128 = 1% BLER, CS T (VIDEO) = 0.1%, CS NT = 0.2%
102
UL Outer Loop Power Control Algorithm
Case of Soft Handover
103
UL Outer Loop Power Control Algorithm
104
UL OL PC: BLER ÆEb/No Æ (Initial SIR Target, SIR Target Max, SIR Target Min)
105
DL Outer Loop Power Control
DeltaSIR(1,2), DeltaSIR after (1,2),…..
The adjustments of the SIR Target done by the UE is a proprietary

algorithm that provides the same measured quality (BLER) as the quality
target set by the RNC 106
107
• UL (Near-Far Problem): UE1 and UE2 operate within the same frequency,
separable at the base station only by their respective spreading codes. It
may happen that UE1 at the cell edge suffers a path loss, say 70 dB above
that of UE2 which is near to NodeB. If there were no mechanism for UE1
and UE2 to be power-controlled to the SAME level at the NodeB, UE2 could
easily overshoot UE1 and thus a large part of the cell. Æ Power control tries
to equalizes the Rx power per bit of all UE’s at NodeB. Since Fast Fading is
uncorrelated between uplink and downlink (large freq separation between ul
and dl bands in FDD) we can not use only a method based on Open Loop
Power Control. Solution: Closed Loop PC: in UL the NodeB performs
frequent (1.5 KHz) estimates of the received SIR and compares it to the
SIR Target (calculated during Outer Loop PC).
• DL: We do not have Near-Far Problem due to one-to-many scenario: all the
signals within one cell originate from one NodeB to all mobiles. However it is
desirable to provide a marginal amount of additional power to UE at the cell
edge, as they suffer from increased other-cell-interference.
108
DL Fast Closed (Inner) Loop Power Control
Inner loop power control is also often called (fast) closed loop power control. It takes place
between the UE and the Node B. We talk about UL inner loop power control, when the
Node B returns immediately after the reception of a UE‘s signal a power control
command to the UE. By doing so, the UE‘s SIR ratio is kept at a certain level (the details
will be discussed later on in the course).
DL inner loop power control control is more complex. When the UE receives the
transmission of the Node B, the UE returns immediately a transmission power control
command to the Node B, telling the Node B either to increase or decrease its output
power for the UE‘s DPCH. The Node B‘s transmission power can be changed by 0.5, 1,
1.5 or 2 dB. 1 dB must be supported by the equipment. If other step sizes are supported
or selected, depends on manufacturer or operator.
The transmission output power for a DPCH has to be balanced for the PICH, which
adds to the power step size.
There are two downlink inner loop power control modes:
• DPC_MODE = 0: Each timeslot, a unique TPC command is sent uplink.
• DPC_MODE = 1: 3 consecutive timeslots, the same TPC command is transmitted.
One reason for the UE to request a higher output power is given, when the QoS target
has not been met. It requests the Node B to transmit with a higher output power, hoping
to increase the quality of the connection due to an increased SIR at the UE‘s receiver.
But this also increases the interference level for other phones in the cell and
neighbouring cells. The operator can decide, whether to set the parameter Limited
Power Increase Used. If used, the operator can limit the output power raise within a time
period. 109
DL Fast Closed (Inner) Loop PC Algorithm
Every 1500 Hz (time slot)

UE measures SIR= (RSCP/ISCP)×SF
110
Downlink Inner Loop Power Control
TPC
two modes
cell
DPC_MODE = 0 DPC_MODE = 1
unique TPC command same TPC over 3 TS,

per TS then new command
TPCest per
1 TS / 3 TS
111
UL Inner Loop Power Control
SIRest
SIRtarget
time
T TC TCP
TC CP P =
P= = =0 0 TPC ⇒
1 1 TPC_cmd
in FDD mode:
1500 times per
second
112
UL Fast Closed (Inner) Loop PC Algorithm
113
Power Control Algorithm 1 is applied in medium speed environments. Here, the UE
is commanded to modify its transmit power every timeslot. If the received TPC
value is 1, the UE increases the transmission output at the DPCCH by ∆DPCCH,
otherwise it decreases it by ∆DPCCH. The ∆DPCCH is either 1 or 2 dB, as set by the
higher layer protocols. TPC values from the same radio link set represent one
TLC_cmd. TPC_cmds from different radio link sets have to be weighted, if there is
no reliable interpretation.
Power Control Algorithm 2 (300 times/s) was specified to allow smaller step sizes
in the power control in comparison to PCA1. This is necessary in very low and high
speed environments. In these environments, PCA1 may result in oscillating around
the target SIR.
PCA2 changes only with every 5th timeslot, i.e. the TPC_cmd is set to 0 the first 4
timeslots. In timeslot 5, the TPC_cmd is –1, 0, or 1. For each radio set, the
TPC_cmd is temporarily determined. This can be seen in the next figure. The
temporary transmission power commands (TPC_temp) are combined as can be
seen in the figure after the next one. Here you can see, how the final TPC_cmd is
determined.
114
UL Inner Loop Power Control Algorithms (1 and 2)
• The optimum PC step size varies depending on the UE speed. For a given
quality target, the best UL PC step size is the one that results in the lowest
target SIR. With an update rate of 1500 Hz, a PC step size of 1dB can
effectively track a typical Rayleigh fading channel up to Doppler frequency of
about 55 Hz (30 Km/h). At higher speeds, up to about 80 Km/h, a PC step
size of 2dB gives better results.
• For speeds greater than 80 Km/h the inner loop PC can no longer follow the
fades and just introduces noise into the UL transmission. This adverse effect
on the UL performance could be reduced if a PC step size smaller than 1 dB
was employed. Also, for UE speeds lower than about 3 Km/h where the
fading rate of the channel is very small, a smaller step size is more
beneficial.
• Algorithm 1 is used when the UE speed is sufficiently low to compensate for
the fading of the channel (PC step size should be 1 or 2 dB)
• Algorithm 2 was designed for emulating the effect of using a PC step size
smaller than 1 dB and can be used to compensate for the slow fading trend
of the propagation channel rather than rapid fluctuations. It performs better
than Alg 1 when the UE moves faster than 80 Km/h or slower than 3 Km/h.
The UE does not change its transmission power until it has received 5
consecutive TPC commands. 115
algorithms for processing
power control commands
TPC_cmd
PCA1 PCA2
TPC_cmd for each TS TPC_cmd for 5th TS
TPC_cmd values: +1, -1 TPC_cmd values: +1, 0, -1
step size ∆ TPC: 1dB or 2dB step size ∆ TPC: 1dB
UL DPCCH power adjustment: ∆DPCCH = ∆ TPC × TPC_cmd
PCA2 PCA1 PCA2
0 ≈ 3Rayleigh fading can be compensated

≈ 80 km/h
116
UL Inner Loop Power Control Algorithm 1
Example: reliable
transmission
Cell 3
TPC3 = 1
⇒
TPC_cmd = -1
TPC1 = 1 TPC3 = 0
Cell 1
Cell 2
117
UL Inner Loop Power Control Algorithm 2 (Part 1)
TPC = 1 TPC_temp
TPC = 1 0
0 • if all TPC-values =
TPC = 1
0 1
TPC = 1
⇒ TPC_temp = +1
TPC = 1 0
• if all TPC-values =
TPC = 1 1
0
TPC = 0 0 ⇒ TPC_temp = -1
TPC = 1 0 • otherwise
TPC = 0 0 ⇒ TPC_temp = 0
TPC = 1 0
TPC = 0 0
TPC = 0 0
TPC = 0 0
TPC = 0 0
TPC = 0 0
-1
118
UL Inner Loop Power Control Algorithm 2 (Part 2)
Example:
N = 3 cells TPC_temp1 TPC_temp2 TPC_temp3
1 N
∑
N i=1
TPC_tempi
-1 -0.5 0 0.5 1
TPC_cmd = -1 0 1 119
Part VI
Dedicated Physical
Channels
120
Downlink Dedicated Physical Channel (DPCH)
The downlink DPCH is used to transmit the DCH data. Control information and user
data are time multiplexed. The control data is associated with the Dedicated
Physical Control Channel (DPCCH), while the user data is associated with the
Dedicated Physical Data Channel (DPDCH).
The transmission is organised in 10 ms radio frames, which are divided into 15
timeslots. The timeslot length is 2560 chips. Within each timeslot, following fields
can be found:
• Data field 1 and data field 2, which carry DPDCH information
• Transmission Power Control (TPC) bit field
• Transport Format Combination Indicator (TFCI) field, which is optional
• Pilot bits
The exact length of the fields depends on the slot format, which is determined by
higher layers. The TFCI is optional, because it is not required for services with fixed
data rates. Slot format are also defined for the compressed mode; hereby different
slot formats are in used, when compression is archived by a changed spreading
factor or a changed puncturing scheme.
The pilot sequence is used for channel estimation as well as for the SIR ratio
determination within the inner loop power control. The number of the pilot bits can
be 2, 4, 8 and 16 – it is adjusted with the spreading factor. A similar adjustment is
done for the TPC value; its bit numbers range between 2, 4 and 8.
The spreading factor for a DPCH can range between 4 and 512. The spreading factor
can be changed every TTI period. 121
Superframes last 720 ms and were introduced for GSM-UMTS handover support.
Superframe = 720 ms
Radio Frame Radio Frame Radio Frame Radio Frame

0 1 2 71
10 ms Frame
TFCI
TPC
Data 1 bits bits Data 2 bits Pilot bits
bits
(optional)
DPDCH DPCCH DPDCH DPCCH

