Documenti di Didattica
Documenti di Professioni
Documenti di Cultura
T HE UNITED STAT ES
&
L "'~ ~j',. ~
"it
IN THE
February 1947
..
FOREWORD
The United SUlles Strlltegic Bombing Sur\'eY civili!!nll. 350 oflice r8. lind 500 enli~ted mell. T he
was established by the Secretary of War on 3 militArY segment of the organization was
November 1944, I)UrSullnt to II directive from drllwn from the Army to the extent of 60 per_
the lale P,'esident Roosevelt, Its miuion ""liS to cent, nnd from the Navy to the extent of 40
conduct an impartial and ex pert study of the percellt. Both the Army and the Navy gave the
effect.!l of our lIerilll attack on Germany. to be Survey all I)Osgible IIs~istance in furnishing
IIlIcd in connection with air IIttliCks on Japau men, SU I'pl ies, trnnsport. and information. The
and to elltablish a bllsill for evalnating the illl- Survey operated from headquarte rs establilthed
portanee and potentialities of air power as an in Tokyo enrly in September 1945, with sub-
inst rum ent of mililllry strategy for planning headquarters in Nagoya, Osaka, Hil"Oll.hima, and
the futUl·e development of the Uni ted Stales NagllSllki, lind with mobile team s ollCrating in
armed forces aud for determining future eco- othe,' pari.!! of Japan, the island!! of the Pacific,
nomic policies with respect to the nationlll de- and the Asiatic mainland.
Thi~ report 'II'U "-rillen primllrily for the u<w of the United States
fense. A summary report and !!Orne 200 sup- It 11'11:1 possible to reconst ruct much of war-
Stratel'i( Bambin, SUTI·e)' in the preplITlltion of further I"cport.~ of H mor~ llOrting repol'ls containing the findings of th e time JHIJaneSe lIIilitary planning and execution,
tomprehens;\"e ~ture. An)' conclusion:! or opi nions exp'·e..q~ in thi.'! Survey in Cennllny ha" e been published, engllgemen t by engagement. and campaign by
On 15 Augullt 1945, Pl"ClIident Truman re- camllllign. and to secure reallOnably accurate
report mun be ronftidered all limited to the ~pec::ilic material covered and quested that the Survey conduct a si milar study ~tatisties on Jupan's economy and war produc-
U wbjtct to further intt'rpreUition in the light of lurther studies con- of the effects of 1111 types of lIir attllck in the wllr tion. 1)ll1nt by plllnt. and industry by industry,
ducted by the Surwy. against JalJan, lIubmitting '"{'llO rb in dupJiCflte In IIddition. studies we re conducted on Japan' s
to the Secreta ry of War aud to the Secretary of ove r_all st rategi c plan>t and the background of
the NHvy. The o!llcers of the Survey during ill'! her entry into the WHr, the internal discussion>t
,JII]la nese phase were: lind negotiation~ lellding to her acceptance of
Franklin l)'Olier, Cll(lirmall. unconditional surrender, the course of health
and morale among the ci"ilian population, the
Paul H. Nitze, Henry C, Alexllnder, ViC#'
effectil'eness of the Jllpanel!e civilian defense
Chltirmtll .• o rglfnilllltion. lind the e,recti! of the IItomic
Harry L, Bowman, bombs. Separllte reporti! will be iuued covering
J. Kenneth Galbraith, each phase of the study.
I{enllis Likert, The SUl'vey interrogllted more than 700 Ja p-
allelIC military, governmenl, and industrial ofli-
Frank A. McNamee. Jr.,
cia la, It alllO recovered lind translated mllny
Fred Searls, Jr" documents which not ouly have been useful 10
Monroe E. Spaght, the Survey. but also will fu"nish data vllluabh:
I)r. Lewis R. Thompson, for oth er IIludie~. Arrangementil have beeu
Theodore P. Wright, Direclf)~~, made to t!lrn ol'er the Sun·ey'/! files to the
Walter Wild!:!, Ser,'ctary, Cen tral Intelligence GI·OUp, through which they
wili hI! IlVllil/lbll! fol' further eXllminlltion lind
The Survey', complement prol·ided for 300 di~lribution,
n
• '"
I. Inuod ucrion Forces. These forces had been wiped out en-
tirely in the early montha of the war. b~t
The Anny Air Corps and the Naval Air Arm before the Jallllnese lIurrender, they llgain were
of the United States received active a8!listance taking active roleJl in the fighting. Pilots of
from the air forces ot !leven nations in defeat- the Philippine Commonwealth Air Foree took
ing Japan. One of the!le, the Chinese Air part in the defen!le of the Philippine" and
II OrIaAnoNI
TABLE Of coNTENTS
I
Force, had been in combat with the Japanese
since the hMarco Polo Bridge Incident" of 7
July 1937 and its "American Volunteer Group"
formed the nucleus of the American air forCe!!
in China; the British Royal Air Force, thc
Royal Australian Air Force, the Royal New
!!Orne who escaped l!ef\'ed throughout the war
\\'ith American unit!l.
In thc following sections. operation~ of the
ROYIII Australian Air Force, the Royal New
Zealand Air Foree and the Roynl Netherlands
East Indies Air Forces are discus~ed. The
Zealand Air Force3, the Royal Netherlands East records of the Chinese Air Foree lind the Chi-
Ill. OraATIONI OF THI RoUL NEW Z&\I..AND Am FORCE .•.. . .. 8 lndie~ Air Forees and the Phi1!ppine Common- nese-American Composite Wing an> included
wealth Ail' Force all joined the war within 24 in the USSBS publication, "Air Operations in
IV. ()pa.a.TlONI or THI ROYAL NBTHBlU.A.ND8 EAsT INDIES AIR hours after the bombing of Pearl Harbor; and Chinn." lind the British Royal Air Force record
Foaca ................. . . . ... .. . .. .... .... ....... . II
the M(.'xiean Air Force engaged in combat fly- is included in the study. "The War in South-
ing against thc Jall!lnese in the Philipl)ines cast Asin."
from 4 June 1946 through the Japan e!!C sur- Table 1 indicatell till! relatil'e extenl of the
render on 14 August 1946. operations of eHeh nil' force in the Pacific Will';
All of these air forces, with the exception ellch contributed to the fune~t extent of its
of the BI'itish Royal Ail' Force, dep'ended al- re:"OurCe~ and capllbilities.
most entirely on the aircraft industry of the
United States for combat type planes. The II. Operati ons of the Ropl AU5tralian
Austra lian government, however, was able to Ai r Force
manufacture trainers and light attack aircraft
("\\'ir raways") in increasing numbers as the I. Rur/(groulld. [n 1939 the Royal Austra-
war I)rogres.;ed. together "'ith spare parts for lian Air Force consisted of 12 :<Quadrons com-
Ameriean tYllCS. Great Britain also supplied mande<1 by an expe rienced officer of the British
>!Orne Illanes to the Itoyal Australian and Royal Royal Air Foree. Air Marshal Sir Chllrleli
New Zealand Air Forces. Both of these air Burnett, who had been 1011 ned lit the reque.~t
forces at the start of the war with Japan wen' of the Australian gOI'ernment to modernize and
little more than training orl1anizations for pro- IITOmOtl'! greater emcienc)' in the force. Thc
viding piloU! and airerews for the war with lotal personnel consisted of 310 officers and
Germany. They successfully undertook expan. 3,179 "other rank~." After the outbreak of
sion programs of considerllble SCOIJe and gave war with German}" Auslralin agreed to ]»Ir-
important nssistance to the Allied forces in ticipatc in the Briti~h Commonwealth Air
the Pacific. Trllining Program by IlTOviding partly-trained
I~xcepl fo r a few obsolete airerllft in rear
air crews for dillpatch to Canada. where the
crew~ would complete their trRining. The first
"rea~ and the plane~ of the "AmeriClm "ohm-
teer GroUI)," the Chin(.'sc Ail' ~~orcc existl'{] batch reache<1 Cllnnda in September 1940 and
only on PIII)(,I' at the time of Pearl l1arl)O I·. under all agreement of J anuary 19·11 Austrfl-
La ter, considerable numbers of Chinesc pllotll lia'K mouth!)' (Iuota WRS to be 100 pilots. 52
obsel""er~ and 72 wircleS>l ail' gunnllTS. In addi-
wcre trnined lit /lying schools in the Unite<l
States. Pilotll also we l'e trllined in the Uni te<l tion. Au~tr!llill agrC(!d to !)lIild up lin orgllniza_
Stales for the Netherlands East Indies Air lion in tht' Dominion cHIllible of IIcCl'pting fOI"
2 3
. ear)
tiles 1" In .",reh
. . . an all-out Japaneae
. '1fl attacli destroying so me of t he AUst ralian aircraft on lI(l uad ron~ equiPIle<i with Ki ttyhawh wen:
~Dth. of the ••r. A"ide (rom Port . . '.... ared to be an Iflcrea5 g P08- the ground. l<'ive Wirrawnys went aloft to stationed a t the eastern tip of New Gu inea.
