A Review: ATOMIC & MOLECULE STRUCTURE

ATOM
nucleus : Proton (1.67×10−27 kg, 1.6×10−19 coulomb)
Neutron (1.67×10−27 kg, 0 coulomb)

Elektron (9.11×10−31 kg, −1.6×10−19 coulomb)

Atomic number?
Atomic mass?
Isotope?
Bohr’s atomic model Æ quantum mechanics (electron orbitals and quantized energy levels)
Each electron has different energy level (quantum)
First quantum, shell : K(2), L(8), M(18), N(32) Æ 2n2
Second quantum, sub-shell : s(2), p(6), d(10), f(14)
Third quantum, energy level in sub-shell : sÆ1, pÆ3, dÆ5, fÆ7
Fourth quantum, spin moment : +½, −½.

Each element (atom) has a unique electron configuration

BKTK-2010, Atomic and molecule structure

BKTK-2010, Atomic and molecule structure
Orbitals in many-electron atoms
• In a many-electron atom,
each electron is
simultaneously:
– attracted to the protons
in the nucleus
– repelled by other
electrons (like-charge
repulsion)

BKTK-2010, Atomic and molecule structure

Electron Configurations and the Periodic Table

BKTK-2010, Atomic and molecule structure

Valence electrons (VE)
Electrons occupy the outermost filled shell Æ extremely important!!

ƒ complete shell Æ stable electron configuration

ƒ un-complete shell Æ un-stable configuration (reactive)

Gaining or losing electrons to reach stable electron

configuration

Atomic bonding

9 Electropositive elements Æ tends to lose its

electrons
9 Electronegative elements Æ tends to gain
electrons

BKTK-2010, Atomic and molecule structure

ELECTRONEGATIVITY
A measure of tendency of an atom to attract a bonding pair of electrons
Æ Pauling scale

BKTK-2010, Atomic and molecule structure

INTER-ATOMIC BONDING

bonding length

bonding energy

The properties of material strongly depends on

Eo and the shape of energy vs distance curve

High Eo value Æ high melting point

At room temperature; Eo > Æ solids, Eo < Æ gases, Eo intermediete Æ liquids

kkal/mole (kJ/mole)

BKTK-2010, Atomic and molecule structure

Bond Length (pm) – Bond Energy (kJ/mol)
Length Energy Length Energy

H--H 74 436 H--C 109 413

C--C 154 348 H--N 101 391
N--N 145 170 H--O 96 366
O--O 148 145 H--F 92 568
F--F 142 158 H--Cl 127 432
Cl-Cl 199 243 H--Br 141 366
Br-Br 228 193 H--I 161 298
I--I 267 151

C--C 154 348 O--O 148 145

C--N 147 308 O=O 121 498
C--O 143 360
C--S 182 272 N--N 145 170
C--F 135 488 N≡N 110 945
C--Cl 177 330
C--Br 194 288 C--C 154 348
C--I 214 216 C=C 134 614
C≡C 120 839
BKTK-2010, Atomic and molecule structure
ATOMIC BONDING TYPES

Primary bonds Æ chemical bonds

Æ stabil valence electron configuration
• Ionic bonding
• Covalent bonding
• Metallic bonding

Secondary bonds Æ physical forces

• Permanent dipoles bonding (polar molecules)
• Hydrogen bonding
• Polar molecule-induced dipole bonding
• London dispersion forces (instantaneous dispersion dipoles)

BKTK-2010, Atomic and molecule structure

How electronegativity can explain atomic bonds

1. Two elements having the same level of electronegativity

Pure covalent bonds (Cl2, F2, O2)

2. Two elements having a slight difference in electronegativy

Covalent polar bonds

3. Two elements having a strong difference in electronegativity

Ionic bonds

Examples : Compare CCl4 and CHCl3

Compare All3 dan AlF3

BKTK-2010, Atomic and molecule structure

PRIMARY BONDS

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IONIC BONDING
A stable configuration electron is reached by giving up or receiving electrons

A large difference in electronegativity

Na+ Cl- Na+ Cl- Na+

Na Æ 1e− + Na+ (Ne structure)
Cl + 1e− Æ Cl− (Ar structure)
Cl- Na+ Cl- Na+ Cl-

General material properties: Attractive force Æcoulomb

• Non-directional bond (3 dimensional bonding)
• High bonding energy (600-1500 kJ/mol)
• High melting point
• Hard and brittle
• Thermally and electrically insulative (solid phase)
• Thermal and electrical conductor (liquid phase)

BKTK-2010, Atomic and molecule structure

COVALENT BONDING
A stable electron configuration is reached by valence electron sharing
(identical element or between element having slight electronegativity difference)

Example: HCl Cl2

H
Cl

Cl Cl
General material properties:
• Directional bonds
• Bonding energy varies (diamond to polymers)
• Melting point varies (diamond:~3600°C, Hg:−39°C)
• Thermal and electrical insulator

BKTK-2010, Atomic and molecule structure

Ionic character

A B

{ }
% ionic character = 1 − exp ⎣⎡ −0.25 ⋅ ( X A − X B ) 2 ⎤⎦ × 100

XA = electronegativity of element A (the most)

XB = electronegativity of element B

The larger the difference in electronegativity, the more ”ionic” a bonding becomes

BKTK-2010, Atomic and molecule structure

METALLIC BONDING

Valence electrons freely move throughout the entire metal to form a dynamic
”electron cloud” as a ’glue’
Æ Among elements from group 1 (IA), 2 (IIA), 3 (IIIA) in the periodic table

+ + + Movable electron cloud

- -
+ + +
- -
+ + +
Ion cores
General material properties:
• Non-directional bonding
• Bonding energy varies (68 kJ/mole for Hg – 850 kJ/mol for W)
• Melting point varies
• Thermal and electrical conductors
• Ductile
• Mechanically strong

BKTK-2010, Atomic and molecule structure

SECONDARY BONDS

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PERMANENT DIPOLES INTERACTIONS

Interaction between elements having permanent dipoles (polar molecules)

δ+ δ- δ+ δ-
Hydrochloric acid
Molecule A Molecule B

BKTK-2010, Atomic and molecule structure

HYDROGEN BONDING

Example: Water molecules Bonds between molecules due to an

electrostatic force between hydrogen
atoms of one molecule and other atoms of
the other molecules that have high level of
electronegativity (O, N, F)

Hydrogen bonding
The energy bonding increases with
the number of hydrogen bondings.

BKTK-2010, Atomic and molecule structure

POLAR MOLECULE-INDUCED DIPOLES BONDING

δ+ δ- δ+ δ-

Permanent dipole Induced dipole

(polar molecules) (non-polar molecules)

H O H Cl Cl
δ+ δ- δ+ δ- δ+

BKTK-2010, Atomic and molecule structure

LONDON DISPERSION FORCES
Attractions between temporarily induced dipoles in non polar molecules
due to repulsion of negatively charged electron clouds.

δ+ δ- δ+ δ-

Instantaneous dipole Induced dipole

(non-polar molecules) (non-polar molecules)

Cl Cl Cl Cl
δ- δ+ δ- δ+

The bonding energy is considered to be the weakest among atomic

bonding types.

BKTK-2010, Atomic and molecule structure