Documenti di Didattica
Documenti di Professioni
Documenti di Cultura
9
10 False Positive
WKH\GLGQHHG0DQ\RIWKHZRPHQDIIHFWHGGLGQRWOLYHORQJHQRXJKWRUHFHLYH
WKHFRPSHQVDWLRQDQGDSRORJLHVWKH\GHVHUYHG
7KHVHWUDJLFFDVHVLOOXVWUDWHKRZLPSRUWDQWODERUDWRU\WHVWLQJLV$QLQFRUUHFW
GUXJVFUHHQLQJWHVWFDQFRVWDZRUNHUWKHLUMRE$PLVODEHOOHGEORRGVDPSOHFRXOG
UHVXOWLQWKHDGPLQLVWUDWLRQRIEORRGWKLQQHUVWRWKHZURQJSDWLHQWLQFUHDVLQJWKH
ULVNRIDVWURNH$QLPSURSHUO\FROOHFWHGRUVWRUHGEDFWHULDOFXOWXUHFDQUHVXOWLQ
DQHIIHFWLYHDQWLELRWLFWUHDWPHQWEHLQJGHOD\HG)DLOXUHWRFROOHFWZDWHUVDPSOHV
SURSHUO\RUUHSRUWUHVXOWVDVKDSSHQHGLQ:DONHUWRQ2QWDULRFDQUHVXOWLQVHUL
RXVKDUPWRWKRXVDQGVRISHRSOH<HWODEVWHQGWRUHFHLYHRQO\SDVVLQJPHQWLRQ
LQGLVFXVVLRQVRIRXUKHDOWKFDUHV\VWHP
7KDWWKHODERUDWRU\VHFWRUPDLQWDLQVDORZSUR¿OHLVDOOWKHPRUHVXUSULVLQJ
JLYHQWKHFHQWUDOLW\RIWKHVHUYLFHVLWSURYLGHV/DERUDWRU\ZRUNHUVFRPSULVH
WKHWKLUGODUJHVWJURXSRIKHDOWKFDUHSURIHVVLRQDOVDQGPHGLFDOODERUDWRULHV
FRQVXPHRYHUELOOLRQRISXEOLFPRQH\HYHU\\HDU/DERUDWRU\VHUYLFHVKDYH
EHHQFDOOHGWKHWRXFKVWRQHRIPRGHUQPHGLFDOSUDFWLFH/DERUDWRU\UHVXOWVDUH
NH\WRPHGLFDODXWKRULW\DQGIRXQGDWLRQDOWRPHGLFLQH¶VHYROXWLRQ
$QGODEVDUHQRWVWUDQJHUVWRFRQWURYHUV\7KHUHDUHUHJXODUDFFXVDWLRQV
RI IUDXG RYHU XVH H[FHVVLYH FRVW DQG PHGLFDO PLVFRQGXFW OHYHOOHG DJDLQVW
ODERUDWRULHVEXWJHQHUDOO\VSHDNLQJZKDWKDSSHQVWRRXUEORRGVSXWXPVWRRO
RUWLVVXHVDPSOHVDIWHUWKH\OHDYHRXUERGLHVGRHVQRWFRQFHUQXV/DERUDWRU\
VHUYLFHVDUHDFFHSWHGDVDQLQWHJUDO\HWKLGGHQSDUWRIRXUKHDOWKFDUHV\VWHP
0RVWSHRSOHJLYHOLWWOHWKRXJKWWRZKRRZQVWKHODEVKRZWKHLUVHUYLFHVDUHSDLG
IRUKRZWKH\DUHRUJDQL]HGRUKRZWKHGHOLYHU\RIWKHVHVHUYLFHVDIIHFWVRXU
SXEOLFKHDOWKFDUHV\VWHP7KHVHVHUYLFHVDUHXQLTXHDPRQJWKHNH\HOHPHQWV
RIRXUSXEOLFDFXWHFDUHV\VWHPLQWKDWIRUSUR¿WPXOWLQDWLRQDOFRUSRUDWLRQVSOD\
