CONTENTg

tlatbenatlcal Fornulae I

Tablea 2

I'heory of Nachines 5

Strength of Materlals 9

Itrermodynlml,cs

Eydroatatics and ltyilraulLcs 15

ElectrotechnoloEy 16

llaval Archltecture 18

Vapour Tablee (R-?17 e R - 12)

Transport Canada issues this booklet of formulas and data to all candidates taking written
marine engineering Part A exams; such as Thermodynamics, Applied Mechanics and the
likes.

You should be familiar with these formula for best results. This document, and more is
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 EntineeringData

Sphere: SurfaceArea, A= 4t
Volume. V = 4l3n
6
Cone and Pylsmidl
Volume, V = l/-1 (areaof base)(altitude)
Simpson's Rules:
F i r s t R u l e :: = l /3 h I yt +4 y, +2y3+4y4+ 2ys - - - - - - yil
(oddnumberof ordinates)

d u l crt = 3 /8h l y, +3 y, +3 y3 +2ya +3ys + 3y6 +2y1 - - - - - - y"l

Se c o nR
(evennumberof ordinates)

F|ctoas Qnatlr.dc Eedio.s

(:+r')'?= rr + lrr'+ r't
(r- r')r = rr-2l + r': Il of +hx + c =o. th?nx = -b! \r!'-4a(
\r- r': = (r- f)(r+ r ) Sumof roots= -!
(r+ r')r = rJ + I r?r'+ 3rr'r+ rt Produclof roors= !
r!+rr = (r + r'){r:-rr + r'ri
(r - r')1= r' - lrzr'+ I rr't - r.l n.gativ.f I rmagnsry
r'- r' = {.t- r'l{.r'+rr + |l lo'-4aaj ts zcro lthcn rootsareI rcalandcqua
") postltvcL Lrcal and unco

Multipler
!t t t{tt titFtx€s

Submuhipl6

l mo000fin fin t0r , T

| 000un m0 lo' gg" (;
| 000flx) t06 \t*
| fix) l0! tilo
lfi) tor I'
to lo
o.l lo-'
0.01 lo-:
o.(x)l t0-t nrilli
o.{xx)(x)l t0-6
o.omffn 001 | 0-e
o.{xxtom (mml to-rt P
o rxx)(xn0{n{xn ixtl I0-
It
t
ll.rxrr0rx)txn oot)tlixtfi)l to-rr
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 RELATIVE DENSITY OF VARIOUS SUBSTANCES
(rilio b€tlrc€n d€nsity of $bel.nc. rnd d.nsity of pre water)

waler (fresh) t00 29

Waler (seaaveragc) l.0l Nickel li.6
Aluminium 256 Oil (linsecd) 0.9.{
6?0 .. (olivc) 092
Bismuth 9 {i0 0 7G0 86
Erass 8 4t) .. {rurpenline) 0 ti7
Brick :l 086
Calcium | 5{t Platinum 2t5
Carbon (daamond) l4 Sand(dry) t4)
Carbon (graphite) 2l Silicon 2 -l
Carbon (charcoal) I8 Silver l0 57
Chromium 65 Slate 2128
Clay l9 Sodium 097
Coal t ]Gt 4 Steel(mildl 786
Cobah 86 Sulphur )0 1
Coppet 871 7:l
Cork 024 Tungslcn t9 t
CIass(crown) 2S Wood (ash) 075
Glass(flint) t5 (beech) 07t8
Gold 19 l - (ebony) l1 1 2
Iron (cast) 72 1 - (elm.; 066
17 8 -.. (lisnum-vitae) t.3
lron (wrought)
Lcad Il4 07 t0
Magncsium t14 .. (pine) 056
Maoganese 8.0 .. (tcat) 0t4
Mcrcury 13 . 6 Zrnc 70

sPEcrFrcHEdl
KTTLTQUTDS

Alcohol 2 51 5 OliveOil 196

(liquid) 198 Petroleum 2 l'7
B€nzol Petrol I :55
CarbonicAcid (liquid) 314 Turpentin€ 1.88
Mercury 0.1lE 4 I87

SPECIFICHEAT AND I,INEAR EXPANSIONOF SOLIDS

Sp€ciln: [ \n rn\hnt rPccDc trn.rn,,.,,,

Ut'i'Kix 16' ',?ii'-f,-';*

0 8876 ll 054"11
0.1009 t- ' lr)n {s rouShl): 0 47r: l:
Biimuth 0 t156 tr 5 0.1tgli :7 a)
Brrss 0 :19:16 lll 9 N |elieI (,4-561 tt\
0 8:t7:i 791 o l t4r) xl
Coball 04.Il t::l Siluon o tol6
( oppcr 0 l97l( Sil\{r 0::r45 tN l
Chss 0 8lq) Stccl(|nrkl) 0 4N57 I]
Gold 0 tl9li t44 Irn 01.145 ll 6
lll0 50 Z'n( {r -1194 llr I

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 MELTING POINT OF VARIOUSSUBSTANCES

