SPM - Condition Monitoring Methodology - Lanco

Condition Monitoring the intelligent Way
Condition Monitoring the Intelligent Way
Offer for Consultancy Services Contract

for Implementing Integrated Condition Monitoring
Condition Monitoring Services

– Methodology
For
SPM INSTRUMENT INDIA PVT.LTD

Fortune Chambers, 4th Floor,
Silicon Valley, Madhapur,
HYDERABAD-500 081
Phone: +91 40 444 555 55
Fax: +91 40 444 555 55
E-mail: sales@spm.co.in; consultancy@spm.co.in
0
Lanco Date: 08.03.2011
Condition monitoring the intelligent Way
CONTENTS
SL. NO. DESCRIPTION PAGE NO.
1. GOAL 3
2. ABOUT US 3
INTRODUCTION
3. A) Importance of Condition Monitoring 4
B) Benefits of Condition Monitoring
4. METHODOLOGY 7
MACHINE DATA
a. Introduction 8
b. Applications 8
4.1
c. Flow Chart 8
d. Procedure 8
SPM Measurement, SPM Spectrum & Analysis
a. Introduction 10
b. Applications 10
4.2
c. Flow Chart 11
d. Procedure 12
e. Sample report 13
Vibration Measurement, Vibration Spectrum & Analysis

a. Introduction 14
b. Applications 14
4.3 c. Flow Chart 15
d. Procedure 16
e. Sample report 17
1
Machine Alignment – Correction Activity

a. Introduction 18
b. Applications 18
d. Procedure 20
e. Sample report 21
Dynamic Balancing – Correction Activity

a. Introduction 22
b. Applications 22
d. Procedure 24
e. Sample report 25
Thermal Image
a. Introduction 26
b. Applications 26
d. Procedure 27
e. Sample report 28
Ferrography
a. Introduction 29
b. Applications 29
d. Procedure 30
e. Sample report 31-32
Oil Analysis
a. Introduction 29
b. Applications 29
d. Procedure 30
e. Sample report 31-32
2
1. GOAL
To provide full Time Services of Condition monitoring Experts to implement Predictive and
Proactive condition based maintenance system in your plant. The aim is to achieve, increased
Equipment / Plant Availability, Lesser Breakdowns, Decreased maintenance cost, and higher
amount of reliability.
2. ABOUT US
CONSULTANCY SERVICES DIVISION, SPM INDIA
We wish to introduce ourselves as pioneers in offering Condition Monitoring and Corrective

Maintenance Services.
SPM INDIA is a Swedish Joint Venture Company having full-fledged World-class production
facilities to manufacture the latest Instruments in the field of Condition Monitoring at
Hyderabad.
We are Head Quartered at Hyderabad, having Branch Offices at Chennai, Mumbai, Baroda,
Kolkata and Delhi.
In addition to our Sales Activities for more than three decades, we also provide “Professional
Consultancy Services” with more than 40 engineers engaged in various projects all over India
delivering Condition Monitoring Services.
We have a Support Team with 20 engineers who are handling only Technical Presentation,
Installation & Commissioning & Training program.
We have a dedicated Training Center at Hyderabad where we conduct Training Program with
theory & practical for 4 days at very nominal charges.
3
3. INTRODUCTION
Condition Monitoring is the process of monitoring one or more specific Condition Parameters
in Machinery at regular intervals, such that a significant change becomes indicative of a
developing failure to identify impeding damages. It is a major activity of Condition Based
Predictive Maintenance.
The use of Condition Monitoring allows Maintenance to measure the deterioration of the
Machine Condition well in advance so that appropriate Correction Activity may be scheduled
to avoid the consequences of failure, before the failure occurs
Importance of Condition Monitoring
To recognize developing problems ahead of time.

To avoid & limit Machine Damage.
To increase Machine Availability.
To extend Machine Service Life.
To improve Personnel Safety.
To reduce Spare Parts Inventory.
To eradicate possible defects at their Infant Stage.
To plan Corrective Measures during a Planned Shutdown.
Benefits of Condition Monitoring
Improvement in Production Quality.

