Coimbatore Institute of Engineering and Technology.

Narasipuram, Coimbatore.

PAPER PRESENTATION

ON

PERVASIVE COMPUTING

SUBMITTED BY:

ESAI AMUTHAN.M,
amuthan90@gmail.com.
Ph:9940864484

JAYANTHKUMAR.M
jayanth.sboa@gmail.com

De
pt:CSE
YE
AR:III

1
 considerations of head and hand
ABSTRACT: positioning, most computer
Pervasive computing interface design has nothing to
illustrates a world that we are do with physical space. With
moving towards, quite rapidly. very rare exceptions,
The promise of ‘convenience’ conventional computer
implies that islands of interfaces are unaware of the
technologies will soon converge presence, much less the identity,
and simplify life even further. of human beings.Pervasive
We will finally be witness to the Computing argues that existing
long promised shift to operating system abstractions
convergence. Computing will no and services are neither
longer be a monopolizing sufficient nor necessarily
activity that shackles us to our appropriate for a pervasive
desktops. Basically easier computing infrastructure. The
computing that’s available main goal of Pervasive
everywhere as needed, devices Computing is to allow, users to
that are going to be easy to use, interact the environment’s
as simple as calculators and resources seamlessly. Pervasive
telephones or ATMs. Pervasive computing uses a profound
Computing is a shift towards operating system known as
ubiquitous computing systems, “Gaia meta-Operating
Intended to provide an enhanced System”.
living environment with digital Pervasive computing
information and demands far more of our
processing.Pervasive computing networks than ever before. Web
means that it portends for human browsing, video conferencing
kind in the next few years. To and Internet telephony have very
put it simply it is computation different network requirements
that’s freely available than such old Internet
everywhere. Scenarios where all applications like electronic mail
devices are networked, human- and file transfer. Let us consider
centric, communicate and a example “MIT’s Project
interact with each other without Oxygen”, here we describe a
any hiccups; their primary framework for redirecting data
objective being to bestow streams to devices best equipped
quality life to the user. to handle them as users move
A second key difference in the around in a building. For
pervasive computing world is instance, a user moves around,
the importance of physical this system makes it possible for
space. Current computers a sound or video stream to
obviously occupy physical “follow” her, with the stream
space, but this is usually being played at whichever best-
irrelevant. Apart from dealing equipped, available output
with limitations of "screen real device is nearest to her at any
estate" and ergonomic point in time. The key