• 17 different slot formats
• Compressed mode slot 2,4,8,16 bits (SIR estimation)
format for changed SF 2,4,8 bits 122
& changed puncturing
Following features are supported in the downlink:
• Blind rate detection, and
• Discontinuous transmission.
Rate matching is done to the maximum bit rate of the connection. Lower bit rates are
possible, including the option of discontinuous transmission. Please note, that
audible interference imposes no problem in the downlink, since Common Channels
have continuous transmission.
Multicode usage:
Several physical channels can be allocated in the downlink to one UE. This can
occur, when several DPCH are combined in one CCTrCH in the PHY layer, and the
data rate of the CCTrCH exceeds the maximum data rates allowed for the physical
channels. Then, on all downlink DPCHs, the same spreading factor is used. Also
the downlink transmission of the DPCHs takes place synchronous. One DPCH
carries DPDCH and DPCCH information, while on the remaining DPCHs, no
DPCCH information is transmitted.
But also in the case, when several DPCHs with different spreading factors are in use,
the first DPCH carries the DPCCH information, while in the remaining DPCHs, this
information is omitted (discontinuous transmission).
123
Multicode usage is not implemented in RAN1.
Physical Layer Bit Rates (Downlink)
Spreading Channel Channel DPDCH Maximum user

factor symbol bit rate channel bit data rate with ½-
rate (kbps) rate range rate coding
(ksps) (kbps) (approx.)
512 7.5 15 3–6 1–3 kbps
256 15 30 12–24 6–12 kbps Half rate speech
128 30 60 42–51 20–24 kbps Full rate speech
64 60 120 90 45 kbps
32 120 240 210 105 kbps
16 240 480 432 215 kbps 128 kbps
8 480 960 912 456 kbps 384 kbps
4 960 1920 1872 936 kbps
4, with 3 2880 5760 5616 2.8 Mbps 2 Mbps
parallel
codes
• The number of orthogonal channelization codes = Spreading factor
124
maximum bit rate discontinuous transmission with lower bit rate
TS TS TS TS TS
Multicode usage:
DPCH 1
TS TS TS
DPCH 2
TS TS TS
DPCH 3
125
• Power offsets
Power Offsets for the DPCH • TFCS
• DL DPCH slot
format
• FDD DL TPC
step size
NBAP: RADIO LINK SETUP REQUEST
DCH Data Frame

Iub
Uu
Node B RNC
P0x: 0..6 dB
step size: 0.25
dB UE
PO2 TPC TFCI PO3

PO1 Pilot bits
bits bits
Data 1 bits (optional) Data 2 bits
126
Nokia Parameters Related to DPCHs
• RNC: PowerOffsetDLdpcchPilot
The parameter defines the power offset for the pilot symbols in relative to
the data symbols in dedicated downlink physical channel
[0 … 6 dB]; step size 0.25 dB; default: 3 dB for 12.2 kbps
• RNC: PowerOffsetDLdpcchTpc,
The parameter defines the power offset for the TPC symbols relative to the
data symbols in dedicated downlink physical channel
[0 … 6 dB]; step size 0.25 dB; default: 3 dB for 12.2 kbps
• RNC: PowerOffsetDLdpcchTfci,
The parameter defines the power offset for the TFCI symbols relative to the
data symbols in dedicated downlink physical channel.
[0 … 6 dB], step size 0.25 dB; default: 3 dB for 12.2 kbps
127
Uplink Dedicated Physical Channels
The uplink dedicated physical channel transmission, we identify two types of physical
channels:
Dedicated Physical Control Channel (DPCCH),
which is always transmitted with spreading factor 256 (3840/256=15Ksps=15Kbps).
Following fields are defined on the DPCCH:
- pilot bits for channel estimation. Their number can be 3, 4, 5, 6, 7 or 8.
- Transmitter Power Control (TPC), with either one or two bits
- Transport Format Combination Indicator (TFCI), which is optional, and a
- Feedback Indicator (FBI). Bits can be set for the closed loop mode transmit
diversity and site selection diversity transmission (SSDT)
6 different slot formats were specified for the DPCCH. Variations exist for the
compressed mode.
Dedicated Physical Data Channel (DPDCH),
which is used for user data transfer. Its spreading factor ranges between 4 and 256.
7 different solt formats are defined, which are set by the higher layers.
The DPCCH and DPDCH are combined by I/Q code multiplexing with each
multiframe.
Multicode usage is possible. If applied, additonal DPDCH are added to the uplink
transmission, but no additional DPCCHs! The maximum number of DPDCH is 6;
when more than one DPDCH is used (Multicodes) they all use SF = 4.
The transmission itself is organised in 10 ms radio frames, which are divided into128
15
timeslots. The timeslot length is 2560 Company
chips. Confidential
Uplink Dedicated Physical Channels
Superframe = 720 ms
Radio Frame Radio Frame Radio Frame Radio Frame

0 1 2 71
10 ms Frame
DPDCH Data 1 bits
TFCI bits TPC

DPCCH Pilot bits FBI bits
(optional) bits
• 6 different slot
formats
• Compressed mode
slot format for Feedback Indicator for
• 7
changed SF & • Closed loop mode transmit
different
changed puncturing diversity, &
slot
• Site selection diversity 129
formats
transmission (SSDT)
Discontinuous Transmission and Power Offsets
Discontinuous transmission (DTX) is supported for the DCH both uplink and
downlink. If DTX is applied in the downlink – as it is done with speech – then 3000
bursts are generated in one second. (1500 times the pilot sequence, 1500 times the
TPC bits) This causes two problems:
• Inter-frequency interference, caused by the burst generation. At the Node B, the
problem can be overcome with exquisite filter equipment. This filter equipment is
expensive and heavy. Therefore it cannot be applied in the UE. The UE‘s solution is
I/Q code multiplexing, with a continuous transmission for the DPCCH. DPDCH
changes can still occur, but they are limited to the TTI period. The minimum TTI
period is 10 ms. The same effects can be observed, then the DPDCH data rate and
with it its output power is changing.
• 3000 bursts causes audible interference with other equipment – just see for
example GSM. By reducing the changes to the TTI period, the audible interference
is reduced, too.
Determination of the power difference between the DPCCH and DPDCH
I/Q code multiplexing is done in the uplink, i.e. the DPCCH and DPDCH are transmitted with
different codes (and possible with different spreading factors). Gain factors are specified: βc is
the gain factor for the DPCCH, while βd is the gain factor for the DPDCH. The gain factors
may vary for each TFC. There are two ways, how the UE may learn about the gain factors:
• The gain factors are signalled for each TFC.
If so, the nominal power relation Aj between the DPDCH and DPCCH is βd/βc.
• The gain factor is calculated based on reference TFCs. 130
Discontinuous Transmission and Power Offsets
DPDCH
DPDCH
DPDCH
DPCCH DPCCH DPCCH
TTI TTI TTI
UL DPDCH/DPCH Power Difference:

two methods to determine the gain factors:
• signalled for each TFCs
• calculation based on reference TFCs
DPDCH
βd
Nominal Power Relation Aj= =
βc DPCCH
131
Initial Uplink DCH Transmission
When we look to the PRACH, we can see, that a preambles were used to avoid UEs
to access UTRAN with a too high initial transmission power. The same principle is
applied for the DPCH. After PRACH procedure the UE transmits between 0 to 7
radio frames only the DPCCH uplink (the period is called DPCCH power control
Preamble), before the DPDCH is code multiplexed. The number of radio frames is
set by the higher layers (RRC resp. the operator). Also for this period of time, only
DPCCH can be found in the downlink.
The UE can be also informed about a delay regarding RRC signalling – this is
called SRB delay, which can also last 0 to 7 radio frames. The SRB delay follows
after the DPCCH preamble.
How to set the the transmission power of the first UL DPCCH preamble? Its power
level is
DPCCH_Initial_power = – CPICH_RSCP + DPCCH_Power_offset
The DPCCH Power Offset is retrieved from RRC messages. It’s value ranges
between –164 and –6 dB (step size 2 dB). CPICH_RSCP is the received signal
code power on the P-CPICH, measured by the UE.
132
Initial Uplink DCH Transmission
DPCCH only DPCCH & DPDCH
reception
at UE
trans-
mission
at UE T0
0 to 7 frames for
power control preamble
DPCCH only, DPCCH & DPDCH
always based on PCA1 PCA based on RRC
DPCCH_Initial_power = – CPICH_RSCP + DPCCH_Power_offset
133
Radio frame timing and access slot timing of downlink physical channels
Primary
SCH
Secondary
SCH
Any CPICH
P-CCPCH Radio framewith (SFN modulo 2) = 0 Radio framewith (SFN modulo 2) = 1
k:th S-CCPCH τS-CCPCH,k
τPICH
PICH for k:th

S-CCPCH
AICH access #0 #1 #2 #3 #4 #5 #6 #7 #8 #9 #10 #11 #12 #13 #14

slots
Any PDSCH
n:th DPCH τDPCH,n
HS-SCCH Subframe Subframe Subframe Subframe Subframe

Subframes #0 #1 #2 #3 #4
10 ms 10 ms
134
Part VII
WCDMA Planning
135
Radio Network Planning Process
DEFINITION PLANNING and IMPLEMENTATION O&M
System Coverage Capacity Network

Dimensioning Planning and Optimisation Optimisation
Site Selection
Traffic distribution Survey
Requirements Path loss measurements
and strategy prediction Pilot Power
for coverage, Soft handover
quality and Coverage Statistical
capacity, optimisation performance
Blocking objectives
per service analysis
Cell isolation
optimisation
136
Planning issues
• Planning should meet current standards and demands and also comply with future
requirements.
• Uncertainty of future traffic growth and service needs.
• High bit rate services require knowledge of coverage and capacity enhancements
methods.
• Real constraints
– Coexistence and co-operation of 2G and 3G for old operators.
– Environmental constraints for new operators.
• Network planning depends not only on the coverage but also on load.
Objectives of Radio network planning