DFHQWUDOUROHLQWKHLUGHOLYHU\
:KLOHODUJHO\XQQRWLFHGIRUSUR¿WPHGLFDOODERUDWRULHVKDYHQRWEHHQDEVHQW
IURPWKHGHEDWHRQWKHIXWXUHRIPHGLFDUH7KHLUH[LVWHQFHKDVEHHQXVHGWRDUJXH
WKDWJUHDWHUSULYDWHLQYROYHPHQWLQRXUKHDOWKFDUHV\VWHPLVPRUHHI¿FLHQWDQG
HIIHFWLYHWKDQUHO\LQJRQQRQSUR¿WSXEOLFVHUYLFHV&RQWUDU\WRWKHVHDUJXPHQWV
ZKLFKDUHGULYHQE\DQDLYHEHOLHILQWKHVXSHULRULW\RIPDUNHWVDQGWKHSUR¿W
PRWLYHWKLVERRNVKRZVWKDWLQWKHFDVHRI&DQDGD¶VPHGLFDOODERUDWRU\VHUYLFHV
WKHH[FOXVLYHXVHRISXEOLFQRQSUR¿WRUJDQL]DWLRQVZRXOGEHWKHEHVWZD\WR
LQFUHDVHDFFHVVFRQWUROFRVWVLQWHJUDWHVHUYLFHVLPSURYHTXDOLW\DQGHQKDQFH
WKHGHPRFUDWLFFRQWURORIKHDOWKFDUH
LQFKHHN³WKHUHKDVDOZD\VEHHQDFULVLVLQ&DQDGLDQKHDOWKFDUH´DQG
WKHUHDVRQVDUHDOZD\VWKHVDPHFXWEDFNVVKRUWDJHVDQGVSLUDOOLQJFRVWV7KH
PDLQSHUSHWUDWRUVRIWKLVFULVLVUKHWRULFFRQWLQXHWREHWKRVHZKRZLVKWRORZHU
WKHFRVWVWRWKH³ZHDOWK\DQGKHDOWK\´DQGLQFUHDVHWKHEHQH¿WVWRWKHIRUSUR¿W
KHDOWKFDUHFRUSRUDWLRQV
7KHVHWKUHDWVWRRXUSXEOLFKHDOWKFDUHV\VWHPDUHEHLQJFKDOOHQJHGE\D
EURDGEDVHGFRDOLWLRQRIFRPPXQLW\DQGODERXURUJDQL]DWLRQVZKRVHPHPEHUV
DUJXHWKDWRXUFXUUHQWV\VWHPLVVXVWDLQDEOHSURYLGHVVHFXULW\IRUFLWL]HQVDQG
HPERGLHVZKDWLVEHVWDERXWVRFLDOUHIRUPLWLVLQFOXVLYHDQGFROOHFWLYHDQGLW
SODFHVQHHGEHIRUHDELOLW\WRSD\8QLYHUVDOKHDOWKFDUHLVHVVHQWLDOWRDIXQFWLRQ
LQJGHPRFUDF\/H\V
:KLOHWKHPDLQLVVXHLQWKHVHGHEDWHVLVRIWHQXQLYHUVDOSXEOLFLQVXUDQFH
IRUHVVHQWLDOKHDOWKFDUHVHUYLFHVWKHTXHVWLRQDV5REHUW(YDQVQRWHVLV
UHDOO\FORVHGPRVWREVHUYHUVLQKHDOWKSROLF\DQGSROLWLFDOFLUFOHVDJUHHPHGLFDUH
LVPRUHFRVWHIIHFWLYHDQGHI¿FLHQWWKDQWKHDOWHUQDWLYHV(YHQLGHRORJLFDOIUHH
PDUNHWVXSSRUWHUVVXFKDV3ULPH0LQLVWHU6WHYHQ+DUSHUKDYHVWRSSHGGLUHFWO\
DWWDFNLQJXQLYHUVDOKHDOWKLQVXUDQFH
7KHUHLVOHVVXQDQLPLW\RQWKHTXHVWLRQRISULYDWHGHOLYHU\3ULYDWHFRUSRUDWH