La!. Hcat Mclting Lal. H€ar

Substance of Fusion Poinl of Fusion
ulkg ''c kj/k8

Aiumioium ffi 3to I Niclcl t45l l9

630 168 I Plarinum 1169 n4
Bistrluth xo Silvcr 961 I04
Brass 60- 1000 Sulphur I Il 39
Chromium It00 : Tallow 43
Cobalt 1492 T&ntelum D 172
CoDD€r 1083 180 Tin 232 60
cold l06l 68 TungstcD 3380
Glass l100 Zinc 4t9 t00
Icc 0 t16 Soldcr(com.) 171
IroD (cast) t535 109 (2 arato I lcad)
I ron.(wrough0 t518 26 Fusiblc Mctal 50
321 (5 !in, I lcad
Mangaftsa 1260 5 Bbmulh
Mcrcury 3 M.rcury)

PERFECT GASES
At normal armosphericcondirions,and over . limited range of temp€..rure .nd presurc,
the gascslisted may be assumed to b€h.ve as perf€ct gts6. That b, .hcy may
be assumcdto have the €qurtion of starep? = n?, and to h.vc constantspecifc hc.ts,
trlolat tunixpt, tgas.onna tR - MR = A.3,n,1;,t"o1 *.
Molar wlune of a pe4ecrgar: r kmol of any perfectgas occupiesa volume of epproxF
marely22.4m3 Nts.t.p.(o "C Nndr atm).

\ldM m$s G8 conrr.nr

ks,rmor uf; K)-, r.Jtfs
K):r

290 0,2U ?
z8 .r 5 6..95

2a 6.29j
l, 0..60
a. 0.!68

ll€ 4 2.o8
co .8 o.2e7
<,1 o,r!9
6t o-rjo
CH. ro o.52o
lo o..71
+2 o. r98
. .\ er{r vrl0t 2.0'6.
'nore 'r
I A'r .onrarns o.er9o of.rgon (A) .nd Ecca ot o.h.r s{..i rhe* &d .hc ntrros.n tos.!h...r. o||.d
l{erl sscs arc not perf.* ssca, rld tb€ .ound.d vdu.r for n, .,, .e.nd.,/., lbt.d .bov. do Dot .!cuy
s.nsty dre .clr.onshrps bcre.cn rh€e qu.nriticr thtr woutd obtsin for p.,fei xr€.

Air composiaion :
V^olunztri (aad nobl:2r.oolo Ot,
79.o% itmo3pberic ait.o8cn.
G,al:tm.t,i : 2J.2o/oOr, j6.8yo zn'nd,pbc.ic Ditr,rgEtr-

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 Alpha Nu .rtn.l.. Lr o--..
RB Bcta E ; xi
fy Cemma Omicron Li qui d P er ' C
A6 Delta n Pi
Alcohol, hethyl 122 X 10 '
fe Epsilon Rho 106 x lo '
Gasoline
Zera , SrSma lo r
Glycerin 53 x
Eta T Tau lo tr
Mercu.y 16.2x
a0 Th€ta v Upsrlon
Petroleum Er.9 X l0 ;
lota o Phi
sllfuric acid 5E x IO
K"pp" x chi
Tu.pentine 94 x 10 "
AA kmMa Psi l0 I'
W.ter (at 2o'C) Zo.7x
Mu a Onega

oaaaivlatr lYIto! olrttatot xtac ui]r

L
T
M ktlosran(ks)
A, S L'

Dens it y ML{
Hert, (Hz) = sec I
0.6
S olid eDs l€ o
l,T I
t,T.
An8ular frequency Tl
Angular acceleration Tr
F MLT ' {N): l(g-m/s€c'
'ewton
Energy, worl E .W. U . T ML'T.: Joul e (J): N -n
MUT-'
p MLT-!
AnSulsr momentum L.J MUT-'
Moment of inenia I ML!
MI,IT ! N -m
ML.IT '
N/ n i: k s / n re c ' rP a
T d€gree Kelvin ('K)
Heat a ML'T ' t
Enlropy S MLrr'1"K Jl " K
El€ckic chnrge Q.q c
Charse density cL-!
Surfic€ cherac densitY cL-'
Currenl I C T-' Nmperc (A): couli sec
t CL 'T I
Electroltrtic Potcntial MU T-rC -l
Elecrric Geld E MLT-tC -,
P cL-r
R MLrT rC I
MU T-' C '
Dielectic con3tsnt (
Electrio dipole moment p CL
B MT IC .' tesla (T) = v-sc./nrr
ML' T IC ' w eber (w h) = \l set
l{agnPli( dipole moment (:LIT'
M C L' T'
M r gDet iz in g6 e l d H cL,T'
(; ()M IL :T
L NL|T rC r henrt l l l ) - \:v1/A