• Capacity:
– To support the subscriber traffic with sufficiently low blocking and delay.
• Coverage:
– To obtain the ability of the network ensure the availability of the service in the entire
service area.
• Quality:
– Linking the capacity and the coverage and still provide the required QoS.
• Costs:
– To enable an economical network implementation when the service is established and a
controlled network expansion during the life cycle of the network.
137
Planning methods
• Preparation phase
– Defining coverage and capacity objectives
– Selection of network planning strategies
– Initial design and operation parameters
• Initial dimensioning
– First and most rapid evaluation of the network elements count and capacity of
these elements
– Offered traffic estimation
– Joint capacity coverage estimation
• Detailed planning
– Detailed coverage capacity estimation
– Iterative coverage analysis
– Planning for codes and powers
• Optimization
– Setting the parameters
• Soft handover
• Power control
• Verification of the static simulator with the dynamic simulator
138
A strategy for dimensioning
• Plan for adequate load and number of sites.
• Enable optimized site selection.
• Avoid adding new sites too soon.
• Allow better utilization of spectrum.
• Recommended load factor 30- 70 %
139
Dimensioning process
140
Capacity&Coverage Trade Off
•The coverage for a WCDMA system is generally limited by the uplink. This is because
the maximum output power of the mobile is lower than for the base station, so the
base station can reach longer than the mobile can.
•Capacity is generally limited by the downlink. This is because better receiver

techniques can be used in the base station than in the mobile. Since most forecasts
predict an asymmetric load where the users download data to a larger extent than
sending, the downlink will be most important from a capacity point of view.
•Capacity and coverage is closely related in a WCDMA system. When traffic

increases, the level of interference in the system increases. To compensate for this,
the mobile has to increase its output power in order to defeat the increased noise, or in
already at max power, make the connection closer to the base station.
• Due to the increase of traffic, the effective cell area has shrunk. This behavior is
known as cell breathing. In an FDMA or TDMA-system this problem does not arise,
since coverage and capacity is largely independent.
•To reduce cell breathing interference margins are included when dimensioning the
network, which has the effect of increasing site density.
141
Coverage Limited Uplink
• Another way to reduce cell breathing would be to add a frequency, which would
mean that the users could be spread over two or more carriers. Since the different
carriers are not interfering with each other, the interference level is reduced, and
an increase in capacity or coverage is achieved
• When making the initial design, the aim is to provide a certain capacity, or service
level, over an area. One design strategy could be to design a very low-density
network, capable of providing low capacity over a wide area.
• This would reduce the number of base stations as compared to building for higher
capacity. Since the cost of base stations are a large part of the cost of building a
network, minimizing the number of base stations are important.
• On the other hand, it is important to be able to provide attractive services to the
customers. This could be difficult if not enough bandwidth is available. Building
less dense means that the maximum distance between the mobile and base
station is increased, which is the same as allowing a higher maximum path loss
between the two.
• A higher path loss between the mobile and the base station can be tolerated if the
interference is decreased. If the interference in a cell were reduced by a certain
amount of dB, the maximum allowed path loss would increase by the same
amount.
142
•Using a propagation model like for example Okumura-Hata, it is possible to convert
a change of the interference level into a changed site density, compared to a
reference case.
•Table below shows the change in number of sites if the interference margin in the
link budget is changed. A negative dB value means that the link budget is worse
compared to the reference case, and thus more sites are needed.
143
Uplink Load Factor
Interference degradation margin: describes the amount of increase of interference
due to multiple access . It is reserved in the link budget.
Can be calculated as the Noise Rise: the ratio of the total received power Itotal to
the Noise Power PN
I total 1 1
Noise Rise = = =
1 − ∑ j =1 L j 1 − ηUL
N
PN
Where Load Factor η ULis :
ηUL = ∑ j =1 L j , L j is the load factor of one connection
N
The uplink load factor can be written as

NS 1
ηUL = (1 + i ) ⋅ ∑ j =1 L j = (1 + i ⋅ ) ⋅ ∑ j =1
N N
ζ 1+
W
( Eb / N O ) j ⋅ R j ⋅υ j
Noise Rise (dB) is equal to - 10 ⋅ log10 (1 − ηUL )
Where ηUL ∈ [0,1]
144
Uplink Load Factor
Definitions Recommended Values
N Number of users per cell
υj Activity Factor of user j at physical layer 0.67 for speech
Eb/No Signal energy per bit divided by noise spectral Dependent on service, bit rate, mulitpath,
density that is required to meet a predefined fading channel, receive antenna diversity,
BLER. Noise includes both thermal and mobile speed, etc
interference
W WCDMA chip rate 3.84 Mcps
Rj Bit Rate of user j Dependent on service
Sectorisation Gain 1 Sector (Omni): 1; 3 Sectors (90°): 2.57;

ζ 3 Sectors (65°): 2.87; 3 Sectors (33°): 2.82
4 Sectors (90°): 3.11; 6 Sectors (65°): 4.70
NS Number of Sectors
i Other cell to own cell interference ratio seen by Macro Cell with omni antennas: 55%. Macro
the base station receiver Cell with 3 sectors: 65% 145
Uplink Noise Rise as a Function of
Throughput
12
11
Noise Rise (dB)
10
9
8
7
6
5
4
3
2
1
200 400 600 800 1000 1200 1400 1600
Throughput (Kbps)
Voice (12.2 Kbps)
144 Kbps
146
• For voice services a typical noise rise would be between 1-3 dB, which
corresponds to a throughput between 150 kbps and 375 kbps. A network is
designed for a certain throughput.
• After some time that throughput is reached, and as a result the noise rise rises
over the design value.
• The choice is then to either increase site density, or add more frequencies.
Adding a frequency has its own set of problems, most notably that soft handover
does not work between frequencies. This problem is less of an issue if new
frequencies are added to a number of sites over a wider area.
• The mobile can then move freely on the frequency it has been assigned, and the
probability of making a hard inter-frequency handover is reduced
• Assume that traffic increases so that the actual noise rise is 4 dB, 1 dB above the
design level. The noise figure needs to be improved, for example down to 2 dB,
to improve quality and make room for future capacity demands. In other words,
the average throughput per cell needs to be reduced.
• Building more sites, or adding another frequency can do this.
• Adding a second frequency would half the throughput for each cell and carrier.
For a 4 dB noise rise the throughput is 450 kbps according to the graph. A new
throughput of 450/2 kbps=225 kbps per carrier gives a noise rise of 1.5 dB, an
improvement of 2.5 dB. A 2.5 dB lower allowable path loss corresponds roughly
to 40% more sites, that is, The cost of building these sites can then be said to be
the value of having one extra frequency. Adding a second and a third frequency
follows the same pattern, with a slight difference. The relative decrease in noise
rise will be lower. When a third frequency is added the traffic is spread over three
carriers, and reduced with a third for each frequency. 147
• It is also possible to do the other way around, that is, build sites less dense to
start with. This saves money in the roll out phase, but could cause problems if
high capacity is needed in the future. Using figures from the example above,
assume a design for a maximum throughput of 375 kbps for one carrier, which
corresponds to a noise rise of 3 dB. Using two carriers gives a throughput per
carrier of 375/2 kbps=190 kbps, which corresponds to a noise rise of 1.3 dB.
The saving is 2.7 dB, which converts to roughly 70% of the original number of
sites is needed. This is the same as each site covers approximately 1.4 times
the area of the original one carrier site.
Uplink Coverage of Different Bit Rates

3.5
2.5
Range [km]
1.5
0.5
0
32 kbps 64 kbps 144 kbps 384 kbps 1024 kbps 2048 kbps
Suburban area with 95% outdoor location probability 148

Downlink Load Factor
η DL = ∑ j =1υ j ⋅
N ( Eb / N O ) j
W Rj
[
⋅ (1 - α j ) + i j ]
Noise Rise over therm al noise due to multiple access interferen ce
is equal to - 10 ⋅ log 10 (1 − η DL )
Where η DL ∈ [0,1]
Definitions Recommended Values

N Number of users per cell
υj Activity Factor of user j at physical layer 0.58 for speech
Eb/No Signal energy per bit divided by noise spectral Dependent on service, bit rate, mulitpath,
density that is required to meet a predifined fading channel, receive antenna diversity,
BLER. Noise includes both thermal and mobile speed, etc
interference
W WCDMA chip rate 3.84 Mcps
Rj Bit Rate of user j Dependent on service
αj Orthogonality of channel of user j Dependent on the multipath propagation
1: fully orthogonal 1-path channel
0: no orthogonality
ITU Vehicular A channel: ~ 50%
ITU Pedestrian A channel: ~ 90%
ij
ij Ratio of other cell to own cell base station power, Each user sees a different , depending on
received by user j its location in the cell and log-normal
shadowing. Macro Cell with omni antennas: 149
55%. Macro Cell with 3 sectors: 65%
Downlink Load Factor
• Compared to the uplink load equation, the most important new parameter is α j ,
which represent the orthogonality factor in the downlink. WCDMA employs
orthogonal codes in DL to separate users, and without multipath propagation the
orthogonality remains when the base station signal is received by the mobile.
• The DL load factor exhibits very similar behavior to the UL load factor, in the
sense that when approaching unity, the system reaches its pole capacity and the
noise rise over thermal noise goes to infinity
• For downlink dimensioning, it’s important to estimate the total amount of base
station transmission power required. This is based on average transmission
power for user
(Eb No ) j
N rf ⋅ W ⋅ L ⋅ ∑ j =1υ j
N
BS _ TxPw =
(W Rj )
1 − η DL
Where N rf is the noise spectral density of the mobile
N rf = k ⋅ T + NF = −174dBm + NF (assuming T = 290K)
k is the Boltzmann constant of 1.381⋅10-23 J / K , NF is mobile Noise Figure (5 - 9 dB)
150
Downlink Common Channels
• Part of the downlink power has to be allocated for the common channels that
are transmitted independently of the traffic channels
Downlink common Relative to CPICH Activity Average Power allocation
channels with 20W max Power
CPICH 0 dB 100% 2.0 W
P-SCH -3 dB 10% 0.1 W
S-SCH -3 dB 10% 0.1 W
P-CCPCH -5 dB 90% 0.6 W
PICH -8 dB 100%¹ 0.3 W
AICH -8 dB 100%¹ 0.3 W Almost