Prevention of Machine Damage.
Reduction in Production Downtime.
Plan effective Maintenance Activities.
Efficiency of Manpower Utilization.
Reliability of Machine Operation.
4
Condition monitoring the intelligent Way
4. METHODOLOGY
The methodology is acronym for the step-by-step procedure for the Implementation of
different Condition Monitoring Techniques.
Condition Monitoring
Technique
Flow Chart
Created
Machine Data
Creation
Procedure
Described
Measuring Data from

the Machine
Customer
Domain Inputs
Analyzing the
Measuring Results
Preliminary
Report
Generated
Correction Activities
Implemented
Feed back from

the Customer
Final Report
Check the condition
After 3 Months
Document
4.1. Machine Data:
a. Introduction:
The data, which identify as the equipment Technical data of the complete
equipment – both drive and driven details,
b. Application:
Gearbox and generator set for windmill – testing purpose.
c. Flow chart:
Machine Data
Verify the data

Manufacturer/
Check Name Plate Details Engineer In-
charge
Machine Log Book
Insufficient Data
Data obtained /
Analysis to Start
1
d. Procedure:
The manufacturer / engineer in-charge will provide the complete data like;
• Equipment type
• Generator or motor Capacity – ratings (MW / KW)
• Class classification of the equipment as per ISO std
• Various rpm like Input-Output and intermediate speeds
• Gear box type
• Input speed & output speed
• Number of stages
• Bearing details like type and bearing number etc.
• Type of lubrication systems
• Type of cooling systems
• Other relevant details, If any.
All the machine data are tabulated and schematic diagram of equipment system is
framed as shown here under.
2
4.2. SPM Measurement, SPM Spectrum & Analysis:
a. Introduction:
The SPM Method – Basic Theory
In simple terms, the SPM method detects development of a mechanical shock wave
caused by the impact between two masses. At the instantaneous moment of impact,
molecular contact occurs and a compression
(shock) wave develops in each mass. The SPM
method is based on the events occurring in the
mass during the extremely short time period after
the first particles of the colliding bodies come in
contact.
Pressure variation translated into shock pulse pattern.

SPM Spectrum enables in identifying the Source of the Failure in the Bearings and
Gears by measuring the Individual Bearing Components / Gear Mesh Frequencies.
b. Application:
Bearing condition analysis.

Bearing Lubrication Condition identification.
Possible to identify Lubrication film thickness.
Identifying the bearing mounting problems etc.
3
10
c. Flow chart:
SPM
SPM
Measure LR Values
Measure HR Values
Collect Spectrum
LR/HR
Values YES
Within
SPM Std
Limits
Bearing
Condition
found to be Report
NO Preparation
Satisfactory
SPM
Spectrum YES
found Cleared for
Healthy Operation
NO
Recommendations
Check Lubrication
Check Brg. Condition
Check Mounting
Change Brg
Correction
Activity
Carried out
Recheck
4
11
d. Procedure:
Details of input like Shaft internal diameter and Bearing numbers are to be given as
input before starting the SPM measurements.
To measure the LR / HR Values.
To measure Cond values.
To collect SPM time wave and spectrum.
The measured values are to be compared with the std values.
View the colour codes like Green-Yellow-Red.
When the vibration amplitudes are crossing more than the satisfactory level, the
detailed analysis is conducted to identify the possible causes and root cause for
generating the higher vibration amplitudes.
Reports will be submitted for possible correction activities at site, are suggested to the
manufacturer / shop floor personnel.
Minor variations in the readings are normal. They can be caused by temperature and
load variations, time since re-greasing or other variations in the operating condition of
machine and bearing.
On damaged bearing, the sharp edges of fresh spallings will cause high readings which
drop when the damage is partly rolled out.
Important for the planning of bearing replacements in the trend of the readings and
the rate of change. Bearings with high readings (yellow and red zone) are measured
more frequently than bearings in good, stable condition.
After completing the correction activity, Vibration amplitude are re-checked. When
found satisfactory the final report is submitted for clearance as well as for future
references.
5
12
e. Sample Report:
6
13
4.3. Vibration Amplitude Measurement, spectrum & Analysis:
a. Introduction:
Vibration Analysis is a Non-Destructive Technique, which helps early detection of