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 5IRENGTH
AND PROPENTTES
OF \ ARIOUS
METALS
Meral IlT€nsilc1. .
Strensrh
Srreneth
Shear lMod!rus
I rrrenglh
f".0,,*
AR a A l I MA I DcnvU
R,aid,rv
GP. IGP.I
8t)
drass(casr) 174 EO 58
78
170
l J0
7a
9l
t:1 70
6:
,i:i I :;lt
!r'_
tpnosphor) 8? I l.rr4
390 620 " s r NJ
310 9-5 I
(casr) 95 lri I isz
(rotJed) t40 190
l 220 l'70 E5
190 186
unannealed,
(wrre)
I
104

t6
',i /;;;:
I :80 46 8772
^anneajed
y0nmctai I
,ron z z ' tlI i n l tuI rolt I
I
18 !i'IIil;
lcasr) |
, rwrouehrl I r:il:fi I :t; 9-l
q.2
l T'ea
MLrnlz Metat r{/:ffi1
(rhnd) ;:r"Fffi 5
,-l
(tooi)
-(casdns)
Zinc l
ff ilwl;s/;r
jr/#/r/f
t7 82
6J
70
7830
7830
7810
13q 7J05
32.5 7W

SYMBOLS AND
WE|GHTS OF
^TO['IC ELEMENTS
lJum,n,un
4ntrmon]
Calciurh
Chlorine
Chromrum
sb
Bi
Ca
c
C]
t20.2
208.0
400
t2.0
F-1,;,,,*
(.r
Co
52.0
coprrt J89
Coid CU 6-t5
I
Hetium 1972
jlrdrogc6 He 40

fitr$#
H
I.O
Lcad 5J.8
MaSncsium Pb m12
Mg 24.3

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 THEORY OF NIACHINES

Unlfonn y16a1g 16 a"..1"r"11-

Ltneaf Angulal

4= 4 +2a s ul = a1+2a0
.= 51b , 9rl:!2
2

r - LincarDtsrance m 0 = AnSularDisplacemenl radrans

v = Lrnearv€loctty m s- (r)= Angularvelocily rad s
il= LlncarAccctcratton ms. d = AngularAcclleration rad,s,
, = r,me s r = Tine
SumxcsI end 2 refcrto ioilial and finalconditionsrcsDectivclv.

RdrdEtlp baraan lmtr ald r'golrr q||.trdti6

.l E dt

Mofu otr Dol faraltog dt . cir.o|.a F6

Ccnripctel accclcration ar:r = I
- 7

Ci'tle Dirglrm
D
! =(,|fsin1l=@\ fr_.rt
a ={rJ'rcos0=ozt
x = Displaccrnenlfrom lncanDo\rtk,n
t = Amlrlrtudcor motron.
ra = UniformAnguldrVclocrryof lhc
noinl
rrave ing on the crr(umfcrcn$ oi thc

reflodrclrme: "

rrequency =
pcnodrcttmc
Pcriodictime = 2n. i'displicc;dnt
! accetcrslton

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 Dynamics
Fundamentalforce €ouaron F = nu
Fundamentalloraue eouation T = Jl wher. J = mk'
Linear momeoturi = ,'r
Aogular momentum= ru
lmDulse= ForcexTime
: Massx Changeof velocity
= Changeof momantum
lmpulsetorque = Torquex Tihe
= Massmomcnt of inerliax Chan8eofangular velocity
: Changeof angularmomentum
Coemci€Drof rcsli(ution - .
;.i;;;;. i"." ;lt;;;; = l..lal'-vs re.lqcit)Ftween.bodier aner irnpact
OOOles - KclatlvavClOCn!OClwCCn DOOIeir,florc lmpacl

Kincrrrencrr! of trrnslarron= irrrr:

Krncrr.enrr!i ot rorarron = !.1 ; = t,',1',,:
li'ork done by a lbrcc = I Fd:,
= f.r il forcc i\ conslanl
Work donebYn lorque = lTdA
= rl/ if torquc ,\ con\tunt
Poscrde\cluncJht J to'(( = til,
= fr if linc'rand \cl(ril! nrr (on\tx,|l
Po$cr delelorEd bf . torquc = trl.,
= 7,, il brquc rnd.nEuhr \(L{rl\ r'(

(-cntrifugallbrcc

: unbahnocdalcclcralrcn lor((
T : unbahn.\:daccclBratingbrquc { N|n r
rr8 r,
= lrncaraccc,cralron
= an8ularaccclcr:ilion
= mais momenl Incrtrirabout irxrsol rolnlr(nr ([E.rn:)
I = rrdrusofgyrationabouraxisol ()ralion (|nl
. - lncdr displdccmcnr Inr,
// - dnSulardilplacemenr {rddran\l
r : llnearvelocrlr_ (nr,sl
ar : anSularveloiity (rad's)'
Energyunilsin ioulcs(J) Powcrunilt In u,l s (W)
CyroscopicTorquc
f-lofi= tA!|,tr>
"/ = massmomcntot incrli ot \"-hccl
l, : anSul.rvelocilyol whecl
O = angularvclocily of precession

Frk'rih
=t
,l = rcactionnormal to surface
,r/ = co.frcienl offriction
0 = fridion angle