50% is for
S-CCPCH 0 dB² 10%³ 0.2 W CPICH
Total Common 3.6 W
channels Power
Remaining power for 20-3.6 = 16.4 W
traffic channels
¹ Worst case; ² Depends on the FACH bit rate; ³ Depends on PCH and FACH traffic
151
Relation of Uplink and Downlink Load
100
90
• Downlink load is always
80 higher than uplink load due to:
70
– asymmetry in user traffic
DL Load [%]
60
– different Eb/No values in
50 Increasing uplink and downlink
asymmetry
40
– orthogonality in downlink
30
– overhead due to soft-
20 handover
10
0
0 10 20 30 40 50
UL Load [%]
152
Capacity Limited Downlink
• As the demand for downlink capacity increases, there are several different ways of
increasing capacity. The most common ways are adding more frequencies and
power amplifiers, and introducing transmit diversity
• Upgrading capacity in the ways just mentioned is of course dependant on the base
station equipment being able to handle it. It is reasonable to assume that as the
capacity demand increases, the equipment vendors will produce equipment that
can handle it
• Assume an initial base station configuration of one 20W power amplifier per sector,
one carrier per sector and three sectors per site. This is called the baseline
configuration, and has a baseline capacity
• The first step to upgrade the capacity is to add a second frequency. This gives a
capacity increase of 80%. The reason why the increase is not 100% is that the
power amplifier only can deliver 20W, which has to be split between the two
frequencies, making the output 10W per carrier.
• The second step could be to add a second 20W power amplifier (restoring the
power per frequency to 20W) and introduce transmit diversity.
• With these two upgrades the capacity now is 180% compared to the baseline.
Adding a third frequency would decrease the output power to 13 W per carrier, but
the extra carrier would still mean a capacity increase of 290% compared to the
baseline
• If there are no more frequencies available, changing the power amplifiers from two
20W to two 40W will give a modest capacity increase, making the increase
compared to baseline 320%. Adding a fourth frequency and at the same time
changing out the two 20W power amplifiers to two 40W amplifiers, if that has not
been done before, gives a capacity increase 460% compared to the baseline. 153
Capacity Limited Downlink
• Upgrading the power amplifier restores the power per frequency to 20W, the
same as the baseline case. With the stronger PA’s there is power to add a fifth
and a sixth carrier. This would give capacities of 550% respectively 680%
compared to the baseline
• Using two PA’s means that no modification to the antenna system is required.
Adding a third PA means that either a combiner, or an extra antenna needs to be
used. A combiner typically has a 3dB insertion loss, offsetting the gain achieved
• Adding a third antenna is complicated from a site-engineering point of view. An
extra feeder cable is needed, and adding an extra antenna could be difficult since
it means renegotiating the agreement with the house owner.
• With a third PA the 6 frequencies is transmitting at 20W, giving a 740% increase
gain compared to the baseline capacity.
Example upgrade path 154

Typical Pathlosses for different Bearer Services
Low Data Scenario

Low Asymmetry Scenario
165,00
160,00
Speech 12,2k UL Pathloss

155,00
Pathloss [dB]
RT Data 14k UL Pathloss

RT Data 64k UL Pathloss
better coverage
NRT Data 144k UL Pathloss

NRT Data 384k UL Pathloss
150,00
DL Pathloss
145,00
Coverage is
uplink limited Capacity is
downlink limited
140,00
0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80
UL Load
155
Part VIII
WCDMA Link Budget
156
WCDMA Link Budget
157
WCDMA Link Budget
158
WCDMA Link Budget
159
WCDMA Link Budget
160
WCDMA Link Budget
161
WCDMA Link Budget
162
WCDMA Link Budget
163
WCDMA Link Budget
164
WCDMA Link Budget
165
WCDMA Link Budget
166
WCDMA Link Budget
167
WCDMA Link Budget
168
WCDMA Link Budget
169
WCDMA Link Budget
170
WCDMA Link Budget – Cell Sizes
•Output of Link Budget is MAPL (Maximum Allowed Path Loss) based on different:
- Clutter types (Dense Urban, Urban, Sub-Urban, Rural)
- Services (AMR, PS64, CS64, PS128, PS384,…)
- Indoor/Outdoor
- Area Location Probability
- Mobile speed: Pedestrian/Vehicular
•Given an area to be covered (Km²) the cell count has to be performed based on
Cell Area (Å Cell Radius)
•Cell Radius can be calculated using Propagation models (Cost231, Hokumura-
Hata, Walfish-Ikegami,…)
•The models need as input:
•MAPL
•UE antenna height
•NodeB antenna height
•Frequency
•Clutter correction factors
171
WCDMA Link Budget – Cell Count
r = Cell Radius
r
3 2
Surface of a tri-sectorial cell : ACell =3 r
2
Number of Sites = Number of Cells /3
Intersite Distance = 1.5*r

Example:
r = 0.409 km
Acell = 0.432 km2
Stotal = 100 km²

Number of Tri-secotrial sites = 100/0.432 ≈ 230
172
Part IX
Coverage-Capacity
enhancement
173
Coverage Improvement Alternatives
• Mast head amplifier
– basic solution for optimized uplink performance
– compensates feeder cable loss
– supported by Nokia's base stations
– can be used together with Smart Radio Concept
• 6 sectored site
– utilizing narrowbeam antennas
– ~ 2 dB better antenna gain than in 3
sectored site
• Nokia Smart Radio Concept, SRC

– 4-branch uplink diversity
174
Capacity Improvement Alternatives
• 6 sectored site
– ~ 80% capacity gain compared to 3
sectors (not 100% due to inter-sector
interference)
• More carriers (frequencies) per sector

– doubling the amount of carriers with
power splitting gives roughly 60% more
capacity
• Smart Radio Concept

– transmit diversity
175
Smart Radio Concept
Uplink coverage
– 4-branch diversity reception per sector dB Received signal power
10
– Maximal ratio baseband combining of 4
uplink signals forms a beam 5
Downlink capacity upgrade -5

– Upgrade transmit diversity when needed -10 SRC
Rx diversity
-15
0 0.5 1 1.5 2 2.5
+ TX
RX Seconds, 3km/h
RX
RX
RX + TX
WCDMA Combined
Transceiver received
signal
176
144 kbps Coverage / Capacity in Macro Cells
Max. allowed
path loss [dB]
170
Downlink
load curve
165
Better 160
coverage Coverage is
uplink limited
155 Capacity is
downlink limited
150 Uplink load
curve with RX
diversity for
144 kbps
145
100 200 300 400 500 600 700 800 900 1000110012001300
Load per sector [kbps]
177
Nokia Smart Radio Concept
Phase 1: Increase Uplink Coverage
Max. allowed
path loss [dB]
170
165
Uplink 2.5-3.0 dB
load curve coverage
160 with SRC improvement
with SRC
155
150 Uplink load

curve
without
145 SRC
100 200 300 400 500 600 700 800 900 1000110012001300
178
Nokia Smart Radio Concept
Phase 2: Increase Downlink Capacity
Max. allowed
path loss [dB]
170
Downlink with TX
diversity, 20W per
165 branch
160 Downlink
20W
no diversity
155
150
70% increase
in capacity
145
100 200 300 400 500 600 700 800 900 1000110012001300
179
Coverage : 30 % less sites with SRC
Sites / km2
0.3
0.25
2.5 - 3.0 dB gain
0.2 corresponds to 30%
less sites with SRC
0.15
0.1
0.05
0
3-sector (rx div) 3-sector (SRC)
180
Capacity Upgrade with Smart Radio Concept
• No changes to antennas or antenna cables
• All these capacity upgrades within one Ultrasite cabinet
Speech Erlang per site

350
300 Cost / Erlang is
decreasing with
250
capacity upgrades
200
Add tx diversity +
150
take 2nd frequency
100 into use
50
0
20W 2x10W + 2x10W
Downlink power per sector 181
Capacity Optimisation
The impact of MHA, SRC & 6 -sector site
3G Radio Network Planning case study
Assumptions:
•The geographic area under study is defined by the suburban area of London
•The site's location was given, antennas´ directions are the same as the DCS
network. Two antenna type has been used, 60 and 90 degrees horizontal
opening
•1800MHz measurements provided. Assumption that narrow band 1800MHz
propagation is representative of wideband 2GHz propagation
•15dB of building penetration loss included in the link budget for Indoor
Coverage.
•Multiple simulation runs. MS positions and slow fading changed for each run
182
Area under Investigation
Suburban area of London