LQWHUHVWVKDYHLQFUHDVHGWKHLUSUHVVXUHIRUPRUHIRUSUR¿WFOLQLFVWRSURYLGHD
YDULHW\RIVHUYLFHV 05,VDQG &7VFDQVFDWDUDFWVXUJHULHVMRLQWUHSODFHPHQWV
IDPLO\PHGLFDOVHUYLFHVKRPHFDUHDQGWKHFRQVWUXFWLRQDQGRSHUDWLRQRIKRV
SLWDOV$UPLQH<DOQL]\DQLGHQWL¿HVWKHJURZLQJXVHRISXEOLFIXQGVWR
SD\IRUSULYDWHIRUSUR¿WGHOLYHU\RIVHUYLFHVDVRQHRIWKHIRXUPDLQWKUHDWVWR
WKHVXVWDLQDELOLW\RI&DQDGD¶VSXEOLFKHDOWKFDUHV\VWHP
7KHKLVWRU\RIWKHGHYHORSPHQWRIPHGLFDOODERUDWRU\VHUYLFHVLQ&DQDGD
JRHVWRWKHKHDUWRIWKHGHEDWHRQWKHSULYDWHGHOLYHU\RISXEOLFO\LQVXUHGPHGL
FDOVHUYLFHV,QPHGLFDOODERUDWRULHVZHKDYHDIRUW\\HDUFDVHVWXG\RQWKHXVH
RIIRUSUR¿WFRPSDQLHVWRSURYLGHDQHVVHQWLDOPHGLFDOVHUYLFH7KHUHVXOWVDUH
FOHDUWKHVHFRPSDQLHVDUHPRUHH[SHQVLYHDQGWKH\KDYHIRXJKWLQWHJUDWLRQ
XQGHUFXWGHPRFUDF\DQGQHJDWLYHO\LPSDFWHGDFFHVVDQGTXDOLW\LQRXUKHDOWK
FDUHV\VWHP7KH\DUHDWKUHDWWRWKHVXVWDLQDELOLW\RIXQLYHUVDOKHDOWKFDUH
$VWXG\RI&DQDGD¶VFRPPXQLW\ODERUDWRU\VHUYLFHVSURYLGHVDFRPSDULVRQ
EHWZHHQQRQSUR¿WLQVWLWXWLRQVDQGSULYDWHFRUSRUDWLRQVLQWKHGHOLYHU\RIWKH
VDPHVHUYLFH7KHHYROXWLRQRIFRPPXQLW\ODERUDWRU\VHUYLFHVLVWKHVWRU\RI
WKH GHYHORSPHQW RI WKUHH PXOWLQDWLRQDO KHDOWK VHUYLFH FRUSRUDWLRQV ² 0'6
/LIH/DEV &0/ DQG '\QDFDUH ² DQG WKH LQWHQWLRQDO XQGHUPLQLQJ RI SXEOLF
QRQSUR¿WODERUDWRU\VHUYLFHV
7KLVDQDO\VLVWDNHVVHULRXVO\&ROLQ/H\V¶DGPRQLWLRQ³WKHLPSDFWVRIHFR
QRPLFIRUFHVQHHGWREHVWXGLHGQRWRQO\DWWKHOHYHORISROLWLFVLQJHQHUDOEXW
DOVRLQVSHFL¿FPDUNHWV´LQWKLVFDVHWKHSXEOLFPDUNHWIRUPHGLFDO
ODERUDWRU\VHUYLFHV
0HGLFDO ODERUDWRULHV VWDUWHG DV QRQSUR¿W IDFLOLWLHV LQ RXU SXEOLF KHDOWK
VHUYLFHVDQGWKHSXEOLFKRVSLWDOV\VWHP$IWHUWKHLQWURGXFWLRQRIPHGLFDUHLQ
IRUSUR¿W ODERUDWRU\ FRUSRUDWLRQV H[SDQGHG UDSLGO\ LQ ¿YH SURYLQFHV
12 False Positive
*RYHUQPHQWSROLFLHVFUHDWHGDPDUNHWIRUWKHLUVHUYLFHVSXEOLFPRQH\IXQGHG