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 .',-. =fr:nU$lll,l'ili1l*,
'Slig"llii5 - cos @
," o"* --pfffll[i'd",t;'si"1i]")
parailer
Forc.
= rrictronl
ar
Forc€ - ,.
angle oo* ffi;:rthour
" ,t#*;fl rwrrhfrictpnr

'" o'""'
*** f =$f::?'0,0""3
uPPrane
oodY
,.i.:[:.f[T3j.
Fricnod)
Thrc.ds (Wtth
t*'" , = threadande
,=#r-, 4 = frlction
ang|e

th€ory
UniformPreslure
i::::I::"ff*=,,,(*41
1o'o'o"ono"'YuT*os'xii'"i\iil"'u"o
til,,${{ifi}iJ't$#f lh(ot\
Coo€Clulch ,,w R,' - Rrt r l,nrlirrm nrL'\'urL
- nr'
Torquerransmtlled ."n irllt,l thr,\r)
Lnrt,,rmw(ilr
r''
hln'rns'u'rrro'
rhcor!'|i'r
prc\\u'|c
l:::: .il,:,ll.,1.,-''""'JJln,.drm
il"i-rr'""'rr"' .[l'J"i*",,0',".
ll Zt:Hijilii"",'.
-=
is[i'."ti"::iiiti
liifl'i;'"i'n*...
n,n*
:Lr:n:lli,,u n*
.n,,
i =;r**lf_{ffi**i ",
B'h Drir€s
T,-T, =
Flat Bclts T,-T, ",' = [:.lt'clrlc lcnst)n

;::;;.,""
t- = f*"on
J
on
"r^"idc
ot

ttott-tde
bLrr tNr rr- I
of beh (N) t1- "
=!ili*l-""'
tcns'""
7 = Ccntrrftrgal
hert rkslm)
unitlensrh,or
ii ; *:1'
"'
f.;-.iffi.*ftll'i; rl'1.--,=,..,
- 1
ttun*.nrlteo'rnqr
1'o*tt "
l"i""i.ut
t +1,
T"=
renslon
lnrtral ' 2
I
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 STRENGTHOF MATERIAI,S
A = Deflection
,4; : lst momentofarea x = Dirccl strain
D. d: diameter
t : Young-sModulus of Elaslicrly t = Shcarstrain
f = Sheariogforce /) : Densiry
6 : Modulus of Rigidalyor Shcar
, : Height. distance r = Shcar stress
/ = 2nd moment of area | : Poisson'sRat;o
J = Polar znd moment of area (, = AnCularvelocity
K = Bulk Modulus
, = L€nglh
M = Bendingmomenr

/ = Pressure.
comprcssivestress
n. / = Radius
U = Strainenergy
ltl = Load. weight

SE€s6,Slrrh ild Modulii

load
(tr) = grrectslrTs(o)
ModulusofElasticitv
- orrcctstmm ([)
oi!naf6e6
Poisson'sRalio u = 4!9Ig! st.aln
||neat stlarn
ot w, !o2
Uenerar q =
exptessonror strarn
-
E- E - E
Modulusof Riodirv rG, = t"ff-!g!!l!l
sncarslrarn(; )
Burk (.(1=norJji.*#a;l
Modurus
c = :iri;,r
K= :irl-ro
stress: 9.l-4 t
Prrncipal ,'G$* r'
Angle of Principalplanes rzn 2tt=
____:a-\ __"r
Maximum ShearStress=
\tloJ=!'l' + rl
Principal = r.{.!: t
Strains .T
,R.tt

Strdr fr€r&y Bcrms tnd B.lding

Dr('crsrress
r'= ltr
""rumc
M
I
= i= n
shcarslresstr: ;6r \olunrc
M: Bendingmornenl ^ -
/ = Secondmoment ol area
o : Stress
r = Dislancefrom neutral atls
i = Modulusof elasticity
R = Radiusof curvatute

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 Secrion

B
{' -T--l BD" D
P# r F -T1- ---
.l_....t

RD'-hf D
-]:- --r- -3t-

-v-
a^ 't-D -4^l
]t"

@ fitr-tt
D
2 ilry)
TABLE OF BENDINC MOMENTS AND DEFLECTIOI\S
Load Diagram BendingMoment Deflection

WL {at wall)
\fia'r,n""at

&^ 4l.Lbr *aLt

ffiotrceenat

WL rar
cenue'
a {$,o,""n',,t
Wu lb(2a+h)l:
44 ut baat tLE-t\ t' i'
lrom
^, 1l'(2r./+6,1+
r fl gnr

wt
-f (arcenrrc)
ffi t",""n,..t

t z at cenrreandends (arcenrre,
tE-7

tor,tr".na.r
-{.1 rt. cenrret
#$r,",.."o.,
11'tar
ryf!' ot u end,\ iwa'r't
iialhWr
YS o,'t.,nat (maxrmum whererris
grearerthan b)

l0
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 To.sirl
generalfonnula l- r _ C,
,t r- |
po$cr transmrttcd 2[]7
- r" - uo,,r .\. __.rc!m,n
twln on \olid rapered
rhair -J:TttDl-D,D..^.t=0t"t
i,Gr,,5!;:,"i)
' D r = smal l dE rD cl cr

l" =-;1e;no"'"'.'
Fn--,-r--. ..
^
;-'_"';'iT#ry#.-G orLqrilrr€ rorquc
o.,. srrft
';'!
= \firiir P'incipalstress
\
MaxirnurhShearSlress
Momc|r6 o1 q4r1i. ..3
1,2