machine problems by measuring/evaluating vibration.
Vibrations are caused by movement of components within the Machine due to internal or
external excitation. Any small change in the Machine behavior shall change the
Vibration Pattern of the Machine. Hence Vibration Monitoring and Analysis provides
reliable information on Machine Operating Condition.
b. Application:
Knowing the Severity of the problem necessary Corrective Action can be taken at the
most appropriate time, for any rotating equipment and critical operating equipment. The
equipment like Turbo generator, Pumps, Fans, Mills, Crushers, Compressors. The
components like Motor and gear boxes, generator are to be critically need to be
analyzed using vibration measurement and spectrum analysis.
Most of the mechanical troubles in a machine cause Vibration. By analyzing Vibration

most of the problems of Rotating Machines can be identifies such as:
Unbalance (Static, Couple, Quasi-Static).
Misalignment (Angular, Parallel, Combination).
Eccentric Rotor, Bend Shaft.
Mechanical Looseness, Structural Weakness, Soft Foot.
Resonance, Beat Vibration.
Mechanical Rubbing
Problems of Belt Driven Machines.
Journal Bearing Defects.
Antifriction Bearing Defects (Inner race, Outer race, Cage, Rolling elements).
Hydrodynamic & Aerodynamic Forces (Blade or Vane, Flow turbulence, Cavitations).
Gear Problems (Tooth wear, Tooth load, Gear eccentricity, Backlash, Gear
misalignment, Cracked or broken tooth).
Electrical Problems of AC & DC Motor.
7
14
C. Flow Chart:
Vibration Analysis
Operate the Equipment @

rated RPM and simulated
Normal Operation
(Vibration Measurement & Spectrum)

D-Displacement; V-Velocity
A-Acceleration; F-Frequency;
φ-Phase
Compare with ISO Stds

for given class of
equipment
Found within the YES
satisfactory limit
Report
Preparation
NO
Conduct detailed Analysis to Identify
Possible causes for the vibration Equipment

Root cause for the vibration Cleared for
Operation
Correction
Submission of report
for correction
Activities
Activities by SPM
Team
Corrective actions by
Laser Dynamic
Customer/manufacturer Alignment Balancing
Carried out
8
15
d. Procedure:
The equipment is operated at rated rpm and normal operating conditions are to be met. Using
the sophisticated vibration analyzer the basic and advanced vibration data to be collected.
Key measurements in the Vibration analysis are:
Vibration Displacement, Velocity, Acceleration, Frequency and Phase angle.

Colour codes like Green-Yellow-Red to be noted.
The measured values are compared with ISO 10816 standard requirements as per the given
class, for example Class-4.
When the vibration limits are crossing than the satisfactory level the detailed analysis is
conducted to identify the possible causes and root cause for generating the higher vibration
amplitudes.
Reports will be submitted for possible correction activities at site are suggested to the
manufacturer / shop floor personnel.
Note: During analysis the root causes are like Misalignment and dynamically imbalanced, the
desired correction activities like Laser alignment and dynamic balancing using the
sophisticated analyzer like Leonova Infinity will be done SPM team.
After completing the correction activity, Vibration amplitude are re-checked. When found
satisfactory the final report is submitted for clearance as well as for future references.
9
16
e. Sample Report:
10
17
4.4. Machine Alignment:
a. Introduction:
Misalignment is the deviation of the relative shaft position from collinear axis of rotation when
the equipment is running at normal operating condition. Alignment is a vital part in the daily
maintenance work. . Nearly 50% of all machine breakdowns are caused by misalignment.
The types of misalignment can be Parallel or offset, Angular and Skew (combination of both).
b. Applications:
All equipment need to be aligned across the shaft & coupling, few types of coupling are;
Flexible : Tyre, Pin bush, ESBI Valkan tyre, Lovejoy
Semi Flexible : Fluid
Rigid : Greard, Resilient, Hydraulic, Magnetic
A flexible coupling can handle some misalignment but it will generate heat and it will increase
forces on the shafts.
This will crease vibrations and coupling elements, seals, bearing will fail prematurely.
Causes of misalignment may be due the following reasons;
• Poor workmanship during alignment.