_l¥ G .... it WIUI the only for- on DarWI,O.... . por ted
..~ in New W th Ibility' Firl' aircraft carners ..... ere re engage the e nemy ; all we re shot do wn ill On 24 Au glls t a J npa nellC co nvoy ente red Mil ne
ward Allied air bale from Yo hich the IOU ern :... of the Celebes and nine transports w~r c names. Three d a ~'s la ter. Japllnese ground BtLy lind landed trOOJ)ll eas t of th e th ree lighte r
flank If die Japuaeee IIwuioD !0f'C\!:t could be .Ighted In KoepallR" harbor o~ Ambon, wh ich forces landed f rom s h illS /lnd occullied Rabaul. strips from which the Australian pilots oper-
immediate\). we.., attacked With a~1 strength later lipread ing to Gasmata and Clipe Glou-
.~~ 1\140 \he f\nt two bomber·rewn-
ated. The Australilln tighter lIQuadronll s t-
»OlIsible b)' Allied bombers. By April ~ 9t12, th e cester. tlleked enemy landing barges. dum ps, ta nk~
nal8llllDce ..uadrol\.~ to be !lent to the new'i~ Au~tnllian. Americnll alld Dutch I)Ilots de- On 7 ~larch . the dllY after the fall of Ba_ lind 'Inything else in sight white Au st rslilln
built .ir stlltion .rrind at Darwin. On fl'lIding Darwin were able to ~unter each ta\'ia. capital of the Nethel'lands East Indi~, infantr), engaged in hand_to-hand lighting wit h.
1~n.beT 1941 an Auatralian ,.quadron (rom Japane..... air attack with ~p~roxlmat~IY 1 0~ a JalJanese convoy upproached Lac and Sula_ the enemy. By 6 September a1l J apa nese for<:eg
O,""n equipped ,,·Im ArnHiean·built nud!lOn~ defensilc ~o rti e.~. and to mlhet conslde rabl, maua in nOl'ther n New (;uinea "nd by du~k had been wiped out or evaeuuted.
oombld and atr.fed the Japanese o~ Tob1 of the follo ll'iug (IllY both were in enemy
attriti on on the .. nemy. During t he fighting !llong the Kokod u Tn,j]
Islam northll\'!<t of :"ew Guinea. In mld·Feb- The frequency of JapalLese lIi l' lI~taeks 01 1 hands. The A lHe~ retaliated. h ow·ever. and in
ruary 1942 tbe ~mall Alatralian air unit.~ Sl'nt and in the Owen-Stanley Moun tai ns of Nl'w
I)arwin d('Crea!Ot'(1 1111 the enem), s. loSll~' a joint carrier-borne and laud-based /li r attack Guinea, Austra lian Beaufighters nnd Beaufo rts
to .di,need bues at Ambon and Timor we ...·
mounted. On 22 Allril 19~2 the Allied All' of 10 March a t !ca~t thr~ Japanese ships wen' su pported the ground forces by attacking
foreet by Japanese adnll1ce~ to return t~ Dar-
Forees of the Southweat Pacillc area wen sunk, enemy supply tnlins a nd st rong poi nta. while
win .... hich had berom ... an important IlI r and
_ lllagioa- .rea. formed a number of additi onsl air bases wel't Port ~foresby, t he only lurge town on t h(' Wirmwn)'s a nd othel' aircraft drop ped food
COlIstl'U'Cted in the Darwin area and more air· southern coast of Nel\ Guinea, then became and equillment to Allied forces. Bomber an d
As the Japanese offen~in' gathered 5trength.
crllft began to anh·e. the last Allied IItronghold on New Guinea. and to rped o !!Quadrans of th e RAA F stationed at
captuing the Celebes. the lIalmaheraM a~d
Ambtn. enem)' air reconnai~."ance o,'cr DarwlIl
becane frequent. On 19 February 1942 Ih,-
ftnt ~nemy air .uack flU tht> port took pl.e!',
Bee.ue of poor intelligence and inadequate
The Allied foree!! defending DHrwin inclu ded
Kith'hawk"
. . Bellufighter~, WfrrnwaYlI Ilntl
,'ullee Vengeancc;I. During December 194_.
,'lIuug-h I!riti>lh-built Spitftres arrived to cqui j
. the nA AF' had exclusil'e I'e~ponsibility fOl' air
dcfen.'!C of th e I)OI·t un t il t he nr.-iv"l of Ameri_
can nir uni ts in May. On 21 " larch 1 9~2 the
force ~ived its fi rs t tighter aircraft-Aml'ri-
Port Moresby and ~1i lne Bay helped to keep
t he sea Innes OJ)l'n for Allied ~ hippi n g nnd a t
the same time di~located J a pnnese sea com-
munications.
rada, protection it came II~ a complete tacticill II wing (three squadrons) of AUHtralian figh tel can-built Ki ttylllllYks. RAA F lSqu a drOIlS equipped with ClI tnlinns.
nrpri8e. A format ion of 27 Japane"" medium pilots. Up 10 this time Darwin had been III T he Japan ese forces in their ijurg(! through BOMto ns. Be:IU fol·ts a nti Hudsons took pn rt in
boIden f~ b) :;0 dil'e·bomber~ lind tacked about 50 times by the enem), . Ev en· the Netherlands En!lt IndieH ,Illd :of!"'W Guinen the desu' uction of t he Lae convoy ear ly in
ftPtaa attatked an Allitd conl'or which had tUally .ix Australilln »quadronll of Spitfire.· made a s pecial e!for't to captu re intnet all air- Marc h. the action w'hieh marked t he end of
Jult arriv.d frum thE' bland of Timor. St.-etl were ba .• ed in the Darwin area. This ti gh ter fields. established ports and harbor~ /Inti other Japanese offensive effo rts in t he Sout h west
Allild !<hips ""'re ~unk and SCI"en dnmaged, strength. togethe r with the efficiency of rada r ingtllilntions wh ich would nlll ke possible thf' Puc iti c for t he l'emaind er of t he wa r . Ene my
ADoIber loaded with high t'xpl(l;liH'~ hlew UII units .,('t up during the year. !lOOn made a !lupplying of front-li ne t roop \l n it~ fighting ill lo~ in t his Bisma rck Sea engugeme nt a re
~r bei.1II' ~lnICk b} 00rnto. and cllu ... '(1 fur- Japane~ air attack on Darwin a rare even l jungle te rrai n. It was ob\'iou~ thll t the enemy's e~timated \.0 ha \"e bocn fou r dest royers a nd
ther~. An une>ll...,rted formation of 27 Allied claim!! of enemy 1000ICs over Darwin be· chief Ilrobl em w us su pply and reinforcement!'. :~O.OOO tons of shiPlling. 2.900 men a nd 62 air·
earrier"""'" JaTNInelie bomber~ later that tween January 1942 and April 1M3 were 17:1 Therefore, un i t~ of t he BAA F available were ernft.
am· ~ 1Itrucli. RAAF hllngar~ anti rCllail' destroyed. :m probably destl'oyed and 7:: ordered to llttempt to dis ru pt enem~' 8u pp l,I' P rom 30 A pr il 19012. A llied Headqu a rter s
aIIOfoI tauaiDl: 110'111)' llama1ft' lind I...... of lif... damllg..od. and commun icationll by bombing lind "trafi nj( exercised Ol)('ra tio nal cont rol of the RAAF .
Air IUlib then in th .. Darwin art'1l cunHi~\('(1 t(. 1)//(1/.'1 ui Sew Gl1inw. In 1939 th.· the following ta rgets: On () September 1942 R A A ~~ Command lI ea d-
01 two below-lItrenJth Au~tralian bomber- RAAF e~tul)1i"hed two Hying boat squ a d rOll ' a. JalJa ncse shi ppin g Imd aircraft in for_ Il nar ter~ was establis hed in Brisbane, wit h the
reoall....._ "'IlWironH. one Aml'riean IIgh""!' at PorI Mort'sby to carry out aerial r eeo l\ ' II'at'd I1rCI1S. fu ncti on of giv ing operat io nll l co ntrol u nder
lfIu.Uon equlPPftl with P-4o,. and a RAAt· nai"-....ance in the Pacific. Advanced operation al b. Sup ply a nd storage dump~ ut fo r wu.-d the Commanding General. AlI il'll Ai r Force~.