Sketch Descripdon Second (Radiusof

Momcnts Gyra!ion),
Reclangleabout
8Dx D,
t1 ii
DRJ
,n Br
t-
Racbnglcabour
a.xis00 D+R
--lt-
Recrangleaboul
exlernalaxis
x frorn C of C
""[i;.,,] ($*.'1

,#
,-eJ!
for.recrangutur.
i;',iTlliili:.,.,Jq.^il
Rcctangular
sot,Os1*f .rn^,;',."

solid
rolarngabout
i"':T#::.,S
"
#"1:,,
extcmalaxis
00 whichis
va$*!lx D ' 1+ 8' 1 ,
_trromC of G t 2 - + r-

Circlcabouta
diamete. D, R'
64' t64
Circlc about its
D, R'
i2" t -'1-
Cylirrdcrabour
irsaxis voll<-l
I. EJ E2

Sphcrcrotaring
aoouta
""1#l to
= tx'

CyliDderabout an
axtsat fltht
anglcsro ixis

'.-iL':
bulrhrou8h
rhc ""P;.r';lt6 - i: D' , L '

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 ENGINEERINGTHERMODYNAMICS
Symbolr Us€d
f = Th(rmodynamrremperdture tK,
r, = rcn)peralurelatue t()
/r : saluralronlemD€ratur(
P./ = Pressure

/, :Density(mass/unil volume)
l/ =Work enerqv
P =Power
4 =Eficiency
rl Amounl of rubstancc rmolesor ltlomolc!/
/,, -= Molar volume
( = Var,our velocilv
I = Ouanhtyof hc;r. p,= Sensrbte hcal
.r = Enrnatp)., = rpecrhc enlhatp!(enthalp)per unil mas\)
( = tnrerndtenerg, {moterular,.! = sp€cincInternal
= I otat.rnternaI.energ). en€rlr
r includingkinelicenerg,(K.E./ ;;d or p.F
? = specrnctotat ,nternatenersv
,/ = Specifcliquidenrhatpy --
,/, = lpecrlc enrhatpyof cvaporation
,, = enthlpy of dry eturared vapour
a = :pecrlc
lpecrhc hcal caDacttv
cp = Spccifc heat at'consiantDrcasure
ql = qp.cilc hcal at constanrirolume
4 spccllrcg&sconstant
J^ = EntIOpy._J= spcclncenfoPy
x = r.rryncsstracoon
R" = Unrvcrsalgasconstant
0 = Heat fiow iale
,l = Thcnhal conductivitv
r = Cocfrcicnt,lincar eipansion
/ = Coefficient.cubicalcipansion.

RELATIONSHIIS
BEly-Eq!.TFItpE!
IURE ANDvoLUME, work Fonnuhe
AND TEMPERATURE AND PRESSURE. 'i)
py = constant
\|hanpY, : C
W= Py loy '.)

+:{ii' : {a}' lti) Plr' = (onstunl

_
w_ lPtyt P2y2)
n-l

w = Ptvt_ y t.)
The p.rf€ci 8.i
Thechatucte rtic ?quationof stat.

p o = RT
or for n kg, occupyingt/ mt,
t1Y : nRT

Unir€rselGas Equotim
R- MR = 8 3141U/kc rhol.K
- massofonc rnol.ri'ltr
,it =
|| = numbcrof mols

L2
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 Caoard
The efficiencyof any heatenginecyclers givenby
=Q,-O. where9r is th. sum'of lhe hearflows to the cyclc
' o,
"
and 0, lhe sum of rhe hear fows from the cycle
Caft|ol
=L-rr
""T,
for any reverstblecycle workrng belweenone hear
sourceand one heal sinl.
Co.stmrVolum€Air Sr.ndrrdCyclcI A S E /
?=l-+ f, = volumecomprcssionratio.