• Improper grouting or shrinkage after grouting.
• Improper foundation or larger holes for holding down bolts.
• Thermal expansion due to a process heating. Most machines are aligned cold, and
then as they operate and heat up thermal growth causes misalignment.
• Vibration due to unbalance, resonance and bearing problems etc.
• Forces transmitted due to the machine by piping and support members.
• Machines directly coupled not properly aligned.
• Soft foot.
Shaft alignment can be performed with a lot of tools. The easiest way is to use a ruler or a
straight edge over the two coupling halves and align by eyesight. The result is not very
accurate and it is operator dependent. To achieve a better result is to use dial indicators. A
skilled and experienced user can achieve good and reliable result, but it takes time. The
easiest way and most accurate is to use laser based alignment systems. They do not require
special skill and delivers very accurate and repetitive results.
11
18
c. Flow chart:
Laser Alignment
Laser Alignment
Fixing of TDs
Dimensional measurement I/P
YES Correct the Soft

Soft Foot foot Before
Found Alignment
NO
Alignment found
satisfactory (within YES
the Tolerance Limit)
in both Horizontal &
Vertical
Report
Preparation
NO
Alignment process
Calculate shims and foot Alignment
Select suitable shims checking/correction
completed and
cleared for operation
Horizontal correction
Vertical correction
12
19
d. Procedure:
1. The Transmitter–Detector (TD) Units are connected/tied firmly to the

shaft.
2. Dimensional in-put are fed in to the laser alignment system.
3. Check for the soft foot and do the needful correction.
4. Check amount of misalignment.
5. Correction shims and locations to be noted.
6. Carry out horizontal corrections.
7. Carry out vertical corrections.
8. Re-check for the alignment, and check with the tolerances given by ISO
stds / manufacturer limits etc.
9. If still alignment is still scope for the improvement, the process will
repeated for the improvement.
10. When the required alignment is achieved, within the tolerances given,
the report will be prepared and the equipment will be released for further
operation or further works if any.
13
e. Sample report:
14
21
4.5. Dynamic Balancing:
a. Introduction:
There are several types of unbalance conditions; the most important of which are called static
and dynamic. Static unbalance is a condition where the center of rotation of a rotor does not
correspond to its center of mass, or in other words, its center of gravity does not lie on its
axis of rotation. This result in a centrifugal force applied to the bearing at the 1X frequency.
This 1X force is proportional to the square of the speed of the rotor, meaning that high-speed
machines require much more accurate balancing than low speed ones.
Unbalance forces in machines will always produce vibration at the bearings where the radial
and tangential 1X components are 900 out of phase. This is a sure test of unbalance and can
be used to help distinguish unbalance from misalignment.
b. Applications:
Rotors which can be treated as having a single large mass along their length and that have
access to the main mass. Examples are Fans, Single Stage Centrifugal Pumps, Single Sage
Centrifugal Compressors, Flywheels, etc… The Main requirement is that there is access to the
plane that requires balancing, if there is no access to this plane then the rotor will need to be
removed to be balanced. Occasionally, when it is known that the balance problem is mainly
due to a coupling hub as opposed to the main impeller or wheel, then balancing can be
carried out on the coupling along with acceptable results.
15
c. Flow chart:
Dynamic Balancing
Vibration FFT
Check for Vibration Amplitudes

Phase Angle Horizontal & Vertical
General
imbalance NO Check for other
conditions & sources of vibration
Phase Shift ≅ problems
900 found
YES
Check static YES