IflIiIdroa of P'M1'&I- ptll'pDIIIt' \\'irrawII)~. baoot's Wt'rt· built at Rabaul in :ofew Brita in uirtleld s. Southwest !'ucitic Area. to Aus tralia n ope r-
Aitied _ _ were II P-40a.7 Hud!lon .. and Tulngi and "ila in the Solomon~. and Noum!';' c. Personnel n reas. ational units and s uch other Allil'll u nits lUI
aevtraI. Ha.,. PBY '1)'lnK boat. delltroved' I in Fr\!nch Ncw Caledonia. all equipped wit h d. Airfield r u nwny~ li nd !lO rt in~tnlln t ion". were nssigned to ·it. When ope ra t io ns moved
Hliboa and I Wirraway dalllaJ't'd. Within wirel(·"l<. mooring~. fuel lind bomb!!. The HAAF joined in the atta ck on t he J apn- furth cr ntle ld. th e "Co mmand ing Ge neral. For_
thne .,. ~ the au.ck .....f"iceability of At th(' tim(' of Pearl Hnrbor, the enti f( nc-'IC eonvo}, of IIp proximately 20 tranS llOrB Ila1'd Echelo n" beenme the accredi ted rellre-
the Aa.trat\u umb at D.,.Wirr had rt'turnffi northern Nt'w Guinea area wa ~ de fended b) which on 6 May Ifl.l21eft Ilabanl a nd attempwd K('ntati\'e of the Chief of the RAAF Air Sta Ir
to the ~ I'III1ntained prior to th ...... raid~ to approach Po rt Moresby th rough the Jomll1'd with the com mander of the Allil'll Air }o'o rce"~.
un l.l' tWI) ~qlll\dron~ ('(Iu ipped with four E ml)i""
t.t. thret r. S. Kitt,bawk ftJhter I(]uadron~ tlying boal~ and 12 American_built Catlilinll!<. PaSgllge. This con voy re turn C{1 home wi t hout Sout h Paci fic ArCH.
were .... at Darwia a!WI it became pouibJt. but on IC I)('("('mb,:r a lIQuadron of II udsonl! /I ud attempting to ma ke 11 I/ln di ng after the Co ral I l is·dirt!ct i ,",~ s ta tl..:! th a t the mission o f the
\0 live ral OJIIQiboa to the ftIfmy'. bomber.., Sea battle in wh ich the J llpanese 1000t t he car- BA AF was '" to con tribu te to the force~ nnde r
Wirrll\loll~" n\()wd to Rabaul.
~~~ -..med by IUJJIe of hi. mOlit t'X- On ~ Janullr)' H1J2 the J/ipanelW begun air
rier ShollO and the Un ited S tille>< lo~t the Le.- l<{\m mand o f the Com ma nde r in Chief, Sou th _
- - - - 1IIq( Ilrmen. iflOlol!. "'egt I' ncific Aren. in dc fcn ~e of Australia IHIII
.1fter die faD of the Netherlandl .Eut In. IIttack~ again~t Rabuu l and on 20 Janua ry l SI;
By the end of July l!loI2 two HAAV fighter Its te rritories; t he p rotection of II hipping MId
l'nemy aircraft blsl!\.cd the ltabaul ail· I)Ofl$.
• ,
101l1!".nlll)(I' niKhl lllUlCk ~
22 April 8UC<:C88fu\l y In Ya ded Aitn])e (between trH lllk..·d \hN·I'. nl\' mediumll ~o usis tell tly at-
\ina.! Joined in with Hol1&ndill and We wllk il\ Il ol·ther n New Brit- tncked lIn y MuitalJle e ll em y tll rgets a nd we re
rreII over.tinK in th~ aJn) and captured Tadji airport f rom the 1·('8llOn ~ i blt' for thc df'M t rllction s of cO llside rable
lhe delta' of entmy fo.. To carry out this and mine laying..ed Offtlliril'c I'hnl C (SOl/ em· Ja. .nl'lM'. An RAAF a irfi eld construction winl{
10. AlI.()lIt AliI 5 In Septemb<'r 1!)4:1 n u mher~ of ~ ma\1 cargo I"essels, barges, lug·
Sooth,..g Pacific Aru. lhorm-d to act
• L_ RAAF was aU • ber 19-"- AuguRI 19\). ed LIIe following n landed with the ta s k for ce a nd within a mat· gers lIud othel· ty pes of coastal s h ippi ng .
......,'lJ'ent. ..... 'unction With the
l!ilber bdrpendtont1y ord I~ CO:lrecl cooperation Allied ground fo~elI s.Of1llbombardmellt. Th ill ter 01 hourJl hll d repn ired and extended th~' In IIdditioll, HAAF Liberlltor~ opera t ing
ADied Air FoJ'CIN an In .,-at foRe!. >\IIftening·UP b)' lIIten.sl\~ of the AU k d 1111· ("aptured lIirlitrip. f rom blll!ol.'~ in uorth Aus tralia s truck ta rgets
he real bef(lIInlllg ., II TilI'e(' RAAF ligh tel· ~I uadrons became f ully in wide ly· .... 'lmated IIreas of the Nl'"the rlsnds
with th.' A\lied AnnY and N,
9 A'lild Li","td Off",,"Fr I''"' After
· • " ' -S,ptf'lllbtr
(lilt! HoldillQ
_.
marked t
,·ance westward
. had been reoccu I",· ,·_1
which did not hall unt!
Taet ielll
H'
tar· operational nt Ta rlji o n 2·1 April 1!).I4 and
II\Wt'ral more sq uad rons mon~d f rom Nadzab
~:sst Indie~ from the ('entral Celebes to East
J a\"ll I II the latie l· area the bombers carried
Pluut (Mlln' J - t efforts towards Philippines th. t Pacific fell into four
Marcll1943 J.~n ma~_I~nd buildlnl new ge
ta in the Sou wet<
·ea·
to Tadji durin g ea rly MIIY. A short t ime lifter out ~t rlltegic alt"e kll nn the important power
--" "" exlstllli a,r""
ex.-- red territory \)(>h·Ind the general catei"Or"l a~ of l'llemy ~treIlKth. (Ita- the Allied forC('~ ca ptu red lI o\landia, RAAF s tlltions lit l\ali. Konto, IIppro:lCimately 50 mi les
ones ir ne",ly.conque . rd uIIIOI remained a. By·passed. w . k ManokwaTi rllll! ftPter squadron ~ were mo\·~ to the 1»Ise from !!Outhwellt of Socrabajn, involving ro.und trips
front \'IIe8- ~up~ly of fO~~ One method de- bauI, Bougain\"1Ue, e'Wa. rear areas. Both the T adji and Holland ia units of 1.!:I00 nautical mile~. These wrecked the
u the memy" No. I pro I ";'I\-e thi" problem Halmahera). ,K . Aroe Tllnil""bu r joiMCi in the large scal e air attacks on Wewllk. ,)Ian ts. Thl'.\' 111110 car ried out long-rllnge sea
=
, t r ed Arellll ai, '
,-elopet b)' the J,apane.oe ~erdl&nt 3hip~ into b. Neu ra IZ utch New Guinea area) . tbe remaining J ll panese Mronghold in north - r()ConnllilWlncc in search of J upanese ~hippi ll g
COIlllPL-d of takmg large ed - berge~ and the southern D (Soem\)1l Timor ami I'rn Nt'w Guillell. For the fi rst time Liller· which res u1te<1 in t he sinking or da maging of
1 and We,,"'alI and then gmll' . c. Forward Arell" '
with theIIe ahiJIII' cargoes along the ooa~t
lltol'll IH_24 J1) ma nned by A ust ralian crew ~ mllll}' lellllCla at a time when t he Japll ne.se
C~ram). f (the Philip· took part in the a ttack s. could not "fford such losses.
· I~t into \be ro .....·ard .r('IUI. d. Zone of major land war lire
b} II.., 'oil the Allie>! concentrated M('flnwhile. with the a d vance of the A\\ied DU l"ing Allril 19·15 flye Bea ufort .'!qua drons
~urnl ~~.pe~ on enemy airerdt at for. pinell). RAAF Spitfires were sent to 1C 11
II ewly..(;Ol1· forces along th e north ern New Gu inell coast , werl' lI~sembled ut T adji li nd bombed wit h
tben attac.. e 11>... d at . .. . ..... rt ill October ]!)43, und (·atalhl1l. gquadronll s tatio ned il1 nor thwest maximum "t reng-th inll tn llll ti onll and t roops in
ward ~irfteld4. aupplil'1l and Mtora~~de::~:nd t cted KITlWllla alr"u . Australia made n maximum effo rt to aSlli~t b~'
the II&l!II' lIeldl!, barges and barre I ~~t~ Austrlllian.piloted Kittyhllw~~, \)ega:~l~.lr mining enem )' IlOrlJl aud hllr bo rs a ll fn r afi eld
t he Wewn k area. On 14 Mill' 1945 Aus tra li a n
Japall!&e .hipping.• .. f ull enemy IIOSltlons ,\1 In J{ rOU II (i fo rce", ~u PllOr t('(1 by Au stra lian a nd
Beaaftghten and SOlIton. of the RAAF spe- neutrllhzEabon 0 surfuce tratlic mOvillg nlon g 1\.8 Soerllbajn in no rth crn Java li nd T II!·I.kHU Rri lis h \Hl\'nl u nit{l nnd Al1ied nircra ft, ma de
range. nemy . , I lind Ealikpnpal\ in Borneo.
eializtd in dilrupting Japane/IC ~hip.ping ~ove. ·..,·n coast prllelu:ully cell.~e< o· H comb ined l!l nd a nd amph ibious attae k which
the New B n
IIItnll. and from dawn to du~~ durllllr thiS pe- ward~ the end of 1943. f'
Durin!\" Se l)tem bc l· 1944 the A\lies u nder I·e~u l ted ill t he capt ure of this J ll pa nese ~t rOl\ g·
·00 _rebed the cOBllt1in~, riven and beach~ Du·ring October 19·13 aircraft of the RAA e (;eneral MacArthur land ed a t Morotai in the hold.