12km by 11km
Intended to be representative of
suburban areas across the UK
Morphology analysis
Morphology Percentage Area
Suburban 65.2%
Open/Fields 13.7%
Open in Urban 10.1%
Industrial 6.3%
Roads in Urban 2.2%
Forest 2.0%
Urban 0.5%
Water 0.1%
183
Radio Network Configuration
51 sites (3 sector)
existing 1G and 2G sites, plus

sites to be acquired prior to 3G
Link level simulations used to define Eb/No

requirements, SHO Gain
Vehicular A channel assumed
Parameter Assumptions
Parameter Value
Max. transmit power 43dBm
Max. power per link not limited
Min. transmit power per link not limited
CPICH power 30dBm
Common channel power 30dBm
Cable/connector loss 3dB
Soft handover window 5dB
RF carriers available 1
Slow fading standard dev. 8dB
Maximum uplink load 50%
184
Antenna Configuration
1G and 2G antenna list 3G antenna list
60° antenna x 56 60° antenna x 56
85° antenna x 97 90° antenna x 97
Differences in elec. tilt compensated with mech. tilt

Antenna Type Horizontal Vertical Electrical Antenna Gain
Beamwidth Beamwidth Downtilt
741415 60° 7° 0° 18dBi
CS72138 90° 7° 2° 16.5dBi
741415 CS72138
185
Traffic Modeling
Priority placed on modeling Uniform distribution of mobile terminals
traffic services separately
System loaded to maximum capability
12.2kbps speech
fixed uplink load limit
64kbps data fixed BTS power capability
144kbps data
Link level simulations used to define Eb/No
Symetric data services requirements, SHO Gain
Service
Parameter 12.2 kbps 64 kbps data 144 kbps data
voice MS Numbers
Max. transmit power 21 dBm 21 dBm 21 dBm
Min. transmit power -50 dBm -50 dBm -50 dBm
Distrib. Supp.
Antenna height 1.5 m 1.5 m 1.5 m
Antenna gain 0 dBi 0 dBi 2 dBi 12.2kbps speech 15000 ~5400
Body loss 3 dB 0 dB 0 dB
Uplink bit rate 12.2 kbps 64 kbps 144 kbps
64kbps data 5000 ~1100
Downlink bit rate 12.2 kbps 64 kbps 144 kbps
Uplink activity factor 0.67 1 1
144kbps data 1500 ~500
Downlink activity factor 0.67 1 1
Mobile speed 50 km/hr 3 km/hr 3 km/hr
186
Benchmark Results
MHA, SRC, 6 Sector not included
Only coverage and capacity presented Uplink limited

here
Capacities
Service Envir. network per cell
12.2kbps Outdoor 5074 33.2
Speech Indoor 5336 34.9
64kbps Outdoor 966 6.3
Data Indoor 1100 7.2
144kbps Outdoor 470 3.1
Uplink Data Indoor 501 3.3
limited
12
Depends 100
Percentage of Cells
Number of Cells
upon
polygon
6
Envir. Service of the Mean
Probe Mobile
Outdoor Speech 99.83
64kbps Data 98.54
144bps Data 96.74
Indoor Speech 88.05 0 0
0 30 60
64kbps Data 70.05
144bps Data 59.71 Number of 12.2kbps speech users
187
Impact of MHA
MHA introduced at all sites
Improves uplink power budget
Improved
Example
indoor speech: 88Æ 93%
indoor 64kbps data: 70Æ 79%
Trend of results as Remains approximately the

expected same
uplink and downlink
approximately balanced
188
Impact of SRC (rx only)
2 scenarios
SRC introduced at all sites
SRC introduced at TACS sites only
Reduces uplink Eb/No target
Improved
speech by 9%
64kbps data by 11% Improved
144kbps data by 30%
Becomes limited by BTS tx power indoor speech: 88Æ 92%
Observations:
Remains uplink limited
Once downlink limited, soft handover window has
great impact upon capacity
Introducing SRC at TACS sites only, increases

capacity of surrounding sites
189
Impact of SRC (rx & tx)
Tx and Rx SRC introduced at all sites

Reduces uplink and downlink Eb/No
targets
Further Improved
Example: outdoor speech

Tx SRC offers no
no SRC Æ 5000 users
coverage improvement over Rx SRC
rx SRC Æ 5800 users (+15%)
rx&tx SRC Æ 7500 users (+49%) Coverage remains uplink limited
190
Impact of 6 Sectors
2 scenarios
6 Sector introduced at all sites
6 Sector introduced at TACS sites only
33º beam width antennas Æ increased gain
Doubled
Usual message for 6S:
Example, outdoor
capacity improves by
speech, 2500Æ 5100 users less than a factor of 2
64kbps data, 440Æ 950 users due to increased SHO
144kbps data, 230Æ 450 users & inter-cell
interference
Improved
Example,
Not true in this case due to antenna
indoor speech: 85Æ 93% pattern selected:
indoor 64kbps data: 65Æ 80 %
reduced SHO and inter-cell
indoor 144kbps data: 50Æ 70 % 191
interference
Part X
WCDMA/GSM
Co-siting issues
192
Antenna System Co-siting
• GSM 900 / GSM 1800 shared

antenna lines by
diplexers/triplexers
• GSM 900 / GSM 1800/WCDMA
multi band antennas
193
Antennas: WCDMA/GSM Co-site
Antenna 1: Antenna 2:
3 sector site:
GSM 900 / 1800 WCDMA X-pol
Shared antenna lines Dual Band X- pol
GSM 900/1800 antennas: 3 pcs
• GSM 900 / GSM 1800 / WCDMA antennas:

WCDMA MHAs:
3 pcs
6 pcs
WCDMA triplexers Triplexers: 6 pcs
Feederlines: 6 pcs
Shared antennas WCDMA WCDMA
• Dual Band GSM 900 / MHA MHA
WCDMA
• Dual Band GSM GSM 900 / GSM 1800 / WCDMA Triplexer- 2
1800/WCDMA
• Triple Band
900/1800/WCDMA
GSM 900 / GSM 1800 / WCDMA Triplexer- 1
Mast Head Amplifiers

• Triplexer supports MHA in one
branch GSM 900 GSM 1800 WCDMA
BTS BTS with Bias- Ts
• Additional MHAs to be BTS
equipped with direct DC feed

194
Upgrades to Current GSM Antennas
Upgrade :
Current : space +
space polarization
diversity diversity
Space
Space diversity
diversity
improves
improves performance
performance
0.5..1.0
0.5..1.0 dB
dB compared
compared
to single radome.
to single radome.
The
The gain
gain of
of 2.5
2.5 dB
dB
assumes
assumes single
single radome.
radome. Antennas can
Current : be shared
1300 mm
polarization Upgrade: with GSM

diversity 2 x polarization
diversity within
one radome
195
150 mm 300 mm
Example: common feeders, separate antennas
• GSM 900/1800 BTS & WCDMA BTS
• Triplexers
– common feeders
• Separate antennas
– 900/1800 MHz dual-band
– 2 GHz
DPX
TPX
DPX
Triplexer
Abis/Iub
To/From
BSC/RNC Triplexer
Iub
Power
Site GSM WCDMA

Support BTS
System BTS
196
Nokia Base Stations and Co-Siting
Air-interface issues
• WCDMA - WCDMA Co-Siting

– This has been taken into account in 3GPP Air Interface Specifications
– Nokia WCDMA base station products are compliant with 3GPP
• WCDMA - GSM900 Co-Siting
– This has been taken into account with Nokia's WCDMA and GSM900
base station design
• WCDMA - GSM1800 Co-Siting
– This is as with GSM900
– If GSM1800 Transmitter Frequency separation within same sector is
more than 57 MHz( bottom channels) or 40 MHz (top channels), extra
transmitter filtering (~10 dB) may be required in GSM1800 BTS
• Note: 30 dB Minimum Coupling Loss (MCL) assumed between antennas
197
Co-Siting with other manufacturers
Air-interface issues
• WCDMA Co-Siting with other manufacturers'
equipment
– theoretical worst case requires 50 dB extra
isolation in GSM BTS
– in practice this much will not be needed
– Nokia can provide assistance with co-siting
issues
• Note: 30 dB Minimum Coupling Loss (MCL)
assumed between antennas
198
WCDMA - GSM Interference Outline
• Spurious emissions
• Nonlinear distortion
• Specifications and isolation requirements
• Interference mitigation methods
• Co-located sites
199
WCDMA - GSM Interference Outline
• Site and equipment sharing is an important issue to cut costs down
and to guarantee proper function of the networks.
• Common
• base station mechanics
• site support
• transmission
• antennas and feeders
• site construction
• network management
• By proper site design (antenna installation etc.) interference coupling
between systems can be reduced and unreasonable degradation of
service due to co-sited installations avoided.
• Co-siting preferred to avoid high path loss differences between own
and neighbour systems.
200
Spurious emissions
• ITU-R definition of Spurious Emission (ITU-R: 329-7_ww7.doc):

– Spurious Emission: Emission on a frequency or frequencies which
are outside the necessary bandwidth and the level of which may be
reduced without affecting the corresponding transmissions of
information. Spurious emissions include harmonic emissions,
parasitic emissions, intermodulation products and frequency
conversion products, but exclude out-of-band emissions.
• Normally the intermodulation distortion (IMD) is handled separately
due to its importance.
• Spurious signals can be coupled by
– radiation
– conduction
– combination of radiation and conduction
201
Nonlinear system
• Nonlinear system transfer function can be expressed as a series expansion
x System y = a0 + a1x + a2x2 + a3x3 + ...