Unbalance &
found
Carryout Static
NO Balancing
Carryout Dynamic
Balancing
YES
Vibration Amplitudes &
Balancing Tolerances
Found within Limit
Report
Preparation
NO
Trim Balancing
Equipment Cleared
for Operation
Vibration Amplitudes & YES

Balancing Tolerances
Found within Limit
NO
16
23
d. Procedure:
There are two ways of giving phase information, as ‘Phase Lagging’ or ‘Phase
Leading’. In ‘Phase Lagging’ the keyphasor point is 00 and the phase angle increases
in the opposite direction to the direction of rotation i.e. if the rotation is clockwise
then the phase angle increases in an anticlockwise direction. In ‘Phase Leading’ the
keyphasor point is again 00 but the phase angle increases in the direction of rotation
i.e. if the rotation is clockwise the phase angle increases in a clockwise direction. The
instruments in use at JTPCL Refinery are all ‘Phase Lagging’ so this is the method we
will concentrate on.
To get the phase information we require a ‘tacho’ signal. This can either be from a
permanently mounted system such as a ‘Bently Nevada KeyPhasor’ or from a
temporary system such as an optical or electro-magnetic tacho.
The set-up of the instruments varies so each will need to be set-up according to the
relevant instruction manual.
Most modern instruments will normally include a balancing program as an option or

as standard. The balancing program will work out the required balance weight after
the required information is inputted and the readings have been taken. This means
that the manual method of working out the correction weight and position is not
required, however, it is always useful to carry out the manual calculation, as
described, as a double check.
17
e. Sample report:
18
25
4.6. Thermal Image:
a. Introduction:
Thermal Imaging or Thermography is a type of Infrared imaging. Infrared Radiation is

emitted by all objects based on their temperatures, Thermography makes it possible to
capture images (or “see”) without visible illumination. Amount of Radiation emitted by an
object increases with temperature. Thus, Thermography allows one to see variations in
temperature, and hence the name.
A Typical Thermography camera detects radiant energy or heat in the infrared range of the
electromagnetic spectrum, generally between 800 to 20000 nanometers of wavelength. By a
non-contact mode the infrared energy (heat) is detected and after converting the same into
an electronic signal, it is processed to produce a Thermal Image or Heat Picture (Thermo
gram), with indication of Temperatures.
b. Applications:
1. Hot spot/ Cold Spot Detection for Maintenance Intervention (Electrical, Mechanical &
Process Equipments).
2. Condition Monitoring of Refractory Lining of Blast Furnace, Petrochemical Process
Heaters and others type of Furnaces, Ladles, Chimney.
3. Condition Monitoring of Insulation Lining of Boiler, Steam Pipeline, Hot air duct & other
Process Equipments.
4. Detection of Cold spots in Rotary Kilns to assess Deposition.
5. Calculation of Heat Loss.
6. Identification of anomalies in Cooling Systems.
7. Detection of Thermal abnormalities (due to loose contact/ joint) in Outdoor Switch
Yards & Transformers, in Switch Gears and Electrical Panels.
Different applications like:
Electro thermo graphic applications –
Thermography generally used in varieties of applications like:
1. Control Panels
2. Switch gears
3. Transformers
4. Motor body, bearing and coupling temperatures etc
5. Furnaces
6. Industrial thermal imaging applications
7. Building Thermography applications
8. Application in Leakage Location
9. Appliance in Research and Development
19
26
c. Flow Chart:
Thermography
Thermal Imaging
captured
Hot Spots identified &

