This article is about the Republic of India. For other uses, see India (disambiguation).

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Republic of India

भारत गणराज्य*

Bhārat Ganarājya

Horizontal tricolour flag (deep saffron, white, and green). In the centre of the white is a navy blue wheel
with 24 spokes. Three lions facing left, right,and toward viewer, atop a frieze containing a galloping
horse, a 24-spoke wheel, and an elephant. Underneath is a motto " सत्यमेव जयते".

Flag Emblem

Motto: "Satyameva Jayate" (Sanskrit)

सत्यमेव जयते (Devanāgarī)

"Truth Alone Triumphs"[1]

Anthem:

Play sound

Jana Gana Mana instrumental.ogg

Jana Gana Mana

Thou art the ruler of the minds of all people[2]

National Song[4]

Vande Mataram

I bow to thee, Mother[3]

Image of globe centred on India, with India highlighted.

Area controlled by India in dark green;

Claimed but uncontrolled territories in light green

Capital New Delhi

28°36.8′N 77°12.5′E / 28.6133°N 77.2083°E / 28.6133; 77.2083

Largest city Mumbai

Official language(s)

Hindi, English[show]

Hindi in the Devanagari script is the official language of the Union[5] and English the "subsidiary official
language".[6]

Recognised regional languages

8th Schedule:[show]

Assamese

Bengali

Bodo

Dogri

Gujarati

Hindi

Kannada

Kashmiri

Konkani

Maithili

Malayalam

Manipuri

Marathi

Nepali

Oriya

Punjabi

Sanskrit

Santali

Sindhi
Tamil

Telugu

Urdu[7]

National languages None defined by the

constitution.[8]

Demonym Indian

Government Federal parliamentary

constitutional republic[9]

- President Pratibha Patil

- Prime Minister Manmohan Singh (INC)

- Speaker of the House Meira Kumar (INC)

- Chief Justice S. H. Kapadia

Legislature Sansad

- Upper House Rajya Sabha

- Lower House Lok Sabha

Independence from the United Kingdom

- Declared 15 August 1947

- Republic 26 January 1950

Area

- 3,287,263 km2 ‡(7th)

1,269,219 sq mi

- Water (%) 9.56

Population

- 2011 estimate 1,193,501,000[10] (2nd)

- 2001 census 1,028,610,328[11]

- Density 363.1/km2 (31st)

940.3/sq mi

GDP (PPP) 2010 estimate

- Total $4.001 trillion[12] (4th)

- Per capita $3,290[12] (127th)

GDP (nominal) 2010 estimate

- Total $1.430 trillion[12] (11th)

- Per capita $1,176[12] (137th)

Gini (2004) 36.8[13] (79th)

HDI (2010) increase0.519[14] (medium) (119th)

Currency Indian rupee (Indian Rupee ₹) (INR)

Time zone IST (UTC+5:30)

- Summer (DST) not observed (UTC+5:30)

Date formats dd/mm/yyyy (AD)

Drives on the left

ISO 3166 code IN

Internet TLD .in

Calling code 91

Non-numbered Footnotes:[show]

* Bharat Ganarajya, that is, the Republic of India in Hindi,[9] written in the Devanagari script. See also
other official names

‡ This is the figure as per the United Nations though the Indian government lists the total area as
3,287,260 km2 (1,269,220 sq mi).[15]

India (Listeni /ˈɪndiə/), officially the Republic of India (Hindi: भारत गणराज्य Bhārat Gaṇarājya; see also official
names of India), is a country in South Asia. It is the seventh-largest country by geographical area, the
second-most populous country, and the most populous democracy in the world. Bounded by the Indian
Ocean on the south, the Arabian Sea on the southwest, and the Bay of Bengal on the southeast, it shares
land borders with Pakistan to the west; Bhutan, the People's Republic of China and Nepal to the
northeast; and Bangladesh and Burma to the east. In the Indian Ocean, India is in the vicinity of Sri Lanka
and the Maldives; in addition, India's Andaman and Nicobar Islands share a maritime border with
Thailand and Indonesia.

Home to the ancient Indus Valley Civilisation and a region of historic trade routes and vast empires, the
Indian subcontinent was identified with its commercial and cultural wealth for much of its long history.
[16] Four of the world's major religions—Hinduism, Buddhism, Jainism and Sikhism—originated here,
while Zoroastrianism, Judaism, Christianity and Islam arrived in the first millennium CE and shaped the
region's diverse culture.[citation needed] Gradually annexed by the British East India Company from the
early 18th century and colonised by the United Kingdom from the mid-19th century, India became an
independent nation in 1947 after a struggle for independence which was marked by a non-violent
resistance led by Mohandas Karamchand Gandhi.

The Indian economy is the world's eleventh largest by nominal GDP and fourth largest by purchasing
power parity. Following market-based economic reforms in 1991, India has become one of the fastest
growing major economies, and is considered a newly industrialized country; however, it continues to
face the challenges of poverty, illiteracy, corruption and inadequate public health. A nuclear weapons
state and a regional power, it has the third-largest standing army in the world, and ranks tenth in military
expenditure among nations.

India is a federal constitutional republic with a parliamentary system consisting of 28 states and seven
union territories. It is a member of the United Nations, the Non-Aligned Movement, the World Trade
Organization, the South Asian Association for Regional Cooperation, the East Asia Summit, the G20, the
G8+5, and the Commonwealth of Nations; and is one of the four BRIC nations. India is a pluralistic,
multilingual, and multiethnic society. It is also home to a diversity of wildlife in a variety of protected
habitats.