WKHLU JURZWK DQG LQVWLWXWLRQV ZHUH HVWDEOLVKHG WR FRQVROLGDWH WKHLU SROLWLFDO
SRZHU*RYHUQPHQWSROLF\LQIDYRXURIWKHJUHDWHUXVHRISULYDWHODERUDWRULHV
ZDVVWURQJO\VXSSRUWHGE\DFWLRQVRIWKHPHGLFDOSURIHVVLRQ
7KHVWUXFWXUHRI&DQDGLDQIHGHUDOLVPSURYLGHVDQDWLRQDODQGSURYLQFLDO
FRQWH[WIRUH[SORULQJWKHVSHFL¿FLPSDFWVRIFKDQJHVLQJOREDOFDSLWDOLVPRQ
&DQDGD¶VFRPPXQLW\ODERUDWRU\VHUYLFHV7KHVKLIWWRDPRUHFRUSRUDWHODERUD
WRU\VHUYLFHSDUDOOHOHGWKHGHYHORSPHQWRIJOREDOFDSLWDOPDUNHWVDQGWKHULVHRI
QHROLEHUDOLVPDVDSROLWLFDOSURMHFWWRXQGHUFXWFROOHFWLYHVHUYLFHVVXFKDVKHDOWK
FDUHDQGLQFUHDVHRSSRUWXQLWLHVIRUSULYDWHSUR¿W7KHSXEOLFO\IXQGHGGHYHO
RSPHQWRIFRPPHUFLDOODERUDWRULHVKDVDOVRLQFUHDVHGLQWHUQDWLRQDOHFRQRPLF
LQWHJUDWLRQE\ERWKIDFLOLWDWLQJWKHH[SDQVLRQRI&DQDGLDQFRPSDQLHVRQWRWKH
LQWHUQDWLRQDOVWDJHDQGDOORZLQJ$PHULFDQFDSLWDOWREX\LQWR&DQDGD
RIKRVSLWDOV7KHJRYHUQDQFHDSSURDFKDOVRLJQRUHVWKHLQFUHDVLQJFHQWUDOL]DWLRQ
RIKHDOWKFDUHGHFLVLRQPDNLQJLQPRVWSURYLQFHVKRVSLWDOVDQGRWKHUKHDOWK
VHUYLFHVDUHFRPLQJPRUHDQGPRUHXQGHUGLUHFWJRYHUQPHQWFRQWUROUHJDUGOHVV
RIWKHLUOHJDOLQFRUSRUDWLRQ
$GLVWLQFWLRQFHQWUDOWRWKLVERRNRQHWKDWLVLPSRUWDQWWRXQGHUVWDQGLQJRXU
PHGLFDOODERUDWRU\V\VWHPDQGFUXFLDOWRWKHIXWXUHRIRXUKHDOWKFDUHV\VWHPLV
WKHGLVWLQFWLRQEHWZHHQFRUSRUDWLRQVWKDWRSHUDWHIRUSULYDWHSUR¿WDQGSURYLGHUV
WKDWDUHQRQSUR¿WRSHUDWLQJZLWKLQVRPHEURDGO\GH¿QHGQRWLRQRISXEOLFJRRG
,QWKLVERRNUHIHUHQFHVWRSULYDWHODEVDQGRWKHUSULYDWHKHDOWKFDUHVHUYLFHVDUH
UHIHUHQFHVWRIRUSUR¿WFRUSRUDWLRQVLHFRPSDQLHVWKDWQHHGWRSD\GLYLGHQGV
WRWKHLULQYHVWRUV
1RQSUR¿WHQWLWLHVLQFOXGHWKRVHUXQGLUHFWO\E\WKHJRYHUQPHQWDVZHOO
DV QRQSUR¿W FRUSRUDWLRQV VXFK DV KRVSLWDOV WKH 9LFWRULDQ 2UGHU RI 1XUVHV
FRPPXQLW\KHDOWKFHQWUHVDQGWKH&HQWUH/RFDOGH6HUYLFHV&RPPXQDXWDLUHV
LQ4XHEHF:KLOHWKHUHDUHVLJQL¿FDQWGLIIHUHQFHVZLWKLQWKLVJURXSWKH\VKDUH