~f Nf1Ii Britain. Th_ activitiell ffljulted In and the USAAF combined to curry o.lIl a d · Molucca Islands. At fira! enemy a ir a ttacks in The mOllt im l)(lrtant Mtrategic targets in t he
the IBItnKtion of about 200 J apanetoe barge. structi\.e attack on shipping installatIOns a~(1 this arell we re fl·eque nt. To assist in combnl· SO l1 thwe~t Pacific area we re t he oil iU!ltalla.
. rl II....
I "-baul . Se,·eral more auack!! .m ting thelle IIttac ks three S pitfire ~lullil ron~ were tions of Hornt'O. notably t hose at Tarakan and
• _th. alrcra
0..;:111 Kay and Ju~ of 1943 8t>aufOtU, ·,n
rapi.d SUCCessl ......~aused heav\" Jap!ll1C!IC aif-
· .
moved fl·om Dllrwin to Morotai. Enemy inte r- Balik l)a pall Oil the ea~ t coast. Th ese we re
BoIt.RIa. Kittybawka and BHuftghten of t~e It 1088el1 which the enem)· attempted to re· ference ~oon ended. bombed intermi ttently by Allied lIi rcrllft d uro
R.AAF moved on to the nl'wlYoCOMtructed air· ~'::e thereb)' weakening his air de fenses els~· By thi ~ time RA A F units in t he Southwe;t ing I!:I I;) li nd 19 ~4 . bUl becauflt' of the decli ne
strip M Goodenough I,land. They to~menced whe~. Towards the end of Dece.mbc.r 19·13 IU ~ Pacific were ~ pread o\·er .some 2.000 miles. of J almne>!e "hippi ng li nd the AI1ie<1 lIiT s nd
rep.ar attach &pintt \be Japanete air t.u. attacka rllcilitated Allied landlnlP! a t CaP(~ Th\!y were able to ca rry out ope rations wit h lII.'a blocklldl' after October 1944 the J llpa nese
at Gaamata. Cape HoUina and Cape GIooceat.er, a hirh degree of e ificiencr under these condi. no long<' r "'ere a ble to mll ke extens ive expor!..'!
Gloucester and Arawe.
"IridI the object of nelllral~lng them. Durinl tionR·. 10 the home islllnd\l,
Februar~· 1944 !laW the complet ion of u
JUDI 1!MlI Allied I_landed on Klriwina and Alii@(I Mtrategy had dictated the bY llassing T he oil "till re mained in enemy hll nds, how-
woanan bIaDda to obtain further IwoH fnr mo,.ement to "'adub Airport in the Mnrkham
....... ---. \'alieyof 12 RAAfo' Ol)('rlltionlll !lqua d ro lls I1l1 d
huwldJe. air operationa oortbweat of during the rollowing month three fightern
of areu containing s lrong force~ of enem)"
troop>! in orde r to speed the ad l'anee we!ltward.
J~use of the d ifli culUell of SUI)ply. lhe HAAF
~'\"el·. a nd u \1 a \"l\illlble to t he Allies. In the
"p ring of 1!:1 15 HAA f' Libe rll tor s ope rati ng
from thl' \·icilllt)" of Pel·lh in western Au stl·alia
POll. DvwIa J.d _ to be thl' rapotlRlbilit.l' ftquadron~, one Arm)· co-operation >l(llIndro
retein'd th\' I)rlma rl' task of kee ping t he ....' through ~tagin g bll !Sl'~ in northwest Aus tralia
of iIe KAAF ••hbough Bomb Group 380 of Illd auxiliary unilll wer .. moved to ('a pe Gloll'
arelUl under cons tHnt at tack a nd provi d ing di · hel(l<n bl>lllkl'ti ll g wi th bom b~ 1111 Ja panese a ir·
tbeAmerican AAF arrived In the atu in June eeater in New Britain. After the se izu re b~
fe<:t sUllllOrt Jor Alls lr"lill n g round forees en- tlO rt.'! in J UI·II f rom which the re WIlS an y llO&I i-
1M aDd provided htav~' bomber .upport. The the Allied of Lo6 NegrOli Islllnd in t he All·
lIi11t)' of an air relic ti on to an Alli ed Inndi nlC
,....,.. IblIltr to muter air power In the miraltieJl two RAAF' fightel" ~qUlHlrons li nd galred in reducing them. Mediu m bom\);>r"
(Mitche1\s and Vf' niuras ) ope rating f rom t hr ill Borneo. AIIJlt n liinn Li berator~ from the
ara CID\ered on biJ buN. on Timor and Am· admin"'t~ative and main1enaIlC(' unit.~ from
Dllrwin aren were emine nth· ~ u ccell"ful in lIre- ])>1. 1"\, ill II I·.·" und B 2 1 ~ of th e U. S. Thirtet.llth
w-..
bot whk:h were attacked Increuinrly. Klriwina were sent there.
I'cllting nn~' co ns id e rable a~lOlIn l." of SU PI)lie" AI' uillo J)ul·t idl)lI((od. TIlt' >I iI" 1It\l<ck IlItel· wa ~
In order te ..... the New Guinea operations On 18 April 1944 air hendqUlI.rten I)CrSo l1ne l. or r .. lnforcem\'nl ~ from I"(.nchin g the \).I' pasl!C(l "hiftcd to tllcHcul t n r K.·t ~ at Tllrnkan 111111
aU. bI ccmfue the eaemy rep.rdlnr Allied In. together with ground per~onnel and eqnil)lllCn l lind neutrllliZNI lIreall lind in g n,dulIlI y \\"enk. 1"·1'''''
ullj ll ce ll t ill Hil l·ll l'O !llId tlu) Celebc~. On
MUIGu. bomber alren.ft ran~ far aaeld of firMer squadrons, depllrted in hllulin g crllft c ninl' the power to resist of enemy force~ I MHI I ~J 1(; Al li.·d 11"1·0111111 f()l·c('~ , ~ \lIl]lOrted b.,·
f_ ~ Allltrall.a, and RAAF cat.. aa part of the combined Allied force \\Ih\ch 011
7
•
5
those neceSSAry in transp<lrt and communica_ reserve aircra!t , aircl·aft s pares, tool s and ex-
. f 1'1I1awan and tiolll, eame f rom the United Kingdom. perienced personnel were lacking. For a time
Alred lIiT uni~ opo.ratmg rom .' 8. F orce8 A vailable. At the beginning of ground staffs at all s tations worked double
Au~tra]j8l\ and United Statell naval umts, l~' 1940, the RNZAF had 109 aircraft of variou s shifts.
,-aded Tarakan Island. The Japanese , IT types Incl uding T iger Moths, a light biplane When the Allied Combined Chiefs of Staff
Foree mtde no appearance ~uring the. hmdmg.
Soon lfterwards. follo\\'lOg oee&Slollai at-
uBed (or spor t and training. A few month s agreed to place the air force under American
tacks by the enem)'. II squadron of Spitfire,s before Pearl H arbor, the !lir force received it~ autho rity for command !lnd supply and allo-
Drst moder n planes - 34 Lockheed Hudson cated 540 U. S. aircraft fot· delivery before
was mo,'ed into Tllukan. Borne(J. In .Jui}.
after all intensil'e air attaCk by all a\'flliable reconna issance bombers, Although for a time April 1944, s uppl y became conside rably less of
hell'T bombers, aUack air.:raft lind .fighter~. plllM called for the RNZAF to become a bal- a problem but many new maintenance prob-
AuSI~aliln ground troops !lInded at BahkplIplIll. anced force having all types of aircraft, it was lems were created. Extreme difficulty in se-
In all Borneo lanriings the caaualties were decided t hat greate l· efrectiveness would result curing specialized tools still existed. Different
Ill. Operati ons of the Royal New Zealand if ligh te r activities were stressed. In 1942 threads and unfamiliar types of gauges served
light. , t ..... h
Durin, August til" main RAA~ a I'en .. . A ir Fo rce American-built Kittyhawks were introduced to puzzle insufficiently-trained technical per-
was mo,ed \0 LaUblill with fig?ler squadron~ Bl.lckgr(Jllml. New Zealand·s peaC<!time and in 1944 New Zealand fighter squadrons sonnel. Shortages of s pare parts for both air-
stationeG at Tarakan and BahkpaplIll. Aus-
tralill-\)aied Catalinlls sUlging .thr,ough Luzon
(P~~_1939) Air Foree had a pl~nned stren~h
in the fo rward areas were rearmed with Cor-
sairs. By July 1945 the air force had 13 fighter
frames and engines developed.