Digital Image Captured
Report
Preparation
d. Procedure:
The relative motion / vibration or motion of atoms and molecules in the object causes
Infrared.
The thermal images are captured and analysis is done based on the temperature
levels and hot spots etc.
27
20
e. Sample report:
21
28
4.7. Ferrography:
a. Introduction:
Ferrographic Wear Particle Analysis is a Non-Intrusive examination of the Oil

wetted parts to determine the source, size and severity of the Wear Mechanism.
Particles generated by specific types of wear have distinctive characteristics that
reveal the wear mechanisms at work.
Trained and experienced Predict Ferrography Analysts with knowledge of

equipment and the metallurgy of its components identify these microscopic wear
particles and relate them to Equipment Condition. In this manner Analysts “look”
inside your equipment to identify Abnormal Wear Conditions and pinpoint wearing
components. Being a microscopic study Ferrography identifies the earliest possible
indication of abnormal wear, providing sufficient lead time to take maintenance
action and correct the problem before any major breakdown.
b. Application
Any application where oil lubricant / oil coolant are involved.
c. Flow chart
Ferrography
Quantitative Analysis
WPC found within Report
YES
acceptable Limits Preparation
NO
Qualitative Analysis:
1. Ferrogram Prepared
2. Image Captured & Compared
3. Analysis Done
22
29
c. Procedure
The Ferrography tests are conducted in two steps:
Step-1 – Quantitative Analysis to monitor the qualification of the wear rate.
Direct Reading Ferrography (DR Ferrography) determines the wear particle

concentration (WPC) as preliminary check to understand the waering conditions of the
internals.
Step-2 – Qualitative Analysis to identify the type of wear & sources of wear.
Microscopic evaluations of wear particles separated from used lubricants to determine

the type of wear, sources of wear and the wearing mechanisms.
Result:
Machine health condition will be indicated in 0 – 10 severity scale by analytical method

by an experienced analyst in the following manner.
Range: 0 – 4 ------ considered as Normal

5 – 7 ------ considered as Marginal
8 – 10 ----- considered as Critical
23
30
d. Sample report
24
31
25
4.8. Oil Analysis:
a. Introduction:
Oil Analysis involves Sampling and Analyzing Used Oil to identify the presence of
Metals, Non-Metals and Contaminants. Sampling and Analyzing on a Regular Basis
establishes a Baseline of Normal Level and helps to identify Onset of Abnormality.
Oil Chemical Condition Monitoring and Particle Measurement in Oil Samples are
important Monitoring Elements for Predictive Maintenance Program.
b. Application
Any application where oil lubricant / oil coolant are involved.
c. Flow chart
Oil Analysis
Test
Check Oil
Characteristics
like Viscosity, NO
TAN/TBN, Change Oil
Moisture etc
found within the
Limit
YES
Check the condition

After 3 Months
Continue to use
29
26
c. Procedure
The Oil analysis tests are conducted for following characteristics as per ASTM
standard:
1. Viscosity
2. Water by Karl Fischer (Moisture)
3. Oxidation stability
4. TAN / TAB Titration
5. FTIR Spectrography
6. Flash Point
7. Fire point
8. Foaming Characteristics
9. Emulsion Characteristic
The results are compared with standard values given by OEMs.
Result:
The health condition of the used oil will be tested for the above characteristics and will
be declared whether the oil be continue to be useful or to be changed / replaced.
27 30
d. Sample report
Lubricant Condition Report

EQUIPMENT SPECIFIC ANALYSIS
Predict Technologies India (P) Ltd.
Opp.Allahabad Bank
Normal
Yellareddyguda, Hyderabad 500 073
Tele Fax: 040-23741790
XYZ Manufacturing-Sample report
SAMPLE ID: TPL-S/30 MAV M L OIL/14462. SAMPLE DATE: 15.03.10

SAMPLE DESC: 30 MAV MAIN LUBE OIL (GT,ST&GENERATOR PLANT). RECD'DATE: 26.03.10
COMPONENT: TURBINE REPORT DATE: 31.03.10
MANUFACTURER: SIEMENS.
LUBRICANT: TURBO 46T
RESERVOIR CAP: 4000 L
OIL ANALYSIS TEST RESULTS
Sampl Date Sampl Date TEST
S.NO. TEST PARAMETER LIMITS
26.11.2009 15.03.10 METHOD
TEST-1
Kinematic Viscosity @ 40
1 41.5 42.6 41.4-50.6 ASTM D 445
deg.C,cst
Kinematic Viscosity @ 100
2 6.8 6.6 6.9 ASTM D 445
deg.C,cst
3 Viscosity Index 120 109 104 ASTM D 2270
4 Moisture Content ppm 79.75 234.9 500 PPM MAX ASTM D 1744
TAN (Total Acid Number)