• In the case of one input frequency, vin = cos ω1t, output will consist of
harmonics, mω1
– Fundamental (m = 1) frequency is the desired one.
– If m > 1, there are higher order harmonics in output => harmonic
distortion.
– Can be generated both inside an offender or a victim system.
• In the case of two input frequencies, vin = cos ω1t + cos ω2t , output will
consist of harmonics mω1 + nω2, where n and m are positive or negative
integers.
– Intermodulation is a process generating an output signal containing
frequency components not present in the input signal and it is called
intermodulation distortion (IMD).
– Most harmful are 3rd order (|m| + |n| = 3) products.
– Can be generated both inside an offender or a victim system.
202
Nonlinear components
• Nonlinearities of active components like amplifiers under normal
operation.
• Nonlinearities of passive components
– Antennas
– Feeders
– Connectors
• Antenna mismatching
– Reflected wave can cause IMD in the power amplifier.
• Damaged feeders => mismatching
• Loose connectors => mismatching, reflections and rectification.
203
Active nonlinear distortion
• Active nonlinear distortion is generated in nonlinearities of active components
like amplifiers and modulators
• The nonlinearity effect is especially strong in power amplifiers if they
are driven to saturation.
• Intermodulation levels of the amplifiers can be decreased by
backing-off of them.
3rd order intercept
• The amplitude of the 3rd order product point
increases 3 dB compared to the
fundamental frequencies due to x3 term
of it. Desired signal
slope = 1
• Active IMD generated inside an offender
BTS can be removed by BTS TX filtering.
3rd order
IMD
slope = 3
204
Passive nonlinear distortion
• Passive nonlinear distortion is generated in

nonlinearities of passive components like I
connectors, antennas and feeders.
• Contact and material nonlinearities
– Loose connectors
V
– Oxidation of joints
– Cracks in materials
– Electron tunneling through layers
– Nonlinear resistivity of materials
B
– B/H nonlinear hysteresis
• Levels normally lower than in active IMD.
• Aging of the components increases IMD
• Can NOT be filtered out in BTS TX.
H
205
Harmonic distortion
• Harmonic distortion can be a problem in the case of co-siting of

GSM900 and WCDMA.
• GSM900 DL frequencies are 935 - 960 MHz and second harmonics
may fall into the WCDMA TDD band and into the lower end of the
FDD band.
2nd harmonics
• 2nd harmonics
can be filtered
out at the
fGSM = 950 - 960 MHz output of
... GSM900 BTS.
GSM900 WCDMA WCDMA FDD

935 - 960 MHz TDD 1920 - 1980
1900 -
206
1920 MHz
IMD3 from GSM1800 DL to WCDMA UL
• GSM1800 IM3 products are
hitting into the WCDMA FDD UL • For active elements IM
RX band if products levels are higher
than IM products produced
• 1862.6 ≤ f2 ≤ 1879.8 MHz by passive components
• 1805.2 ≤ f1 ≤ 1839.6 MHz • Typical IM3 suppression
fIM3 = 2f2 - f1 values for power amplifiers
are -30 … -50 dBc
depending on frequency
spacing and offset
• Typical values for passive
f1 f2 elements are
-100 … -160 dBc
X dBc fIM3
GSM1800 GSM1800 WCDMA WCDMA

UL DL UL DL
1710 - 1785 MHz 1805 - 1880 MHz40 MHz1920 - 1980 MHz 2110 - 2170 MHz
207
Nonlinear distortion conclusions
• Second harmonics from the GSM900 system may fall into the WCDMA TDD
band.
• Intermodulation can be a problem if an operator has a splitted GSM1800 band or
in multioperator systems.
• The most harmful intermodulation products are 3rd order products which may fall
into the WCDMA RX band:
fIM3 = 2f1,2 — f2,1
• IM products can be avoided by proper frequency planning in GSM.
• fIM3 is hitting into the WCDMA FDD RX band (1920 - 1980 MHz) if GSM1800
channels are from 512 to 684 (f2) and from 799 to 885 (f1).
• Active intermodulation products can be filtered out in GSM1800 BTS TX
– IM products generated inside a WCDMA receiver cannot be filtered out.
• Passive IM products can not be filtered out in BTS TX if they are generated in
feeder lines and connectors after the filtering unit of BTS.
• Some aging problems may be avoided by installation, site administration and
maintenance recommendations.
208
RF Specifications
• GSM 05.05-8.7.1, WCDMA TS 25.104-3.5.0
• Two main reasons to isolate GSM and WCDMA
– Blocking
– Sensitivity
Transmitter Frequency Level Parameter affected Required Required

[MHz] [dBm] / [MHz] [dBm] / MHz isolation [dB]
GSM 1920 – 1980 −96 / 0.1 UMTS BTS < −108 / 4.0 28
spurious (FDD UL) -80 / 4.0 sensitivity (Noise floor)
GSM 1805 − +40 / 0.2 UMTS BTS < −15 / CW 55
main 1880 Typical blocking (Specifications)
UMTS 1710 − −98 / 0.1 GSM BTS < −110 / 0.2 15
spurious 1785 −95 / 0.2 sensitivity (Typical)
UMTS 2110 – 2170 +43 / 4.0 GSM BTS 0 43
main (FDD DL) Typical blocking (Specifications)
209
Interference mitigation methods
• Means to achieve the required isolation

– RF-methods
• Tighter filtering of the GSM BTS TX signal
• Proper frequency planning in GSM
• Di- or triplexer in case of feeder and antenna sharing between
different systems
• By proper antenna selection and placing
– Baseband methods
• Interference cancellation receivers
• If the interferer is known its effect can be removed easily
– Combined RF and baseband methods
210
Antenna isolation measurements
• Measurements performed in an anechoic room in a GSM1800 band with a

HP8753/D network analyzer.
• According to the most common definition the far field assumption is valid if
2D 2
df = , and d f , D >> λ
λ
where D is the largest dimension of an antenna, λ is wavelength and df
is the distance from antenna.
• The far field assumption is not valid => measurements needed.
• For a typical GSM1800 antenna dimensions (D ≈ 1 m) df ≈ 13 m.
• Let's assume coupling loss of 65 dB from the near field to the far field =>
– Extra 10 dB means therefore about 30 m distance by deploying a free
space model from d0 = 10 m.
211
Isolation measurements
Antennas and configurations
Horizontal
Antenna beamwidth Gain Polarisation Frequency band
Vert. Pol A 65º 18 dBi Vertically linear 1710 – 1880 MHz
B 90º 16 dBi Vertically linear 1710 – 1880 MHz
C 90º 17.5 dBi Vertically linear 1710 – 1880 MHz
Dual. Pol D 90º 16 dBi +/- 45º dual pol. 1710 – 1880 MHz
120°
d d d d
d
I (90°)
II (120°) III (180°) IV (Horizontal) V (Vertical)
1TSG-RAN Working Group 4 (Radio) Meeting #8
TSGR4#8(99)631
Sophia Antipolis, France 212
26-29 October 1999
Source: Allgon Company Confidential
Setup Antenna d [mm] / Min d [mm] / Max
isolation [dB] isolation [dB]
I A 250 / 50 850 / 63
d
B 250 / 46 975 / 59
d
C 250 / 54 950 / 62
D, Co-polar 200 / 46 1250 / 59
I (90°) D, Cross-polar 200 / 49 1000 / 58
II A Same mast / 49 1050 / 66
d
120° B Same mast / 38 1100 / 66
C Same mast / 53 1150 / 68
D, Co-polar Same mast / 38 1100 / 65
II (120°) D, Cross-polar Same mast / 43 1050 / 63
213
III A Same mast / 52 750 / 71
B Same mast / 49 1300 / 69
d
C Same mast / 52 1150 / 76
D, Co-polar Same mast / 38 1250 / 62
III (180°) D, Cross-polar Same mast / 53 1250 / 62
IV A 250 / 37 6000 / 57
B 250 / 27 6000 / 52
C 250 / 34 6000 / 48
D, Co-polar 250 / 33 4250 / 53
d
D, Cross-polar 250 / 36 6000 / 57
IV (Horizontal)
214
V A 2250 / 50 6000 / 70
d B 2250 / 55 5500 / 69
C 2250 / 61 6000 / 66
D, Co-polar 1500 / 42 6000 / 61
V (Vertical) D, Cross-polar 1500 / 44 5500 / 65
215
• Measurements performed in a more realistic environment by Nokia.
• The used antennas are listed in the table below
Band Manufacturer Model No Horizontal Polarisation Vertical Gain Electrical

Beamwidth Beamwidth Downtilt
UMTS Racal UMTSXP/65/17.7/2 65 deg. X-polar 7 deg 17.7dB 2 deg
GSM1800 CSA PCNV065-13-0B 65 deg. X-polar 7 deg 18 dBi 0 deg
GSM1800 CSA PCNA115-19-0B 115 deg. Vertical 5 deg 17dBi 0 deg
• Horizontal, vertical and combined displacement configurations measured.