DSULPDU\LQWHUHVWLQGHOLYHULQJKHDOWKFDUHIRUFROOHFWLYHEHQH¿WUDWKHUWKDQWR
PDNHDUHWXUQRQLQYHVWPHQW3UR¿WLVQRWSDUWRIWKHLUGHFLVLRQPDNLQJHTXDWLRQ
2QHJURXSWKDWLVFHQWUDOWRWKHVWRU\RIWKHIRUSUR¿WODERUDWRULHVGRHVQRW
QHDWO\¿WLQWRWKLVGLFKRWRP\XQLQFRUSRUDWHGSULYDWHSUDFWLFHSK\VLFLDQV0RVW
OLNHO\WKHJRDOVRIPRVWRIWKHVHSUDFWLWLRQHUVDUHWRPD[LPL]HWKHLUSHUVRQDO
LQFRPHZLWKLQWKHIXQGLQJLQFHQWLYHVGHOLYHUDVHUYLFHDQGSD\WKHLUELOOV7KHUH
DUHRIFRXUVHVRPHZKRXVHWKHLUSRVLWLRQDVDVSULQJERDUGWRFRUSRUDWHPHGL
FLQHDQGWKHH[SORLWDWLRQRILQVXUDQFHVFKHPHVIRUH[WUDRUGLQDU\SULYDWHJDLQ
DQGSRZHU7KLVSUDFWLFHLVYHU\HYLGHQWLQWKHKLVWRU\RISULYDWHODERUDWRULHV
7KHUHDUHIRUH[DPSOHWKHFDVHVRI'U-RKQ0XOODSDWKRORJLVWZKRSDUOD\HG
KLVSUDFWLFHLQWR&DQDGLDQ0HGLFDO/DERUDWRULHV'U7$.DVSHUZKRIRXQGHG
.DVSHU/DERUDWRULHVLQ$OEHUWDDQG'U&DP&RDG\DQGWKHFRQVRUWLXPRISD
WKRORJLVWVZKRIRXQGHG%&%LRPHGLFDOODERUDWRULHV
7KH G\QDPLF RI WXUQLQJ WKHLU SURIHVVLRQ LQWR DQ LQYHVWPHQW RSSRUWXQLW\
FRQWLQXHVZLWKWKHOLNHVRI'RFWRUV%ULDQ'D\DQG5REHUW2XHOOHWERWKUHFHQW
SDVWSUHVLGHQWVRIWKH&DQDGLDQ0HGLFDO$VVRFLDWLRQZKRXVHGWKHLUPHGLFDO
FUHGHQWLDOV WR IRXQG IRUSUR¿W FRUSRUDWLRQV DQG PDNH VLJQL¿FDQW DPRXQWV RI
PRQH\IURPWKHSXEOLFSXUVH,WLVDSUHGLFWDEOHRXWFRPHRIWKHLQGLYLGXDODX
WRQRPRXVSUDFWLFHPRGHOGRPLQDQWDPRQJ&DQDGLDQSK\VLFLDQV
'RFWRUVDVDJURXSKDYHDOVRXVHGWKHLULQÀXHQFHWRV\VWHPDWLFDOO\ZRUN
DJDLQVWSXEOLFQRQSUR¿WRSWLRQVZKHWKHU¿JKWLQJXQLYHUVDOKHDOWKLQVXUDQFH
GHPDQGLQJWKHULJKWWRH[WUDELOOSDWLHQWVRUFDOOLQJIRUPRUHLQQRYDWLRQIRU
ZKLFKUHDGPRUHIRUSUR¿WSDUWLFLSDWLRQLQWKH&DQDGLDQKHDOWKFDUHV\VWHP
2QH OHVVRQ IURP WKH HYROXWLRQ RI ODERUDWRU\ VHUYLFHV LV WKDW SULYDWH SUDFWLFH
SK\VLFLDQVZKRELOOIHHIRUVHUYLFHDUHPRUHOLNHO\WRFKDOOHQJHWKHFROOHFWLYH
SURYLVLRQRIKHDOWKFDUHWKDQWKRVHSULPDULO\DVVRFLDWHGZLWKSXEOLFKRVSLWDOV