Cycle(JOULE)
Cq|g.ol Pr€.sur€
q=t-!-L'=t-I = volumecompressron
rauo
T, = temt'eralureal b€grnningof

Di6el Cycl€
= volumecompresstonralto
o- r-1 ll-5'l
ittt-t,t T.
. I lr-'-l I
f,'-,Ltl'.-l)i Tl = lemperatureal beginningof

Dnal Cycle

":'-I.
' -',', - l- - . -
r,,-'(tr-tt+ttctt._tl f! = vol. compr€ssrcn
r. = ll nrio
r^ = 2 t
' t,
t, = oe8rnnlngor compressron

Hert Tir||sfer
li) Coiductidl
for st.ady heat flo$ lhrough a ffat rr are surfacelempfra-
surfaceof onc material, tures of the wall or
AAlt,- t.l plale.
^
,4 = surfaceaream:
sleadynow throuSha flat compositewall. .\- = thickness(m)
^ 4lr, - r-l
cocmcient
(Walrsim C,)
(dl"ar. (drefull!norethe unrl\ in *hrch a
'I'valuc is grlen)
lhrough a thicl cyhnder. / = lenCth(m)
r = inner radius
f2 = oulerradius(m)
toq, r
lhrouSha compositethrck cylinder. / = inner temperature
ro = outer temp€lalure
/'r and ,' are the
radii of any included
cyliodcrand l" its con-
ductivity coemcient.

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 Thc overallheattransfcrcocmcicnr
is U.
(ii) Coclcctio. tttl
i=1 +;, +'
Q - UAltt- t.t = \A(tt - rr, - trAlrr- t.l = k,lr;=li)
4 = ramPcrarura of hot iuid
ri = rcmFralurcof (ubclrsll on hot nuidsidc
rt = temperatur(
ol rubf\rallon coolvdr
r. = lemparature
ol cool nuad

H€rt Erd|.!g(rs
In l h e s e l h c o \c rdl l rumpcr.rruredrl i ,rc,nred(rd\\ rh( $.rl t \.frc\ Jrr,l J
m e a n tc m p e r.l u rc d rl l (rcILC r\ us(d i n rhL g c,l u.rrh,n

meantempcraluredifference tbr d/r = lcnip drlicrcn(car

parallclnowandconrra0o* erchanScrr Inlcr cnd ol hol
ar, - ar^ lluid
.*.(fli) Aru = tcmp. dillcrcnccar
outlct cnd ol hor
fluid
Rrdi.tho St.f.DBoltaD.ro L.r
for'black' body 9b = df q6 = cncrSYcmrltcdpcr unrt
arca pcr unrr lrnlc. lbr
blr|jk hxir
d = Stclln-Boit/m,rnn
(I I
7 - irb\olutctcnjfrjrirt|rrc
lbr'grcy bodv r = ,./6
q=urr='df ./ = cncrSlcr)rllcdlor r dr.
aledl l^-r untl arcx fx t
unrl lrmc lor '!rc\- lx)d\
r = cmrssr\n!. h*rn8 un \
li'r blacl tx)d! and lN
lhan unily fo; an! rcl|l

lor 8re) body ol surfacearea ,{ ard ar = ratio of energy ab-

absolutel€mi,eraruref,. and surround- sorbcd by a real body lo
ingsal absolulatcmpcrature/2. \re have energy absorbcd by a
'black'body
q rcdiarcd tAofi /1
-
q absorbc.d= aAoT\
ncll q = o'I\ -'t/oTi
= eto\Ti - r1l
= 567xl0-rre,t(r1-7't)
kJ/s
TyDic.l V.locs of t
w(oo-' Copper.polished 0.02
tE6
229 iopp.r. arll 056
t6a
52 Sreel.polish€d 00?
465
t1.6 srect.
duii 08
OE5ro l .l
O 3 5i o O,
O IJ to O2 Whitepaint 096
0 t5
00at tamp blacl 0

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 HYDROSTATICSAND TryDRAULICS

Prr.sure.t Deptt I from Fr€. Surfrcc

P.essure= tpa N/m'
where, = deplhto pornrconsidered in merres
P:ltuid de\nryIn kg mr
P:Y6 lm t-
Total PrcrsureLoad : fiapf Neytons on immersedarea
where/ rs area cons'deredin mr
and t is d€pth liom free surfacero cenrroidof figurein metres.

D.orh rn c or p from trc",rrt .. *ottnto-f area surf-ace

_ = ind +uL
lil moment of areaabout surface

Rlctungle. dcpthD. top cdgein surlace:C of P astD depth

( ircle,diamclcrD. top edgein surface:C ol P at;D depih
Iriangle.!e.ricaldepthH. sidern surlace:Cof P at jfldepth
I.Lrngle.lertrcaldeith l/. cornerin surface:C of P ir jr'depth.
[nergy F4uetion
erp.esscdp.r unrt n'clsnt of durd flowin8
d=1- +l - lo.*.
ttq :8
$ h c rr H = to ra l h c u d ,n mrtres
Z = h c rg h rrb o \. darum l cvel In mel rc\
P = p rc s s u rcIn N m!
1, = l i u rd d e n \rl ! In kg,m '
| = fl u rd l c l l )c rl y In m s
e =9lll mi'
l ,\\ m r! h ( L l u ( rr,.,n ! i " .r/l ut rh(.r,\l l o$rng
ri ^ \ ru r ro c n l J r$ m rn l =
' ad.
l (\s d u c t() c o n tru c ti o n = i ' 0j t'
,ruuttv tal .n or
Jta l2
l ,\\ J u e ro tl tu o rr h l = -' -' "
/sa
where/ is a conslanl.dependinS on thc typc oi liow and the pipe nnish,
../rs the pipe diametcrand 1, the leogthof pipe consideredin metres.

