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SOLVENT EXTRACTION
Solvent extraction is defined as the extraction or isolation of a desired
component or substance by extracting it with the help of a solvent having
maximum affinity (solubility) from the other immiscible liquid. For example,
if we have a mixture of resorcinol and benzoic acid, both are soluble in ether
one possibility is to add NaHCO3 in it, it will give sodium salts of both the
compounds
These both give sodium salts and these salts are soluble in HCl, so it is
a problem and hence need to separate them by solvent extraction with either
and water.
PARTITION COEFFICENT OR DISTRIBUTION LAW:
When a substance is dissolved in two immiscible solvents there is a
definite ratio of the concentration of that substance in one solvent to the
concentration of the substance in the second solvent, at a definite temperature
or mathematically Kd i.e. Distribution coefficient or partition coefficient is
equal to C1/C2.
Kd or KD = C1/C2
Kd = Distribution constant
D = Distribution Ratio
This law is called distribution law or partition law and the constant is
called distribution or partition constant or coefficient. The major factors which
affects the distribution law
1 Temperature effect
2 Solvent effect
2
Temperature effect:
Temperature effect is the way that by the increase of temperature it
increases the solubility of both the solvents and their ratio change. So
the value of Kd change.
Solvation effect:
Solvation effect change the value of Kd.
Polymerization (Dimer):
When we add solute in solvent it changes by various reactions, for
example by dimerization as benzoic acid in benzene, benzoic acid form dimer
in benzene
% Extrtaction:
Assume the extraction of a chemical specie from water to an organic
solvent. Then the % extraction of specie ‘c’ extracted into the organic
phase is
Vo = 30 ml
Wa = 1 gm
D = 10
Numerical:
20 ml of an aqueous solution of 0.1 M Buteric acid is shaken with 10 ml of ether.
After the layers are separated. It is determined by titration that 0.5 millimoles of
buteric acid remain in aqueous layer . What is the distribution ratio and %
extraction.
20 ml contain buteric acid = 0.1 M
For millimoles it is multiplied by volume
Total concentration = 20 × 0.1 = 2.0 millimoles
Millimoles of buteric acid in ether = [2.0 – 0.5]/10
= 1.5/10 = 0.15 millimoles
(Where 10 is the volume of ether in ml)
Millimoles of buteric acid in aqueous layer = 0.5/20 = 0.025 millimoles
(Where 20 is the volume of aqueous layer)
D = 0.15/0.025 = 6
%E = 100 D / [D + Va / Vo]
%E = 100 × 6/[6 + 20/10]
E = [100 × 6] / 8
= 75 %