ZKRDUHPXFKPRUHOLNHO\WRVXSSRUWDXQLYHUVDOLQWHJUDWHGDFFHVVLEOHKHDOWK
FDUHV\VWHP
14 False Positive
LQWKLVERRNEHFDXVHWKHFRUSRUDWLRQVWKDWGRPLQDWHSULYDWHPHGLFDOODERUDWRU\
VHUYLFHVLQ&DQDGDKDYHWKHLUURRWVLQ2QWDULR7KHSROLFLHVRIVXFFHVVLYH2QWDULR
JRYHUQPHQWV RI DOO SROLWLFDO VWULSHV XQGHU WKH UXEULF RI SXEOLF PHGLFDO DQG
KRVSLWDOLQVXUDQFHKDYHDOORZHGWKHVHFRPSDQLHVWRÀRXULVK8QGHUVWDQGLQJ
WKLVSURFHVVLQ2QWDULRKHOSVRQHWRXQGHUVWDQGPDQ\RIWKHGHYHORSPHQWVWKDW
KDYHWDNHQSODFHLQRWKHUSURYLQFHV
)LIW\\HDUVDJRPRVWFRPPXQLW\VSHFLPHQVZHUHDQDO\]HGE\SXEOLFLQVWLWX
WLRQVKRVSLWDOVDQGSXEOLFKHDOWKODERUDWRULHVRUE\GRFWRUVLQSULYDWHSUDFWLFH
7RGD\LQPDQ\SURYLQFHVIRUSUR¿WFRUSRUDWLRQVSOD\DVLJQL¿FDQWUROH7KLV
WUDQVIRUPDWLRQKDVEHHQSDUWLFXODUO\SURIRXQGLQ2QWDULRZKHUHRYHUSHUFHQW
RIFRPPXQLW\ODEVHUYLFHVDUHSURYLGHGE\WKUHHPXOWLQDWLRQDOV
SURYLGHVDQRSHQLQJWKURXJKZKLFKZHFDQH[SORUHDQDOWHUQDWLYHDSSURDFKWR
XQGHUVWDQGLQJJRYHUQPHQWSROLF\WKHLQWHUDFWLRQRIJRYHUQPHQWVZLWKIRUSUR¿W
SURYLGHUVDQGWKHVWUXJJOHRYHUUHVRXUFHVDWWKHFHQWUHRIWKHDQDO\VLV
7KLVVWXG\RI&DQDGD¶VPHGLFDOODERUDWRU\VHUYLFHVSD\VVSHFLDODWWHQWLRQ
WRWKUHHWKHPHVLPSRUWDQWWRXQGHUVWDQGLQJKRZDIHZVPDOOIRUSUR¿WODERUDWR
ULHVOHGWRWKHULVHRIPXOWLQDWLRQDOIRUSUR¿WODERUDWRU\FRUSRUDWLRQV7KH¿UVW
WKHPHLVWKHLQWHUDFWLRQVEHWZHHQIRUSUR¿WFRUSRUDWLRQVDQGJRYHUQPHQWERWK
LQWHUPVRIKRZJRYHUQPHQWVKDYHIDYRXUHGWKHVHVHUYLFHVDQGKRZFRPSDQLHV
KDYHLQÀXHQFHGGHFLVLRQPDNLQJ7KHVHFRQGWKHPHFRYHUVKRZWKHPHGLFDO
SURIHVVLRQDQGPRUHEURDGO\WKHSUDFWLFHRIELRPHGLFLQHKDVEHHQLQVWUXPHQWDO
LQVHWWLQJWKHFRQGLWLRQVIRUSULYDWHGHOLYHU\JLYLQJLWOHJLWLPDF\DQGFRYHULQJ
XSLWVIDLOLQJV7KLUGZHORRNDWFKDQJHVLQODERUDWRU\SROLF\RYHUWKHODVWIRUW\
\HDUVZKLFKSURYLGHVLQVLJKWVLQWRKRZFKDQJHVLQWKHJOREDOHFRQRP\LPSDFW
WKHGHOLYHU\RIORFDOVHUYLFHV