Local manufactul·ing was resorted to where
of only 100 officers and 900 aIrmen. Its l e-
lind Leyte were mining the shlppmg lanes at squadrons, each manned by 27 pilots, the p<llicy s pares were unobtainable elsewhe re. In some
serve consisted of members of civilian Aero
Halnan, Formo;;lI, Hong Kong. Amoy lind heine- to keep eight SQuadrons actively engaged cases, parts originally intended for one aircraft
Clubs tlying light airplanes. After t~e start
Swatow (jf war with the ~:uropean Axis, a conSIderable at a ll ti mes with the enemy in forward areas. type were adapted for use on another. But as
II. ()Irrational Ree(Jrd. From Pearl Har· On I July 1945 the aircraft svailable were late as March 1945 it was necessary to decom-
bor thrcugh the end of the war, the RAAF car- expansion of airport facilities ·be~an, but it
was agreed that New Zealand's primary fu~c. a pportioned as follows: mission a bomber-reconnaissance squadron be-
ried out 92,26;; sorties and dropped 23,249 tons cause the squadron's Ventura aircraft were
of bombs. It lost 694 aircraft in combat.
12. Conclusions (A Summation). The
tion w(juld be the training of pil(jts and au-
crew personnel in connection with the British
Fighters
Bomber re<:onn"i.Ii>lMe '"'" needed by other squadrons operating further
RAAF "lUIde the following major contributions Commonwealth Air Training Program. For
this reason, military aviation in New Zealand
Flying boat..
T ran.ports .
Torpedo bombers
"" forward without reserves.
Shipping difficulties limited RNZAF opera-
to the !!IIcce..s.ful conclusion of the war against
Japan: at the time of Pearl Harbor consisted mainl y Dive bornoora "" tions until the end of the war. Early in 1945
the United States Navy Commander, South
0) )efend€d Dar ..... in and northern Aus-
tralia turing the early months of the war and
of a training organization distributed over
both N(jrth and South Island with n(j provi·
Training
Mi ..ellaneous '"" Pacific, agreed to release for service under
scored an important victory over a Japanese si(jn for offensive operations in the Pacific or General MacArthur two bomber-reconnaissanC<!
Total 1.301/
in\"asion force at !>lilne Bay in esstern Nell even for repelling an invasion. Not a fighter SQuadrons operating in the Solomons area, but
squadron was operati(jual in the Dominion. 4. Phu3eS of Operatiolls. The RNZAF par- shipping difficulties p revented the movement
Guinea in August 194.2. ticipated in the following phases of war in the
(ii) Built up, with the aid of the United The only Ro:yal New Zealand Air Force uni l from taking place before the Japanese sur-
outside the Dominion was a detached flight of Pacific: render.
States and Britain, 11 halanced ai r force ulti-
a bomber- reconnaissance squadron (jperatin g (I) The Defense Against the Japanese Of- During certain periods disease was an im-
mately ha,·ing 53 ;;quadroM, and capable of
both tactical and strategic air support of Al- from Nandi, Fiji, although nearly 1.000 New fe nsive (December 1941_March 1943). portant limiting !actOl·. In Malaya early in
lied o~erations in the Pacific. Zealanders held so-called "short term" e(jm· (2 ) Th e Allied Limiled Offensive and Hold- 1942 the incidence of malarial infection among
(iii) Had an importan t role in \·arious oper- missi(jns in the British RAF. ing P hase (March 1943--September personnel o! a fighter squadron bad been below
ations of the Allied offensive, notably the ai r 2. Area. of Operalioll8. After Pearl Harbo r 1943) . two pet·cent, but after units moved to the New
bombwdment. ,,·hich made possible Ihe storm- New Zealand underto(jk, with the aid of its (3 ) T he All-Out Allied Offensive (Septem- Hebrides in No\'ember 1942 and to the hyper-
ing 01 Lae in 1943 and the invasion of the allies, the building of an air force capable of ber 1943-August· 1945). endemic zone in the Solomons in January 1943,
Borne) oil fields in 1945. both defensive and offensive action in a huge 6. Limitil!g Facto/·s. From the outset, the malarial rates reached 90 percent infected
Ov] In collaboration with the Royal New area of water space dotted with islands that RNZAF had supply difficulties and these never after three months. By the end of 1943, how-
Zealald Air ForC(' and the Royal Netherlands had backward native populations and li ttle in- WCft! solved completely. Rapid expansion was ever, preventative measures had brought the
E8IIt Indies Air Force, kept bypassed a reas dustr~'. (RNZAF operations were carried ou l necessary at a time when the European Thea- situation under control. Between January
contaming strong forcell of enemy t roops under within a radius of 4.000 miles from Auekl::md. ter and other nir forces in the Pacific had 1944 and March 1944 dengue fever and dysen-
constlnt attack, and permanently neutrali2ed. Dominion capital.) hig he r ptiorities for receiving new production. tery caused Il high rllte of noneffectiveness
(vI Made numerous attacks against Ja pa- During 1942 and 1943 this created a condition among air force personnel, but this situation
New Zeala nd itself is primarily an agricu l-
nese Ihipping, the most vital link in Japan's best described as "equipment starvation.'· also was soon controlled. Diseases of infection
tural country with 11 popUlation of less tha n
war tconomy, at a time when acute shortage~ Considerable difficulty was exp.erienced during or in!estation caused roughly 25 percent of the
1,700,000. Before the war its principal eXp<lrts
were developing. this pe riod in maintaining ill an airworthy con- total disability, and disorders of the digestive
were food (meat and dairy products) an d system caused an additional 21 ' percent.
13. St4t~tie8. dition the aircra ft which were available, since
wool. Most manufactured articles, includin g
8 9
~orti"8 ; tiroPI)C(1 12,1!.f6 Ions of bombs, with 1\ \il') Met its full commitmell~ under t he
RNZAf' we re operliling oulsille the domin ion total lOll8 in combat of 228 aircraft. The fighter British Commonwealth Air Training Program,
6 De/rlM' AIIUiu81 I/I~ JaJllltle8e Olfe~tsillr. in the Pacific area: f " .. (and ftghter_bombe r ) units flew 41,751 sorties sending some 7.500 pilots and aire l'ew mem-
7_ . nest foreet' J5(ored an unbroken se~les o~ One bomber rt'Connlli~MnC(' "'lulHlron lit Ul out of thi~ total. nml dropped 6,94Q tons of bers from the Dominion to the various ligh t ing
. pa. . Ih "-,th....l'IIt PaeiRe until the~
Vldorleo! n e ~ lind Guadalcanal. . bombll wit h comhflt loll8es of 175, The conaid- zones.
,,'ere bloek~ in the Solomons and in the m~un One Hring boat squadron at Lauthala Bay. l'l'IIble growth in ~trik ing ]I,ower of the air force II. StutilftiC8,
tains nort. of Port Moresh}" in New GU1ne~. Two fighter sq\lIIdron~ lit E SI)iritu Santo an d is illustrated b.l· the fact t hat during the year
The situation actually was not stabilized until Guadalcanal. end ing 31 MIlY 1!)45 RN ZAF sq uadrons flew
March 19' 3. During this lM.'riod a .New Zea- 8. AliiI'll All-Out Off cli lfi ve , ]n September 29,533 ..artieg. exclusive of t hose carried oul
land fightn aquadron participated m the un- 1943. after Al!ied air superiority hlld made by tralll:lport SQUfld rons. No four~ngine heavy
~ueee;l$ful defense of Sing1l]lOre, and II bomber- l)();u;iule the !ltorming of. the Jllpllnes.e strong-
re<:OnnaiSSlnce !lQuadroll ,,"as among the ~rst bombel'll were opera ted.
hold at Lae in New GUlnell, the Allied offe n- Between May 1943, when the fil'.'lt ai r trans-
aerial reinforcements sent to assist. Untted sive gathered momentum. .
Slates Marine~ holding GuadaLcanal lurfield. port SQuadron of the ail' force wall established.
Th e offensive moved forward from u:lland to and the end of the war the ai r t ransport service
The N!w Zealand fighter squadron, ,soon is land toward the Philippines, lellving behind
afterwards took part in the interception of had no IIccide nt in vol ving injury to perso nn"l
such bypassed or neutralized areaS as Rabau l
Japanese daylight bombing attacks agam~t in New Bri.tain, Bouscainvi11e in the Solomons,
or crews. During thi ll pe r iod the lICr vice car·
ried more than 20,000 paSS(lngcrs, 960,000 IV. O pera tions of lhe Royal Nethe rl a nd s
Gl1adakau.l and by the time Japanese aIr Wewak in northern New Guinea and the Hal - Eas t Indies Ai r Forces
po""cr Wf.S broken in the Solomons ar~a. had pounds of mail a nd performed 6.700,000 "~Ise
maherM. It soon beo:ame IIpparent Ihat th e
destroyed 99 enemy aircraft pillS an additIOnal al ready strained supply organization of the ful ton miles of W0 1·k." ]. Orgulliulli01I and Background. The Net h.