• Rooftop, face and tower mounted measurements.
• Both co- and cross-polar feed used.
216
• Measured frequencies from 1710 to 1980 MHz and results collected from
1900, 1950 and 1980 MHz.
• Measurement corresponds spurious emissions attenuation from the
GSM1800 band into the WCDMA band.
output input
Antenna A (fixed) Network Analyser Antenna B
Figure 3. Equipment set up

217
Antenna isolation measurements: Horizontal
Antenna A Antenna B
(fixed) UMTS Front View
horizontal
separation
distance
Side View
direction of radiation
1000mm
2000mm
400mm 650mm
Figure 5. Sketch of measurement configuration 218

GSM1800 65 deg to UMTS 65 deg

Horizontal co-polar measurements
75.00
70.00
65.00
1900MHz
Isolation (dB)
1950MHz
60.00
1980MHz
55.00
50dB marker
50.00
45.00
40.00
00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 ..
0. 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9. 1.
Distance (m)
219

Horizontal co-polar measurements
65.00
60.00
55.00
Isolation (dB)
50.00
50dB marker
1900MHz
45.00
1950MHz
1980MHz
40.00
35.00
30.00
0
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
.0
6.
0.
1.
8.
2.
3.
4.
5.
7.
9.
10
Distance (m)
220

Horizontal measurements
60.00
55.00
Isolation (dB)
50dB marker
50.00 1900MHz
45.00 1950MHz
40.00 1980MHz
35.00
30.00
0
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
.0
.0
.0
0.
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
9.
10
11
12
Distance (m)
221
Antenna isolation measurements: Face
Antenna A
GSM1800 Front View
1m 5m
Antenna B
UMTS
Side View
1000mm
2000mm
300mm
400mm 650mm
Figure 9. Sketch of measurement configuration

222
Antenna isolation measurements: Face
Face mounting GSM1800 85 deg to UMTS 65 deg -

Co-polar
85.00
1900MHz
1950MHz
80.00 1980MHz
75.00
70.00
0.00 1.00 2.00 3.00 4.00 5.00
223
Antenna isolation measurements: Vertical
Antenna B
UMTS
Antenna A
GSM1800
(fixed)
10m
Figure 11. Sketch of measurement configuration 224

Antenna isolation measurements: Vertical

85.00 Noise Floor
Noise Floor
80.00
75.00
Isolation (dB)
70.00 1900MHz
1950MHz
65.00
1980MHz
60.00
55.00
50.00
0
25
50
25
50
0
0
0.
0.
1.
1.
0.
0.
1.
Distance (m)
225
Antenna measurement conclusions
• According to the measurements it's easy to find a configuration,

which provides isolation of 30 - 60 dB.
• Lowest isolation (27 dB) was measured in an anechoic room
antennas horizontally displaced 0.25 m
– with 6 m distance isolation was already about 50 - 55 dB.
• Highest isolation values were measured with the face mounted
antenna and the isolation was more than 70 dB.
• In Allgon's measurements both antennas were for GSM1800 and in
Nokia's measurements for GSM1800 and WCDMA.
– There is also attenuation between GSM1800 and WCDMA due to
frequency difference of them => isolation figures are higher for
the spurious emissions.
226
Isolation 800/900 - UMTS
Horizontal Separation : XPol 900 65° _ XPol UMTS
(824-960) (1710-2170)
227
(824-960) (1710-2170)
228
Vertical Separation : XPol 900 65° _ XPol UMTS
(824-960) (1710-2170)
229
(824-960) (1710-2170)
230
Separation by 120° : XPol 900 65° _ XPol UMTS
(824-960) (1710-2170)
231
(824-960) (1710-2170)
232
(1710-1990) (1710-2170)
233
(1710-1880) (1710-2170)
234
(1710-1990) (1710-2170)
235
(1710-1880) (1710-2170)
236
(1710-1990) (1710-2170)
237
(1710-1880) (1710-2170)
238
Isolation Dualband GSM 900/1800 - UMTS
Horizontal Separation : XXPol 900/1800 65°/65° _ XPol UMTS
(870-960/1710-1880) (1710-2170)
239
Isolation Dualband GSM 900/1800 - UMTS
Vertical Separation : XXPol 900/1800 65°/65° _ XPol UMTS
(870-960/1710-1880) (1710-2170)
240
Isolation UMTS - UMTS
Horizontal Separation : XPol UMTS 65° _ XPol UMTS
(1710-2170) (1710-2170)
241
Vertical Separation : XPol UMTS 65° _ XPol UMTS
(1710-2170) (1710-2170)
242
Separation by 120°: XPol UMTS 65° _ XPol UMTS
(1710-2170) (1710-2170)
243
Part XI
WCDMA Optimization
244
Network Optimization Process
Objective: To optimize the outdoor part of the 3G network, this done cluster wise,
as they are being integrated.
The main elements for this process are:

1.Pre-optimisationsurvey
2.Network check
3.Initial drive test, baseline
4.Pre-Launch optimization
•Cluster tuning until break-out point is reached
•Ready for network acceptance & reporting
245
Pre Launch Optimization-Overview
246
Pre Launch Optimization-Process
247
Optimization-Overview
248
Optimization-Overview Block A
249
Optimization-Overview Block A
250
Optimization-Overview Block B
251
Optimization-Overview Block C
252
Optimisation - required performance
• Examples of performance metrics

– Area of service availability or coverage performance
– Average FER, BLER
– Access failures including paging and SMS
– MOC/MOT Call Setup Failures
– Dropped call performance
– Handover percentage (Soft/Hard)
– Ec/Io&RSCP performance
• UMTS Bearer Service Attributes
– Maximum/Average bitrate (kbps)
– Residual bit error ratio
– Transfer Delay
– Guaranteed bitrate (kbps)
253
Key Performance Indicators, KPI
• KPIs are a set of selected indicators which are used for measuring the
current network performance and trends.
• KPIs highlight the key factors of network monitoring and warn in time of
potential problems. KPIs are also used to prioritise the corrective actions.
• KPIs can be defined for circuit switched and packet switched traffic
separately and be measured by field measurement systems and Nokia
NetActTM network management system.
• An example set of KPIs
– RRC Setup Complete Ratio
– RAB Setup Complete Ratio
– RAB Active Complete Ratio
– Call Setup Success Ratio
– Call Drop Rate
– Softer/Soft Handover Fail Ratio
254
WCDMA RAN Optimisation
Network Management WCDMA RAN
• Nokia NetActTM for 3G
• Field Tool Server configuration
KPIs, counters
me
as ur e
Configuration KPIs, me air-interface
measurements
nt s
RAN Optimisation
• pre-defined procedures
• semi / full automated Start
WindowAdd WindrowDrop CompThreshold DropTimer

Change 1 stepsize Change 1 stepsize Change 1 stepsize Change 1 stepsize
NMS: Collect
network
performance data
No
Evaluate KPI
'HO Overhead'.
OK ?
Field Tool
Yes
Evaluate all Go to relevant

network KPIs. No optimisation
OK ? flow-chart
Yes
End
255
WCDMA Field Tool
• Measurement data with • Measurement data with
location and timestamp
location and timestamp
Phase 1 • File & remote IP based
interface
Phase 2
Post Processing Tool

• connection to NMS
Data Logging Tool Field Tool Server
• Map
map data
• Network
network configuration
configuration
information
256
Part XII
Radio Resource
Management
257
Radio Resource Management
258
259
260
261
RRM Control Processes
262
WCDMA Radio Resource Management:
Logical Model
LC PS
• AC Admission Control
RM • LC Load Control
AC
• PS Packet Scheduler
Network based functions
• RM Resource Manager
• PC Power Control
PC • HC HO Control
HC
Connection based functions
263
RRM control processes
• Admission control:
–Performs the admission control for new bearers
to enter/leave the network.
–Predicts the interference caused by the bearer
and checks whether there is room for it.
–Power allocation
• Packet Scheduler
–Scheduling packets to the radio interface
(UL/DL)
• Load Control:
–Takes care of radio network stability
–Gathers interference information and produces
a load vector
• Resource manager
–Manages the physical resources of RAN and
maintains the code allocation
264
RRM control processes
• Power Control
–Closed loop PC compares the measured SIR
with SIR-target and accordingly transmits an
up/down PC command at 0.667 ms interval
–Open loop PC estimates the needed power
based on pathloss + interference
measurements (RACH).
–Outer loop PC sets the SIR target for the fast
closed loop PC
• Handover Control
–Soft (intra-frequency) handovers: softer
between cells within one BS, intra-RNC soft,
inter-RNC soft
–Inter-frequency (hard) handovers: Intra-BS,
Intra-RNC, Inter-RNC (-MSC)
–Inter-RAT handovers: WCDMA <-> GSM
265
Power Control
Power Control loops in WCDMA
MS BTS RNC
Open Loop Power Control (Initial Access)
Closed Loop Power Control
266
Power Control Loops
• Effective power control is essential in WCDMA due to

frequency re-use factor of one (in ideal case)
• Closed loop e.q. Fast power control
– Makes Eb/No requirements lower
– Equalizes received powers at BTS in uplink (avoids near-far
effect)
– Introduces interference peaks in the transmission
• Open loop power control for initial power setting of the UE
• Outer PC loop at a slower rate, across the Iub interface in
uplink
– At a much slower rate, across the Iub interface in uplink
– Adjusts the SIR target to achieve a target BLER
– Also similar outer loop power control in MS
– There is also similar outer loop power control in UE
267
Power Control & Diversity
• At low UE speed, power control compensates the fading :

fairly constant receive power and Tx power with high
variations
• With diversity the variations in Tx power is less
• At UE speed >100kmph fast power control cannot follow
the fast fading, therefore diversity helps keep receive
power level more or less constant
• In the UL Tx affects adjacent cell interference and Rx
power affects interference within the cell.
268
Admission Control & Packet Scheduler
• AC handles new incoming traffic to the RAN by

–estimating the total load caused by adding a new
RAB in uplink and downlink
–and decides whether or not this can be admitted.
• AC also sets :
–initial DL transmission power for the channel
–the power control range as well as many other
parameters, e.g. Transport Format Set.
• PS handles all the NRT data connections. PS is
determining the time a packet is sent and which bit rate
is used.
269
Admission Control & Packet Scheduler
• The key function of AC and PS is to maximize capacity