&KDSWHU6L[RXWOLQHVPHGLFDOODERUDWRU\VHUYLFHVLQWKHRWKHUQLQHSURY
LQFHVIRFXVLQJRQFRQQHFWLRQVEHWZHHQIXQGLQJRZQHUVKLSDQGGHOLYHU\6L[
SURYLQFHV%ULWLVK&ROXPELDWR4XHEHFXVHDPL[RISXEOLFDQGSULYDWHODER
UDWRULHVIRUFRPPXQLW\SDWLHQWV7KHUHKDVUHFHQWO\EHHQDVPDOOPRYHDZD\
IURPXVLQJIRUSUR¿WFRUSRUDWLRQVLQVWHDGJRYHUQPHQWVKDYHEHHQIRFXVLQJRQ
UHVWUXFWXULQJQRQSUR¿WVHUYLFHVDORQJ³EXVLQHVVOLQHV´KDPSHULQJWKHGHOLYHU\
RISXEOLFODERUDWRU\VHUYLFHVDQGSRVVLEO\HDVLQJWKHZD\IRUPRUHSULYDWL]DWLRQ
LQWKHIXWXUH
&KDSWHU6HYHQDGGUHVVHVWKHDUJXPHQWWKDWIRUSUR¿WODERUDWRULHVKDYHEHHQ
VRVXFFHVVIXOEHFDXVHWKH\SURYLGHPRUHFRVWHIIHFWLYHVHUYLFHDQGKHOSPHHW
JRYHUQPHQWDOJRDOVRIJUHDWHUVHUYLFHLQWHJUDWLRQ:KLOHSUREOHPVRIEXVLQHVV
VHFUHF\DQGVWUXFWXUDOGLIIHUHQFHVEHWZHHQKRVSLWDODQGFRPPXQLW\ODERUDWRU\
V\VWHPVPDNHGLUHFWFRPSDULVRQVGLI¿FXOWWKHDUJXPHQWVDQGDYDLODEOHGDWD
PDNHDFRPSHOOLQJFDVHWKDWIRUSUR¿WODERUDWRU\VHUYLFHVFRVWDWOHDVWSHUFHQW
PRUHWKDQXVLQJQRQSUR¿WLQVWLWXWLRQV$VZHOODVEHLQJPRUHH[SHQVLYHSULYDWH
FRUSRUDWLRQVKDYHSOD\HGDQDFWLYHUROHLQXQGHUFXWWLQJLQWHJUDWLRQLQLWLDWLYHV
8VLQJDIXOO\LQWHJUDWHGQRQSUR¿WODERUDWRU\V\VWHPWRGHOLYHUDOOVHUYLFHVZRXOG
OLNHO\VDYHWKH&DQDGLDQKHDOWKFDUHV\VWHPDWOHDVWPLOOLRQLQ
&KDSWHU(LJKWFRQWLQXHVWRFKDOOHQJHWKHDUJXPHQWWKDWIRUSUR¿WFRPSDQLHV
SURYLGHDEHWWHUVHUYLFHE\FRQVLGHULQJWKHHIIHFWVRIXVLQJWKHVHFRUSRUDWLRQV
RQTXDOLW\DQGDFFHVV&KDSWHU1LQHUHWXUQVWRWKHGHEDWHRQWKHXVHRIIRUSUR¿W
FRUSRUDWLRQVWRGHOLYHUSXEOLFO\IXQGHGKHDOWKFDUH7KHKLVWRU\RIODERUDWRU\
VHUYLFHVLQ&DQDGDSURYLGHVHYLGHQFHWKDWIRUSUR¿WGHOLYHU\ZRUNVDJDLQVWWKH
VXVWDLQDELOLW\DFFHVVLELOLW\TXDOLW\DQGGHPRFUDWLFFRQWURORIRXUSXEOLFKHDOWK
FDUH V\VWHP ,W LV UHFRPPHQGHG WKDW IHHIRUVHUYLFH SD\PHQWV IRU ODERUDWRU\
VHUYLFHVEHHQGHGDQGWKDWDWUDQVLWLRQWRDIXOO\LQWHJUDWHGSXEOLFQRQSUR¿W
ODERUDWRU\VHUYLFHEHJLQ