RNZAF could not be stretched much furth er. ]n May 1943, at th e request of the United erlllnds East Indies GoveJ' nment began bu il d-
14 Ilrobatle!l.
During the time it appeared possible that the even though a transport squadron had been Slate:<. a "Pac ific F erry" of th e ai r fOl'ce wa~ ing both an Army and a Na \'al ai r force after
Japanese might reach Australia and New Zea- formed in Ma\' and \\'as doing an excellent job establhmed. This ferri ed bombe rs, flying boaH World \\'a)' ] when it became appa rent that
land. the training organization W!13 concen- in' supplying' forward SQuadrons. Therefore and transport aircr aft from the Ame r ican air power provided an excellent means of link-
trated or South Island and airports such as New Zealand squadroM received the primary mainland lind Hawa ii to New Zealand. Up ing together and defending its lICattered island
Whenua)Bi and Chakea on North Island were task of giving both close and long-rllnge ai r through 1 July 1945 211 aircrflfl we re Hown domain. The Army Air Force had headquar-
made reldy for operational flying. An t raining $upport to Australian ground troops engaged to Nc\<,' Zealand without loss. ters at eandoeng lind t he Naval Air Arm cen-
squadroRl were equipped to carry bombs and in mOI)ping-up the bypassed or neutralized It is impo rtant to recall Ihllt while conduct- tered. its IIct ivities lit Soerabaja, with Hying
machine gulUl. At the same time existing air- areas. ing active com ba t opera tions aga ins t the Japa- boat bases located throughout the islands.
fields were improved to provide facilities fol' nese, New Zealand continued to meet full com· Both forces at the time of the Nazi invlIsion
At the end of the war New Zealand Ventlll'lI~
up to 40) heavy bombers. mitments und e r the Bri tish Commonwealth Air of the Netherlands were equiPI)(!{i mostly with
were making daily bombing lIweeps over New
7. Allied Limited Offell8lVe ami Holditlf) Training Progra m. Under th e scheme. some Dutch . built Fokker and Germ!\n-built Dornier
Britain. New Ireland and the Solomons. Th e
PluJ.se. Juring the period between Ma rch 1943 7,500 New Zealande rs went to the various aircI'aft for wh ich no fu rther s pa n! parts cou ld
mllin striking arm consisted of tighter-bomb<:-r
and Sertember 1943 when the enemy drive fighting wil es and 1 1,500 Ildditional were full be obtllined from Eu rope.
squadrons equipped with CorSllirs. The RNZA F
dellnitel~ was halted the main activities of 'lr partly trained for avia tion dutie!l in New Some of the personnel of the Netherlands
found that this aircraft, originally built for
the RN;;;AF were in the Solomons area under Zealand. Air Force escaping to England were sent to
carrier duty with the United States Na vy,
United StalCII Naval control. AI the end of was an ideal weapon for the task aHlIign ed. 10. C(mdMitlll .~ (A Sum»l/dioll) . T he the NI~I to s t rengthen defenses against s pos-
May H43. No. 3 Bomber Rcconnaif!.8llnce Small formatlong of Corsairs were able 10 kNZA .... which co nsisted of li ttle mOl'e than a sible .Japanese attack. A procureme nt mission
Squadrm completed six months of continuous training orgll.n iZljtiOll a t t he ti me of Penri came to the United States to secu re a ircraft
dispose accurately of small pi n point target>;
operatim.l from HenderllOn Field, Guadakanal. liarb:)r. made the following contributions to for re-C(lui pping the ail' forces, a nd in 1940
in the forefront of the attack through jungl<'
The prmary mi&!lion of the !\Quadron WlllI the defeat of I n])a n: an unomcial "American mill8ion" of 12 pilob
_reb. but ita aireraft carried out bombing
areas. lind larger formationll were able to
blllnket enemy area~ 'with high~xplOl:live and ( i) Built np. w ith t he aid of ~UI)plies prj· wenl to the Indies to instr uct Na,'al flying
atla(:Q on enemy land targeta and during madly from the Un ited S tates, ,\H air force cadets. During lute 1940 and HJ4 1 de li ve r iCl!
April tv ice attaeked Japanese submarines, The incendiary bombs. During July 1945 th e eighl
cllpable o f both o ffe nsive and defensive oper'l. of CAtalina Aying boa ts and P~36 fighters be-
aver.~ number of eearehes made daily by the . fight.er-bomber squadrons of th e RNZAF ne· lion ~ in th e Paci fic. gan to re!lch J al's.
OIqu~J'(n WIU light dUring March; 6.6 during til'e l}' engaged in forwa rd areas were based ,d
the following place~: (ii) Contribute d to t he gaining of Allied air 2. DI'/ellse of the Indies. By Deeem bel' 19<11
Apn] IIld seven during May. Alter February the Army Air Force had II strengt h of more
~uPn-:mltcy in the Solomon Isla nds campaign,
1943 tie number of enemy ships in the Sola- f our at Bougainvi1\u (the Solomons ) . than 300 aircraft, while the Nllva l Ail' F orce
mona a-ea declined. while the number of enemv Two at J acquinot Bay (New 8rilllin). which hilited th e Ja panese " dVa nce enstward.
had 75--100 lo ng-runge flying boats. Many of
_reb and patrol plane!! operating there i~ One at Emirall. . (iii) Aided the Alli ed offensive culminating
these aircraft were obsolete, Th e N E[ Airw llys
cl'eQed to a high level during March and One at Los Negro~. In the Cal)ture of the P h ilippine Islllnds by
keepi ng under co nstant a ir attack targets in ( KN] LM) wall operating a fleet of IIpprox i_
April In~ then fell off during May, refleo:ling 9. OjJfl'atiOlw/ Rrconl. From 7 D~e rn ber mately 20 modern Amer ica n-buil t t ra ns port
chanp, In .laJllln_strategy. areas bYl)as.~ed or neutra li zed in the rapid ad-
1941 through the end of the war in Au gust vance of the 01ll;n Alli ed gl'Ound forces. planes, Wit h in a few hours of the !lews of th e
By .lllplt 1943 the following units of the 1945 all types of RNZAF pilines flew 58 ,07:'1
10 11
5
6. t:onc/u8ion8. Th e R NEJA F accomplished during the Allied offensive of 1!),13----45 .
. ,. Admiral C. I~. h Helfri ch tlIe following in th e wa r against J apan: 01') Performed valuable long-range pa trol
April 1!)·12 .. \ ICC- find of all Dutch air, sea (I) Inflicted attrition o n t he J apanese air, duly in the Indian Ocean thro ughou t t he wa r .
tt ck on Pearl 11&rOOr, Go\'ernOr
Japan~ a ~ L Tjarda. \'an Slarkenbor,gh WfiS placed In c~mm 'ar East and a 12_man ... and land forces dur in g the Ma layan and 6. Stlltislics. Detailed statis\ics on the ac-
~neral .~. .' the Batllvja radIO: and land forces J\\ thc f ~I k and Maj
. I d d by Or. Van" 00 . l'lEI campaigns of 1942. tivities of the RNE IAF duri ng the P acific War
Staehouwer anno~nc~ ~\'~ast Indies gOl/ern- delegatloJ) lea I'
L H \'rm Oyen, comman J\\g
d' officer of
. (Ii) Reo rganized. with t he lIid of the United arc lacking, although it is known that severnl
:~~ 8~~:;:S ~~ :~II~~n~ a~? take~ up IIrm~ Gen. . . .' d in the Umted
the ..... rmy Air p'Ol'ce, all'lve . Dutcn pilots States. both the Army ,Ind :;./"al'al air fOl'ce~ thousand sorties were flown and nu merous vic_
llgain,t he Jalllln:S:/d:~:~r~\ltch aircraft lind State$ to discu~s n pla~1 t? tr~~ooIS were or. ",.hich p ractically were wi ped out in the llbol"e tories scored in ai,. combat. The early records
in the Cnited State~. P Ylllg d J ck campaigns. were lost in the el'acllation of tne NEi, and at
Dunn~ the nex" ", I' d to han?
. . the Pacific Calm/) ganizcd at Fort Leavenworth, Ka;4'? a~he ~rs; (iii) Aided in the mopp ing u p lind neutrali- leilst II part of lllter operations are included
~lIbm~~~es 1'~king II day of ,'sriolls types of ~on Miss .• and in September 1 - zation of areas of Japan ese ~t re n glh bypassed in the statis'tics of the RAA F.
a\'el1lll~ .8 S.' mo~t modern lighters of ~ la;s 'of :-<EI ail' cadets was graduated: ,
enemy S~11)Pll1g· The . t to Singnpore.
th A~' Air force were sen A ;;ccond ChillS of 130 was graduated In ~ eb T... al.E No. L---SUnlmory ~I allied oi,. .florts aga;N~t JapaN
e. r '.he Saval flying boats and the Army ruary I !)~:l. The importance which the Dutc~ " 0..-. .... 11U, _ L.... " ••,,' 19111
I~dn~~
an ,~a\)
. b,'.., in~\.a.\lstions without adequate
oA
attached to air power is illustrated by t~~ f~~
fighter p-<}tection. I d that Queen Wilhelmina conferred the r.llh~l1 e '*ttl ... Bomb '"n"."" ~-
'Ile><. ond I'robobla)
. 1949 the Japane:;e ;1I\,I\(e Willemsorde, highcst NEI milit~r?' decorat~on.