Orifices
Theoreticallelocity of flow from an orifice= \,qt m/s
wherei is depth to centreof orific€
Actual v€lociiy of flow : C r,'Igtr mrs
small round orificesC" 0 97
-
Area ofjel at VenaContracta = ai x A.ea Orifice
averag€lalue of a, for small round orifices:0-64
Qnaniity flowing from an orificc = cd x Area oti6c.x .,,/EF
where,
lrisinm
a; is the coefficientof discharge C" x C.
-

lclocity of a PressureWNre or Soundin ! l,iquid

k
t)
whereI is the coemcrcnt of comprcssibiliry
ol the liquidin Niml
I r\ rhr liquid,len.ir)kg m,
I-l4l0m\li'."rte.

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 ELECTROTECHNOLOGY
Ekdrid Quanntr

Y s
Angular velo!rty
Capadtance C farad F
microfarad l1F
Chargeor Quantny of
electricity
Condnctance
a
G
coulomb
siemens
C
S
Conduclivity siemensper metre Sim
Currenl
Steadyor r.m s. value amper€ A
milliampere mA
mrcroampere pA
lnstantaneousvalue
Maximumvalue
Current dcnsity ampereper mefe2 Ai m',
Drffcrcnceof potential
Sleadyor r.m.s.value t' volt v
millivoh mV
kilovolt kV
Instanaancous value
Maximum value
Electricforcc (Elcctricfield
strengn)
Electncflu\ (
Eleclr'cflu\ dunvl! D coulomb per \quarc

Electromolrvcforcc
Steadyor r.m s. value t:
Inslantaneous!aluc
Maximumvaluc
Energy h' J

Ht
krlohenr KH,,
mcgaherlr MH/
Z
Induclance. self L henry(plural.hcnrys) H
Induclance. mutual henry(plural.henrys) ll
Magnetizingforc€
(MaSnetrcfi.ld strengrh)
Magncticflur
Magneticffux dcnsrry B
Magnelomotiveforca
Permeabilrtyof free space Him
Permeabilily.rclative
Permeabil'ty.absolute henry pcr m€tre Hrm
Permittivily of frec space farad per metrc Fim
Permntivity.rclativ€
(Di+lectric constant)
Permittivrty.absolute farad per melre frm
wall w
krlowatl tW
melawafi MW
X ohm O
Reactivevoltampcrc lar vAr
Reluctance s ampcreper webcr A'Wb
Resistance R ohm n
m'crohm pA
m€gohm MO
Resislivrty ohm-rhetre Orn
microhm'metre /O m
ohm-c€ntimeire ()cm
S
vohamperc VA
16 kilovoltampere kVA

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 ELECTRICALCIRCUITS

SimpleD.C. Chcult(steadycondrltont)
(a) Stedy Conditiois
Ohmsla$ 1:;
tj warrs
power in circuit = ll = /2R :
Enerqrrn lrmc I = ltjoulcs
For isr.rancesrn seric.R = R, +,cr _ Rl-
, t_-+
For resisranccs paralhl i=i +i-+R.
'n
iharis G=Gt+G2+Ct+
RcsistivityI = d
TemperatureeFcctsR.: Ro(l + dr)
Inducede.rn.f.= -L# vohs.

(b) lnductivcCordltlons{e.9.switchrng)

: r(r-"T') = / ( l- " ; ' )

i (,i .i ne)
Ar
i {decaying) = ,( '
f = fueconds
Timeconstan(
Energysloredin magnelrcfield = 1l.r'1joulcs
SimDL ..c. Circ{it
' . = f stnd- 2tt BAN, sin0lohs
currenr= ,',"-*, o?i,a,nu6.= o 617/. rfsrnusordal
Arcrage
= - Ltz
!,r"*be, = 0 ?07/., if sinusoidal
r m.s.current \, o ddinat;a
form lacror = r.m.s value = I I L rf sinusoidal
rJa
;l.1l!.ry,.r"e.

Ci.coil Lti,s
(a) Pure Resist.nca Curent
| ='R areIn phase
currentand volLaS€

(b) Potc ld|'ctire C||trena

.vv currcn!lagsapPli€dvoltageby 90' (0 = 90 )

(c) PurcCrp*itiv. C|r]rent

I = 2nfClt currentleadsaPpliedvohageby 90 (d=901
V ''

2ft.fc
(d) RLC Seri€sCircuil
'" ;=I;:;:; =l',- R'+0;L
- 2)rc,')
\ inrt{ x;rciti
for resonanc.,{ = xc. f = 2tr---LC

