Chapter II

Theory

Kanta or often called the lens is a tool to collect or disseminate light, usually
formed from a piece of glass is formed. Similar device is used with other types of
electromagnetic radiation are also called lenses, for example, a microwave lens can be
made of "paraffin wax".

But there is also mention the lens is a transparent material (usually made of glass or
plastic) having two surfaces (one or both have a curved surface) so as to deflect light
passing

Kanta earliest recorded in ancient Greece, with Aristophanes play The Clouds (424
BC) mentions a glass-burner (a cembungdigunakan lens to focus sunlight to create
fire).
Posts Pliny the Elder (23-79) also showed that the glass-burner also known as the
Roman Empire, and called also what is probably the first use of a lens pembetul: Nero
is also known to watch the gladiators through an emerald-shaped concave (possibly
for memperbaikimyopia).
Seneca the Younger (3 BC - 65) describes the effects of enlargement of a round glass,
filled by water. Mathematicians Muslim Arab nationals Alhazen (Abu Ali al-Hasan
Ibn al-Haitham), (965-1038) wrote the first and main optical theory that explains that
the human eye lens to form an image on the retina. The spread of the use of the lens
does not occur until the invention of glasses, probably in Italy in the 1280's.

There are 2 types of lens are: convex lenses and concave lenses. The characteristics of
a convex lens:
• the center of the lens is thicker than the edges.
• is to collect light.
• point the focus is positive.
While the characteristics of concave lens:
• the center of the lens is thinner than the edges.
• are spreading the light.
• the focus point is negative.

Generally follow the curved surface of the lens equation, so the location of the focal
point of the circle can be determined easily. Sharp shadow can be easily obtained with
 this kind of lens.
•
•
• Curved surfaces that do not follow the equation of a circle, of course, still be able to
deflect the light, it's just that the location of the focus point is uncertain and
consequently no sharp shadows are formed.
• The following are examples of convex lens:

(1) (2) (3) (4)

• Look at the center of the lens is thicker than the edges!

• Lenses (1) is called convex-convex lens (bi-convex) lens (2) is called convex lens-
flat(convex-Plano), lens (3) is called a flat-convex lens (Plano-
convex), and lens (4 ) is called convex-concave lens (convex-concave).

• Examples of concave lens:

(5) (6) (7) (8)

• Look at the center of the lens is thinner than the edges!
• Lenses (4) is called concave-concave lens (bi-concave), lens (2) is called a flat-
concave lens (concave-Plano), lens (3) is called flat-concave lens (Plano-
concave),and lens (4 ) is called concave-convex lens (concave-convex).
Attributes convex lens

Convex lens is to collect light. Convex lens has the properties as follows:
• The rays coming parallel to the main axis will be refracted by a convex lens through the
focal point.
• The rays coming from the focal point refracts parallel to the main axis.
• Light rays pass through the lens center (vertex) will not
be refracted but continuedwithout experiencing refraction.

The properties of the above applies only to thin lenses and light rays are paralax.

Notice the images below:

Gambar 1. Sinar-sinar sejajar sumbu utama dibiaskan lensa cembung melewati titik fokus

Gambar 2. Sinar-sinar yang berasal dari titik fokus akan dibiaskan sejajar sumbu utama
Gambar 3. Sinar yang melewati pusat lensa (vertex) akan diteruskan tanpa dibiaskan.

Focusing convex lens

Convex lens focal point can be determined by a formula called

the lens maker formula(lens maker equation) as written below:

where:
• f = distance of the focal point of a convex lens.
• n = refractive index lens.
• R1 = radius of curvature of the surface of a lens.
• R2 = radius of curvature of the surface of two lenses.
•
Sunken Lens Attributes

Concave lens is spreading rays. Concave lens has the properties as follows:
• The rays coming parallel to the main axis will be refracted by the concave lens as if
itoriginated from the focal point.
• The rays refracted toward the focal point by a concave lens parallel to the main axis.
• Light rays pass through the lens center (vertex) will not
be refracted but continuedwithout experiencing refraction.

Sifat-sifat di atas berlaku hanya bagi lensa tipis dan sinar-sinar merupakan sinar paralax.
Gambar 3. Sinar-sinar sejajar sumbu utama dibiaskan lensa cekung seolah-olah berasal dari
titik fokus.

Gambar 2. Sinar-sinar yang menuju titik fokus dibiaskan sejajar sumbu utama.

Gambar 3. Sinar yang melewati pusat lensa (vertex) diteruskan tanpa dibiaskan.
Chapter III

Methodology

I. Tools and Equipments

1. Convex and concave lenses

Function to determine the focal point for the experiment

2. Lamp
Functions for light sources

3. Buffer lens
For enforcement lens to function better

4. Ruler
Measuring the distance to the lens light Suber

5. screen
to capture the shadow

6. power supply
as lowering the voltage
 II. Procedure

First, place the lamp, lens, and screen at a straight line.

Then, turn on the power supply (power source), so that the resulting image on the screen
Adjust the distance between the screen and the lens, so that the resulting image of the
most obvious, record observations on the observation sheet, and change the distancebetween
the lamp and the lens and set back the distance between the lens to the screen, forming a
new image that clearly