.. ,"...... I r ....n'
On l( J anuar~ - k "I1St ,',,«01 1'·",,"·
h KE: with 1\ two-pronged attl\e agm. on all Army and Navy pilots trallllng at Umted T""I 1 or:~1 T ... I 1 "r,...1 T ... I .f ..... l
!h: "jul oil island of Tarakan ,off the east States bases. .,,, ..." .--.. U~.815 100." "'.1" "0.00 ' •. 101 100."
,U, II.':U I ,.....
OOllst of Borneo and at Minaha!lSll Il1 tbe north- 4. Retu m to til e Fight. A small nu~ber of
U&l. ...... .
"'.'" M .O::; :,11.869
'.'" I'.S!I~ I ').11
ern Celd>es. Long-range bombers of the Naval Dutch pilots had been operating against the
U.B. ' .... T .nd M. '·' .... (L.an ...". ..... ' .
U.s. N ... . nd " ..in. (C ...,."
191.i98
",0.41'
".M
0<4.26
M.OM
".'01 , I ....
2.016
11."
2....
,"
••• 9<
),,"16 .....
lI.a
....•••• ••
'.J>
..
~,
'" ••'"
A" Fo,"ce attacked the in"asion forces and ..... r{8EA .Ia) 1,..11 • 31.1l:t1
Japanese Hincc eady 1942 from nOl·th~rn A~ls,
la~r in1ieted heavy l~se$ from 23-36 January -, ns.-: • ,•• ." 1.3,
.. ..•
~, ~.U. ~
It WeM' NeUlaedt<'t Flu'l't'!"lIw~.k •. Wiener Ne,.· !Jr.m"n '0 Neunkirehen Ei..,nwcrke A G, Ntunkirehen. Ger. OIL Dl YISION
<I.&dI.. A".ria Ger"'''ny 109 Oil Divi.ion, Pinal Report
CIVI LI AN Df.F~NS.: Il\VI SION 71 Reich.werke Henna"" Goering A G. Hallendorf. 110 Oil Division, ,'inal neport. Appendix
....... &r.prin 8<&adI ~O Ci,ilian Der."",, Oi.;.iol1·- Finnl i!ei>O,·t Germany III Powder. ExplOllivcs_ S""",ial R""ketl and Jet Pro ·
7~ AUll'uat Thy ..... " Uncllc A G. 1IJ1",born, Ge"man)'
1& B""1lIIi NAG nup>oto •• n .... '·ke (; m' b II. ~I C-ologn" Field HellOrl pellan,", War C • ..,. and Sm"k" Acid (Mini.I ....
Bnm••id., c..rmany 73 Friedrich KruPI' A G, Borbe<::k Plant, 1':_". rial ReJlOrt # I)
12 Bonn ,';"Id RellOrl Germany
16 llinel-Ileut.<h. Moto ..m ..... ke (; m b H. Taueha.
Genuny
lI anQvu Field RCJlO,'t
Hamburg ~'ield l{epo"I -Vol I, Text; Vol 11
74 Dortmund !lOCL'der lluelte!lverein. A G. Dort·
mund. Germany
112 Underground
Germnny '"' '"
DI.per ... t I'lanu Greater
15
14
'li<helin T ire FnelOr)', Clermonl-t·e,· ..""I. ~'rn "c c PHYSICAL DAMAGE D1VISION_ (Con.,)
146 f.CONQMIC STUDIES
0,1 Ih.~{h E"gin~ .·fic\or)·, I", ~I A" ••
'"
Amno",.k ..-••\". )!~."hu.1t (; ,~ b 1\, LcUnB.
c;,.tman)·-~ ."Vl'I'ndirea
B", ... kohle lI<·n.in A G. 7.·,U ~",I Bohl.n, GN-
,..
U; Gnome ..t Rbone Aero
France ' '11~ I, G~ '
KUK"I!\schu Bellrin!!" Ball Plm't. f, ~ .. ~c -
mllnr
,
196
IN
Ii?
Roundhou ..... in MaTllhalling Yard. VIm. Germ a ny
I G Farbenduotrie, Leverku "..,n, German )"
Chemitche-Werkc. Hutl. , German)" I~
"'i"roft Oivi"""
The J.pao..-e Ail'Crdt Induatry
It I
Rdlno!")·. Ibmhury. (:~",,~n1
Rhe,."i. 0 ..... ~11t" ..... ,... I... rk. \ I;. 11,lh.-lm'"
'" I-I:naVS*"k. Germany
8 ... uw~iln T.-.n.fOnn<'r I< Switchi,,!!" S \a t i~ "
m .'!f~I. of Bombing on Ra ilroad In,ta ll. tion. in
negenlburg. Nurn""rg aad ~Iunich Divi , ]on.
18 Ka ,,·a ni. hl Ai ,.,,,,ft Company
('",-port,, ;",. R ~ ,1Or1 loie. II/
h..." n.. ~n~ry, lIan.'·"''', (:"tm.,,)" Rrau ... "iler. G.. rman)' 2tI3 G.rman Loeomotiv .. Industry Dnrinll" th .. War (K a wani,,),i Koiruiti K.bu~hilti Ka'. ha)
(;.,,,·,,,,,,,,,·h.aft \'",1 c •• nO!'" n,· ••1. G,·m,.")·. 157 SlOta,e D<opot. "ahhollefib.. ch. (;",ma"~ :!(U German l!ilitary Railroad T",ffic ( Ain ...""",)
Y,I I " \'01 II nail"'n~' and Ro.,,1 B,id",,·. 8a,1 \lun.l"r. Ge, '· I~ Ka w.oaki A'..,rart Indu ...'''' Company, I"..
12'1 Eut,pa~ilciM' Ta"lda~l
lIunh"t ... GeT""""
'" III&n)'
Rail ...a)' Bncl" •. Ellet, (;~rrna"l'
UTILITIES DIVISION !,""
Co..".. .... R."....t N". II'
(h:awa.ki Kokuki Kocyo Kabushiki
1::1,,'0 A'I,".I< w,·,k.· _\ (;, lI.rl,urll" U.fi,,"!")', 206 German Electric: Ulilili"" Indllolry Heport
Gu,t1olf.\\'etk~ Weimar. Weimllt, Gel'll,a")' Kaioha)
!!06 I to 10 in Vol I "Utiliti"" Divi,ion Plant Re-
Ihmhury. Guman)' lIen""h,,1 ol Sohn G m b II, h:u ... l, Germ~n,' (Airfram ... " EnJi ..... )
I],,"..-k Rh."'I' .. ·~_n ;;)"tlodi, Ill! l'l~nl \',,1 POrts"
Area SUT"e)' at I'irma..,n", German,-
~07 II to 20 in Vol n "Utilities Divioion Plam He_ 20 Aleh ! Ai..,r. ft Compa a)"
I Ie Yol 11 Hanomlll'. lIun,wer, Germ"n)- porta" Cor"" .... I;o~ Ho""r ! No. I'
\1 A " Werh ,\ul!",burl(, __\ulI",but.c. Gp,'''''''')' (Aichi KokuKo KK)
Kui>h<, U,.n,h 20B 21 Rheini"'he-W~.tfal;""he Eleklri.iloel!!wcrk ...
Fr;e<lrich !\rul'l' ,\ I:. E.""". Germ"",'
I~'; I)o"""h,· l)u"I,,1' {;ummi (' ., 11"",,,u nn ~h,," t:rla Ms"'hinenwerke. (; '" b II. Ikiterlolick, (; p,'
C (Air''''''" " Eniinea )
G"m,,,')· Pacific \Va. 21 Sum,tomo Melal Industr .... , Pl"Opeller Di~ision
man)'
IH (·'m1i"'· ......1 l;u",m'''',·'I.,', 110"""" 1;.... """'1' COI"j)()r"lio~ Ro"".! No. VI
I';; _\ T G Ma,d,i""nl",,, (; ," 10 II, ~I",:kau. G,'rn,u ,,)" OFFICE OF TH [ " HArRMAN
128 lIu,~, $;)'nlh!"lte nubh"r l'lnn' (Sumito""o Ki"oolm KC>R"YO KK. Puropera
f:rl" ~Ia""hin~" ...etk,· (; no b 11. \!oekou, Ge,.,na " )"
!2!' \li"'le.i~1 nol'<1I'( onG .... n'''n 1t"I,I.. , 1,,.lu.I'~'
1',,,,,,,11'0" llra ....h '""
If,V
170
B~yeri .. he Mot,,'..,n""·rk~, i)urrorhor. Go"''''''')'
~!ittel-neul""~" ~lol"'~nwerke G m h 11. Tnuch .