(e) nLC Prtrfl.t Cfrui, C= p

+l;Of
,= Z,l=-rC ptovided
R < 2n/L

and. impedanccal resonance= lCR

L1
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 NAVAL ARCHITECTURE

Not.tlon
z = chos.nordinatcin intcrrltion rulcs
= draught,or dislancc -
V - displac.mcntvolumc
A
w = shipwciSht
= w.i8ht (gco.El)
= volumcof cm.rgcd/immcrs€dwcdSc
s
B = ccnlrl ot buoyarcy (elso b.rm)
L = BhiplcDgth(Scncral)
M
G = ccht.r of ship mess
BM = metaccntric radiuj
GM = mclsccntrh hcichl
GZ = rigltinS lcvcr -
GtG, = movcmcnlofG
4 = s.cond mohcnt of arca of watcrDlancabut ! tf.nsvcmc
sxis throurh cdtroid
i = 3€condm6mcnt of alls of a f.cc liouid surfac. about s
longitudinal rxb thiough it6 c.ntroid
P dcoslry
MCT I cm - morDcnt to changc tl'im ooc cm
- friclioDal EsistaDcr
& -
R. = residualresistance
Rr total resistance
I/ :- hull sp€€d
A = accelerariond ue lo graviry (atso cnroids of immersed/
.
emerSeo\rcctScs)
- : Froude friction facrom
/
= (Reynoldsnumb€r, nondimensional
-
v . -(troude-snumbcr)non-dimensional
= -r=
T
I = thrust d€ductionfactor
= augmentof rcsistancefactor
: Froudc wake fraction
= Taylor wakc fraction
= ocnvcrcopower

: opcn warcr propellcr €mciency

: b€hind hull prop€llcr Gfrcrency
: I! = rclativerotarivc efficiencv
qd'
= hull cmciency
[1" * qu8srproputsivecoemcicnr
proFller pilch
- rcvolutronsper
- mtnute
= rcvolutionsFa sccond
V = spccdof sdvanc! of propcllcr
: proFllcr 3lip rrtio
D : propellcrdiamctcr
a = proFllar torqu€

I8
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ToNNE PBRCENTIMETREIMMERSIoN : TPC = i+g

T.Er.r!. Slrbilitl
Monid FoiDuh
for approrim.tc positionof c.ntrc of buoyanct B
rronwrrcrrin={t+*)
r,",nrccr.
xa-(f-f)
M.lrcdric Rdiu.

"M-+
M.-'it of sr ic.l st'b ivx
cz or LgGz vx r, = horizontal
morncntof
lor small&nglcsOz = CM sin0 - GM 0. traosfer
w€dges.
for lery! aDglcsoz = II4 - ,G sin ,

Fr€€ Su .ce Effecl

t,r : densrlr-offree liqurd
G , G , : !. " t\,

IncliningExP€rimenl h = w€iahlnoved
GM=#+ho, nlt::'o
,J = distincc moved
ltl = ship werght
d = anCleof heel

,j:-:h'J
ilf;:'J'3'9'$if'f F.t.,:',:.T;ls'"Lligiiii'S,I,,.,,".
ioaec*
:::',$IflB:*:l!*:ll 3i3- SlZil;' ';;rittet
Dynrmic.l Sr.bilil]
= wlorczde : l4'x areaunderGZ curv€up 1othat anSleof hee]
Iransfel
-8lrr Isrhe.!ertrcal
- ;"1!8t- tht- BGn-cosdt | * herevtri
I ' moment(volume)ol lh€*eoges

l.creiodbd Sa.lilitr
,u It of centreof Rotation
where.1Is drslanc€
- frofl mdshrps
''' ' tc€nlroid)
= tonnes
Mcr I cm= i# metre
ronne
""t = n:,i:i
ertor'
l/ore. tMr may bc usedin this formula wilhout serrous

I9
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 I

I f = Froude friction faclor

|11*fur.r,"*ro'
I 'n:f;o.(r852'/h)
Rr- Xr*trr
Co|r.{ddhS SP"ds tr
hulls'
4 hasssmcvalucfor both

anddrauttrs
spccds
bothhullsatcornspondins
-" {ffIffittt "r
X'V:-m'er\r'frx*arc'
Ct
tu
Mod4t! Co.ffci'ots

:i;*;;.ti"s "Pods
cr"rr' - c*aar
c"
ct w
*;*ln**#iirdl:lli'rffiilri'ss
*l':":"*"
lF.$,1Tfiffi
$f,gmffiH$'$
PrcF sion pN _ v \
Irruel , = pil (,
us€consist.nrunrr5
1"pp"r*,1 J
"=$4= R'xr"
Pr,r*, li'-n'
ilxll ilt/,il':farr='''v':r.t'=
*,=+,\ '' tli,
r- a, l"t = on'.r|fl
= rl'"'ttt - tl
hu efrcienc)
-'o:=ryrtr\-
ptoP€lleremciency =
i;
: & R R'E') (
relatilerotativeemciency -
RRE
qrc = = r'utttnttttnc] ' op€nwalerefficFncy
'(
f,'
=
= b?a ' t*n"o'rcn efiicrencv i;e'nftpo*t'
"a

20
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