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What is a gateway?
A gateway acts a door for the packet to reach the ‘outside’ of the internal network.
• Router: A layer 3 device, can work on physical, data and network layer.
• Switch: A layer 2 device, can work on data link layer
• Bridge: A layer 2 device, can work on data link layer.
• Hub: A layer 1device, just a multi-port repeater and works on physical layer
Note: Remember, hub is the device that can work only into the physical layer of OSI
model. But switch, router can also be used instead of a hub. So, all the answers hub,
switch or router are all correct.
1. Application layer
2. Presentation layer
3. Session layer
4. Transport layer
5. Network layer
6. Data link layer
7. Physical layer
Note: You can remember the seven layer model by a simple sentence. Please Do Not
Touch Steven's Pet Alligator. See, the starting of each word forms the layer.
OSI model also referred as OSI layered model, OIS layered technology, 7 layer
model, OSI seven layer model, OSI reference model.
What is deadlock?
Deadlock is a situation when two or more processes are waiting indefinitely for an
event that can be caused by only one of the waiting processes. The implementation of
a semaphore with a waiting queue may result in this situation.
Disadvantage:
• Router is more expensive than any other networking devices like Hub, Bridge
& Switch.
• Router only work with routable protocols.
• Routing updates consume some bandwidth.
• Increase latency due to greater degree of packet
• filtering.
• Routers function as software based and so it's slower compared to switch.