.,
Summary 1!eport (Pacifie War)
J OI'8"'5 Struggle to End The War
Seizotlto)
(I'ropelle ro)
J:lij ~:leltrod("ni""h ..... rl.~, ~Iun,cl, li,·,mH")'
Gern ..",)' •
a The E!feel!! of Atomie 80mbs on Hirmhl"'a and 2~ II llachl Ai..,r~fl Compan)"
ru S<h.. ne..... k .:xplo.,~e I'I~"'. 1.i~'1OM! ;;p .. ,,,~.I,,1f Nagaaaki
17! l;ubmarin~ I'~O" ]')"llt""h,· Ih,-fl. 11"",,,,,,,((. (;,.,- Co>rporRl,,, .. R.porc No. VII
I\erk~ (i m b II. n,,,1 Sal,,'mr". (:,·.m.",-
",any (mt""h, KokWli KK)
l"~ PI.,\> or 1I)·".mit .\ I;. \"(>,mal. ,\If ... d ;0;01001 " CIVILIAN STUDIES
{'" Tto,od", f. (', Ihal U,umawl Mml 1)U!(~- 17~ ~lulli_Slori~~! St .... tu.e •• 1Inmbury. (;~r"'nn) (Airtramea" Engin",,)
Civjj;an 0.1.".., Oivi<ion
"'I'll. I;,·,.,.,an)'
Ii ra 10 II. K""i>ut"K"_
IT:;
I,~
Co"linental Gummiwcrkc. 1Innovcr, Gern'a")'
1-1:0"'.,1 ~Ia",hallin/(" Yatd", ",,_I. (;erman)" 4 ~'ield Report Covering Air Ibid Protection a nd
2.1 J~pan I nl"r na\'o,,,,1 Air I.. d"nries, l.td.
C ....poro.liu 11. __ , No. VIII
[).\t .. h~ !'p... r'Jf<' ..... '
(.'''''''01' 175 _\mmoniawerke. }le",ehutp:-[..('una. Ger"",n) Allie<! Subjeel!!, Tokyo. Japan (Nippon Kok .... ' Koku K<IIl:,.., KK)
17,; R"""'n Boveri '" Ci,', ll."nheim. "are,ta!. (: •. , 6 ~'ie!d Report Covering Air Raid Pl"Otec((o" ~"d (Airframel)
O\',k .. \LL Ho:\(n'l( IllHl'~ IlI\NO:\
0." al· t:oonom" EII"""t~ Jll.,... 'n R"port
177
I,ll
man)'
Adam Opel A (i. HU''''bhNn', G~,n'8n,-
Daimler_Beno.\ G. !;nlctturkMim. Ge rn,,,')'
Allie<! Subjeel., Naga.. ki, J a pan
6 .·ielcl Report Covering Air Raid Proleclion and
AllIed Subjects, Kyoto. Japan
....,
2~ Japan MllIie.. 1 1", lrun,. m Ma~uf.. t""in8" Com.
9~
The I::ffec ts of Ihe Ten T hou .... nd Pound Bomb on
J.p.nese T.r~ts (Il R.porl on Nine Incident.)
Effccl.s of the Atomio Bom b on lI ira.hima. J .pa"
105 "yolua!ion
Jllp.n ... 1I 0meland. P.rt VIII , B .... e.
of Pho\og"r. ph ic InltlliJ!"enee in the
I>tfdl.i-
H~I .....n Jidooha KK ) Army Logislle.
93 .:trt<"u of Ihe Atomi~ Bomb on N....... ki. J a pan 106 I::valuolion of PholO!rra ph;' IntelliJ!"ence in the
(Enr l "..) 65 Employment of 1"0"'" Under the SOuth .... esl Japlln ... lIomel.nd. Pa rt IX , A rlille~
~4 Ar-my Air ArHn. 1 ... Nuy Air Depou ~, ~:lI'ccU of Ihe F our Thou.and Pound Bomb on
Pa.ifu:: Command
~ .. ,,,.,ra!;OM H."....f No. XIX &6 The Strategic Air Operation. of Very lIea v)' Jap.nese Targets (a llepon on F ive IncidenU) 107 E •• lua tion of Photogra phic I n teL1iren~e in U...
(Alrf"'mu .nd En,.;n.. ) 9S EfI'f'C:to of T .... o Thou",,-nd. One Tho" ... nd. Rnd Ja pan_ Homeland . Part X. 11"",/. ~~,/ 1I"i/_
Bombardment in the War Altain, t J ara"
~5 l.p'n Ai..,raft Under,round ~'ivu lIundred Pound Bombs on J a pa nese Ta r_ rlHld.
(Twentieth Air For~e)
HtP/Jrl No. XX 67 Air Operation. in China, Hurnm. j"dla_ Worl.] geu (a Report on Eighl Ineidento) l OS EvaluatiQn of pholOK,."ph ic Inle Uigil n"", ,n tbe
\'6 A lIe .... rt on Ph)'$iOlll DAmage in J A1'"'' (S u",- J ll pan""" 1l 0 m ~ lllnd, Pa n XI. I~ d '" ! ';dl ,I.·
Ba,i< M ....;.h I)i~i.;.,., War II
68 The Air Tranopon Command in tho War AJ!"Q I,,~, mAry Report) a ll/''-'
:18 Coal . nd Mout. In Japan', War E~onomy
Japan
Capitol Good ... Equipmtn, .nd Co.",,,,,,,ioo l)i.i,ion 69 The Thirl""nth Air ~'orce In Ihe War Apo l".'
37 TheJapaneoe Conll.""tlon Indul tr)" Japan
38 Jlp'n_ EIt<"tri~. 1 Equipment ,0 The Seventh and Elev~nth Air ~-orcea ill Ih e Wu ,
39 TI>e J.potn_ Ma.hine Sulldinr Induot.y Aplnst JlP."
EIK"i. Po •• r Diyi'; .... 71 The Fifth Air FOn:<l in the War A,.iMt J " p."
~O The EIKtrIC PO""' Induat.,. of Japotn Na ..... A... I}".i, Div;';""
U TI>e Electric Powu Indu".,. of Japan (PI.nt 72 The Interrogll'o"" of J.plnCI(' omelaL. ( Vol. I
It!poru) .nd II)
M......-.-. food ..... Ci.ililD Suppl;', Di.i';"" 73 Campai,,,,, of the Pad!le War
42 The J ..... _ Wart,me Stand.'" of 1.lyin... nd ,4 The Red~tion of W. ke hl. nd
UtHi..tlon of Manpow<!r 15 The Allied Campaign, A... ind R. bauL
43 Japo._ War Production IndUl tri ..
44 J.,._ N..... I 01'11"0_
16 Tbe Ameri.,.n Campaign Ap'n.t WOlje, M.L....
lap, Mille, and J.luit (VoL . I, 11 a nd III)
4b J.po_ Army Ordno_ 77 The Reduction of Truk
46 JI,._ N.... I Shipbuildi"..
H Japneooe Motor Vehide IndUlI.,. ,8 The Oll'e""ive Mine LayinK Camp.iJ!"n Apinl '
48 J ...o_ Me..,h.nl Shipbuildin, J . potn
7S ittporU of Shipi Bombardment Su rvey I'.rl),-
Oil .Dd O>tmia.! 1>i.;Uon Fo .......ord, Introduction. Condu . ionl, ."d C~,,·
49 Chomlull In J ..... n·. War eraL Summary
500 CIMmlul1 in Japan'. WI._Appendi~ S(I Report of Ship, Bombardml'nl Survc), P~rt)' (~: n.
51 Oil in J.potn'. Wlr elOlluN A), Kom.i,hi Arta
~2 Oil In Japan'. W.r-ApJltn,llx
Report of Ship. Bombardmcnt S",...ey Part y (~: "
0...·011 E_i~ FlfKU Di.;."", dosure B). lI . mamallU Ar~a
63 Th, Eft"ecu of Slral~1c Bombln.. On Japan', WII. Rtportof Shipo 1I0mbardmcnt Survey l'Ilrl )" ( t;"
Economy ( h",ludinr ApJltndb A: Il. S. £<:0. elOllure C), lIit.ohi A,..,.
,,,,,,Ie1"~lUlr"n<~ on Japan __ AnlllYli. and He""rt of Ship, Hombardment SUrYu)" 1',,"1)' 0;"
Com""ri"'''~ Appl:ndix 8: C,·_ National closure DJ, lIakod.te Arell
' roduct on J opa" and It. Component. ; Appell_ I(tport of Ships Ilombardmc"t S\l"v~y Pnrt y ( f;,.
dx C: StaU.U.al Sou-..). ~I ... ure E). MurarBn A"," ,
18
" '.