(throughput) by estimating the load and to fill the
system up to maximum loading while still ensuring the
required quality of service for RT traffic.
• In uplink, the basic measured quantity indicating load is
the total received power of a BS, PrxTotal
• In downlink, the basic measured quantity indicating load
is the total transmitted power of a BS, PtxTotal
270
Admission Control
Uplink admission control
• In uplink the total received wideband interference power
measured indicates the traffic load of the radio resources .
• The fundamental criteria of evaluation is based on
Itotal_old + ∆I < Ithreshold
• Ithreshold indicates the traffic load of the radio resources
• In uplink, the total received power is the function of the
maximum interference received in the wideband spectrum.
power
max planned power Ithreshol
d
∆I =? max planned load

Itotal_old
271
load
Admission Control
Uplink admission control
UL interference power
Prx_target_BS
Marginal load area Prx_offset
Prx_target
TRHO_threshold
planned uplink
interference power
Planned load area
Load
Prx_target defines the optimal operating point of the cell interference power, up to
which the AC of the RNC can operate.
272
Admission Control
Downlink admission control
DL transmission power
Ptx_target_BS
Marginal load area Ptx_offset
Ptx_target
TRHO_threshold
Planned load area

planned Downlink
interference: carrier
transmission power
Load
Downlink power increase estimation is done for non-controllable load just like UL
power increase.
273
Packet Scheduler
• Packet scheduler is a general feature, which takes care of

scheduling radio resources for NRT radio access bearers for both
uplink and downlink.
• The packet access procedure in WCDMA should keep the
interference caused to other users as small as possible.
• Packet access is implemented for both dedicated (DCH) and
common control transport channels (RACH/FACH).
• There are three scenarios for WCDMA packet access:
• infrequent transmission of short packets,
• frequent transmission of short packets (RACH/FACH)
• transmission of long packets (DCH)
• Packet scheduler makes the decision of the used channel type for
downlink direction. For uplink direction the decision of the used
channel type is made by UE
274
Packet Scheduler
Capacity Division
• The proportion between RT and NRT traffic varies all the time
• It is characteristics for RT traffic that the load caused by it cannot be
controlled in efficient way.
• The available capacity, which is not used for non-controllable load,
can be used for NRT radio access bearers on best effort basis.
load
planned target load
free capacity, which can be
allocated for controllable
load on best effort basis
non-controllable load
time
275
Packet Scheduler
Load Decrease Example
276
Packet Scheduling Principle
277
Load Control
Capacity
• The traffic can be divided into two groups
– Real Time (RT)
– Non-Real Time (NRT)
• THUS some portion of capacity must be reserved for the RT traffic
for mobility purposes all the time. The proportion between RT and
NRT traffic varies all the time.
Overload area
Overload Margin
Load Target Estimated capacity for
NRT traffic.
Power
Measured load caused

by noncontrollable load
Time 278
Load Control
Definition of Non-controllable traffic
• Since it is not enough to divide the load to RT and NRT one must take
into account the interference coming from surrounding cells.
Traffic is divided into controllable and non-controllable traffic.
Non-controllable traffic = RT users +

other-cell users +
noise +
other NRT users which
operate minimum bit rate
Controllable traffic = NRT users
279
Logical description of load control
• The purpose of load control is to optimize the capacity of a cell and

prevent overload situation.
• Load control consists of Admission Control (AC) and Packet
Scheduler (PS) algorithms, and Load Control (LC) which updates the
load status of the cell based on resource measurements and
estimations provided by AC and PS.
Load change
info
AC
Load status
PS
LC NRT load
280
Handover Control
281
Handover Control - WCDMA Handovers
• Supported WCDMA handovers for PS and CS services :
• Soft handover
– MS simultaneously connected to many cells
– Mobile Evaluated HandOver (MEHO)
– Intrafrequency handover
• Hard handover
– Intrafrequency hard handover
• Arises when interRNC SHO is impossible
• Decision procedure is the same as SHO; MEHO and RNC
controlled
• Causes temporary disconnection of the user
– Inter-frequency handover
• Can be intraBS hard handover, intraRNC hard handover,
interRNC hard handover
• Network Evaluated HandOver (NEHO)
• Decision algorithm located in RNC
– Inter-RAT handover
282
• Handovers between GSM and
Company WCDMA
Confidential
Softer Handover
• Handover between cells
within a BS
• softer handover is handled
by BS internally
Sector/Antenna
RAKE • softer handover probability
combining about 5 - 15 %
(MRC) • no extra transmissions
across Iub
• basically same RAKE MRC
processing as for
multipath/antenna diversity
(BS / MS). More RAKE
fingers needed.
• provides additional diversity
gain
• softer handover does create
RNC additional interference and
needs BS PA resources
283
Soft handover
• Handover between cells from different

BS's
• Soft handover probability about 20 - 50
%
• Required to avoid near/far effects
• Extra transmission across Iub, more Except for the TPC symbol
exactly the same information
channel cards are needed (symbols) sent over air.
fo
RNC
r eli ability in Differential delay in order
CN frame of fraction of symbol duration
frame
selection /
duplication
• DL/MS: Maximal ratio combining fra

m
• UL/RNC: Frame selection combining e
re
lia
• Soft handover does create additional bi
lit
interference in downlink and needs BS yi
nf
power amplifier resources o
• DL Power drifting in soft HO BSs a

problem due to independent errors in
uplink commands
284
Handover Control – IntraFrequency Handovers
285
286
287
Handover Control
IntraFrequency Handovers Measurements
288
Handover Control
IntraFrequency Measurement Reporting Events
289
Handover Control
290
Handover Control
291
Handover Control
292
Differences between Handovers
293
Benefits from Inter-System handover
294
Load and coverage reasons handover
295
Service Control
296
Resource Manager
• The main function of RM is to allocate logical radio resources of BS
according to the channel request by the RRC layer for each radio
connection
• The RM is located in the RNC and it works in close co-operation with the
AC and the PS
• The actual input for resource allocation comes from the AC /PS and RM
informs the PS about the resource situation
• The RM is able to switch codes and code types for different reasons such
as soft handover and defragmentation of code tree.
• Manages the BS logical resources
– BS reports the available logical HW resources
• Maintains the code tree,
– Allocates the DL channelization codes, UL scrambling code, UL
channelization code type
• Allocates UTRAN Registration Area(URA) specific Radio Network
Temporary Identifier(RNTI) allocated for each connection and reallocated
when updating URA 297
Resource Manager
Spreading
• Spreading = channelization and scrambling operations (producing the
signal at the chip rate, i.e. spreads the signal to the wideband)
• Downlink: Scrambling code separates the cells and channelization
code separates connection
• Uplink: Scrambling code separates the MS's, channelization code
separates the DPDCHs in case of multicode
• The length of the channelization code is the spreading factor
• All physical channels are spread with channelization codes, Cm(n)
and subsequently by the scrambling code, CFSCR
• The code order, m and the code number, n designates each and
every channellization code in the layered orthogonal code
sequences.
user data widespread data
chanellization scrambling
code code 298

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Part I

Multiservice Environment Air Interface

BTS BTS Node B Node B

Microsoft Word SIM-ME i/f or Cu

1900 1920 1980 2010 2025 2110 2170 2200

TDD FDD MSS TDD FDD MSS

FDD Mode TDD Mode 5

•Power control: transmissions by the UE must be carefully controlled so that all

Correlation Narrowband Interference Spread the power

Bit Rate Chip Rate Chip Rate

Channelization code (OVSF)

Transmitted Received signal Time and Combined

• High level of multipath diversity

Rake Finger RESOLUTION = 0.26µs

Physical Channels Frames

Common Transport Channels:

Dedicated Transport Channels:

BCCH BCH P-CCPCH

PCCH PCH S-CCPCH

CCCH RACH PRACH

DCCH CPCH PCPCH

DTCH DCH DPDCH I branch

TTI TTI TTI

TB Transport Block TF Transport Format

Cell synchronisation is achieved with the Synchronisation Channel (SCH). This

•Primary Synchronisation Channel (P-SCH) (SLOT and CHIP SYNCHRONIZATION)

2560 Chips 256 Chips

Secondary Synchronisation Channel (S-SCH)

Cs1 Cs2 Cs15 Cs1

Slot 0 Slot 1 Slot 14 Slot 0

CPICH Ec/No = CPICH RSCP

CPICH Ec/No CPICH RSCP UTRA carrier RSSI

Ec/No values in dB RSCP values in dBm RSSI values in dBm

The S-CCPCH can be used to transmit the transport channels

• Forward Access Channel (FACH) and

Slot 0 Slot 1 Slot 2 Slot 14

• carries PCH and FACH

0 S-CCPCH carrying one PCH

1 S-CCPCH carrying one PCH

K-1 S-CCPCH carrying one PCH

S-CCPCH without PCH

UE‘s paging channel:

for paging indication no transmission

b0 b1 b286 b287 b288 b299

# of paging Subscribers with Subscribers with

Power Transmit Power Level

Downlink transmission power

Uplink transmission power Uplink received power =

Since every TX and RX power is causing interference to others, PC

Pr,1 = EIRP(MS1) - PL1 = 21 - 100 = -79 dBm

• Physical Random Access Channel (PRACH)

• Acquisition Indication Channel (AICH)

No response PRACH (preamble)

PRACH (preamble) I just detected

PRACH (message part)

PRACH Preamble Message

# of preambles: 1..64 # of preamble cycles: 1..32 97

OL PC is needed to keep the quality of the communication at the required

Case of Soft Handover

DeltaSIR(1,2), DeltaSIR after (1,2),…..

The adjustments of the SIR Target done by the UE is a proprietary

Every 1500 Hz (time slot)

unique TPC command same TPC over 3 TS,