5 0.13 0.15 1.0 max ASTM D 664
mg of KOH/gm
TBN (Total Base Number) 1/2 of the
6 12.85 11.42 ASTM D 4739
mg of KOH/gm original value
TEST-2
ISO- ISO- ISO

7 18/16/13, 15/13/9, NAS 6-8 4406/NAS
Partical Counting NAS-08 NAS-05 1638.
TEST-4
9 Pour PointºC 12ºC -9ºC <-12 ASTM D 97
10 Flash Point ºC 226ºc 229ºc 220 ASTM D 92
Sample tested as received
Recommendations:
Used oil test results shows normal condition of oil.
28

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Condition Monitoring the intelligent Way

Condition Monitoring the Intelligent Way

Offer for Consultancy Services Contract

Condition Monitoring Services

SPM INSTRUMENT INDIA PVT.LTD

SL. NO. DESCRIPTION PAGE NO.

SPM Measurement, SPM Spectrum & Analysis

Vibration Measurement, Vibration Spectrum & Analysis

Machine Alignment – Correction Activity

Dynamic Balancing – Correction Activity

CONSULTANCY SERVICES DIVISION, SPM INDIA

We wish to introduce ourselves as pioneers in offering Condition Monitoring and Corrective

Importance of Condition Monitoring

To recognize developing problems ahead of time.

Benefits of Condition Monitoring

Improvement in Production Quality.

Measuring Data from

Feed back from

4.1. Machine Data:

Verify the data

4.2. SPM Measurement, SPM Spectrum & Analysis:

The SPM Method – Basic Theory

Pressure variation translated into shock pulse pattern.

Bearing condition analysis.

4.3. Vibration Amplitude Measurement, spectrum & Analysis:

Vibration Analysis is a Non-Destructive Technique, which helps early detection of

Most of the mechanical troubles in a machine cause Vibration. By analyzing Vibration

Unbalance (Static, Couple, Quasi-Static).

Misalignment (Angular, Parallel, Combination).

Eccentric Rotor, Bend Shaft.

Mechanical Looseness, Structural Weakness, Soft Foot.

Resonance, Beat Vibration.

Problems of Belt Driven Machines.

Journal Bearing Defects.

Hydrodynamic & Aerodynamic Forces (Blade or Vane, Flow turbulence, Cavitations).

Electrical Problems of AC & DC Motor.

Operate the Equipment @

(Vibration Measurement & Spectrum)

Compare with ISO Stds

Possible causes for the vibration Equipment

Key measurements in the Vibration analysis are:

Vibration Displacement, Velocity, Acceleration, Frequency and Phase angle.

4.4. Machine Alignment:

Flexible : Tyre, Pin bush, ESBI Valkan tyre, Lovejoy

Semi Flexible : Fluid

Rigid : Greard, Resilient, Hydraulic, Magnetic

Causes of misalignment may be due the following reasons;

• Poor workmanship during alignment.

YES Correct the Soft

1. The Transmitter–Detector (TD) Units are connected/tied firmly to the

4.5. Dynamic Balancing:

Check for Vibration Amplitudes

Check static YES

Vibration Amplitudes & YES

Most modern instruments will normally include a balancing program as an option or

4.6. Thermal Image:

Thermal Imaging or Thermography is a type of Infrared imaging. Infrared Radiation is

Different applications like:

Electro thermo graphic applications –

Thermography generally used in varieties of applications like:

Hot Spots identified &

Ferrographic Wear Particle Analysis is a Non-Intrusive examination of the Oil

Trained and experienced Predict Ferrography Analysts with knowledge of