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challenges in building this
system involve discovering
resources identified by their
location and in developing an
architecture that achieves
seamless stream redirection. In
this paper We describe how our
design and implementation
meets these challenges
Introduction
Pervasive Computing is
a shift towards ubiquitous
computing systems, Intended to
provide an enhanced living
environment with digital
information and processing.
"Things that think
want to link", Nicholas
Negraponte of MIT Media Labs
is quoted as saying. The doctrine
of pervasive computing.
Pervasive computing
means that it portends for human
kind in the next few years. To
put it simply it is computation
that’s freely available
everywhere. Scenarios where all
devices are networked, human-
centric, communicate and
interact with each other without
any hiccups; their primary
objective being to bestow
quality life to the user.
Pervasive computing
demands far more of our
networks than ever before. Web
browsing, video conferencing
and Internet telephony have very
different network requirements
than such old Internet
applications like electronic mail
and file transfer.
Pervasive Computing
can be embedded in the
communication medium and it
3
is distributed in wide-area. Not
protocol but agents with well
specified behavior executing in
places in the network can place
intelligence in the network.
Agents enhance the autonomy,
intelligence, and mobility of
software objects and allow them
to perform collective and
distributed tasks across the
network.
Agents may be
dispatched to nodes across the
routes in a network, and will be
responsible for the maintenance
of services through the virtual
private networks (VPN)
created. Maintenance of a VPN
may involve dynamic
reconfiguration, rerouting of
connections, and re-negotiation
of QoS targets.
Pervasive Computing
argues that existing operating
system abstractions and services
are neither sufficient nor
necessarily appropriate for a
pervasive computing
infrastructure. The main goal of
Pervasive Computing is to
allow, users to interact the
environment’s resources
seamlessly. Pervasive
computing uses a profound
operating system known as
“Gaia meta-Operating
System”.
Let us consider a
example “MIT’s Project
Oxygen”, here we describe a
framework for redirecting data
streams to devices best equipped
to handle them as users move
around in a building. For
instance, a user moves around, appropriate to which the device
this system makes it possible for is connected
a sound or video stream to MAIN REQUIREMENTS
“follow” her, with the stream 1.CONTEXT
being played at whichever best-
equipped, available output AWARENES.
device is nearest to her at any Context Awareness is the
point in time. The key method of integrating the
challenges in building this information in the device about
system involve discovering the device and its environments.
resources identified by their 2.SERVICE
location and in developing an DISCOVERY
architecture that achieves Service Discovery will
seamless stream redirection. We be seen briefly in the
describe how our design and methodology phase.
implementation meets these
challenges. Methodology
ENVIRONMENT (Real 1.Service Discovery
Service Discovery can
World)
benefit pervasive computing
The environment
environments, where numerous
constitutes the embedded
elements and sensors often
devices and the surroundings.
interacts to achieve the desired
FRONT-END functionality and intelligent. In
Front-End gets data from such environment, self-
the environment and passes data advertisement and peer
to the Back-End tool. It also discovery can enable the
updates the database with the pervasive space to dynamically
current data. This is done in an change and evolve without
user friendly format. major system reengineering.
BACK-END. Service discovery has
Back-End process the come a long way to becoming a
data sent by the front-end, this major standardization and
processed information is development efforts. The front-
updated refers to the knowledge runners of Pervasive computing
base and decides the necessary are:
action. The action to be taken is  Jini,
passed to the front-end which  Universal Plug and Play
then activates the action (UPnP),
module.  INS (Intentional Naming
ACTIONS System),
Actions that may be  Salutation, and Service
taken are giving appropriate Location Protocol
information taking physical 2.QoS, Resource
actions to the environment. Management
After the discovery of

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 The QoS (Quality of prevailing network conditions,
Service) and Resource or to needs of the users.
management is essential in 4.Sensor network
pervasive computing area. A In a typical sensor
broader set of resources may network, the individual sensors
include computation, storage, sample local values
and services from other (measurements) and disseminate
providers as well as bandwidth. information as needed to other
Independencies between sensors and eventually to the
different type of resources, observer. The measurements
service-specific notions of QoS taken by the sensors are discrete
should be considered. The samples of the physical
challenge is to accommodate phenomenon subject to
service-specific qualities of individual sensor measurement
service and resource accuracy as well as location with
management policies for a large respect to the phenomenon.
number of service providers. Sensor networks share
Resource management many of the challenges of
mechanisms should be flexible traditional wireless networks,
so that resource management including limited energy
policies are customizable by available to each node and
applications and service bandwidth-limited, error-prone
providers. channels. However,
3. Network adaptation communication in sensor
The real goal of adaptive networks differs from
networking is to provide good communication in other types of
end-to-end service, where the networks in that it is typically
end points are located in not end-to-end. More
applications. The heterogeneity specifically, the function of the
of the environment can be network is to report information
overcome by tailoring network regarding the phenomenon to
processing to the available the observer who is not
resources.. Without considering necessarily aware of the sensor
the needs of applications and network infrastructure and the
their users, no adaptive solution individual sensors as an end-
at the network level alone can point of communication.
solve the entire problem. Operating System
Adaptive solutions to network
problems embrace many Behind Pervasive
interesting variations: the Computing :
various proxies, active  Wireless Microservers.
networks and intelligent  Background.
agents. All adapt to changing  Possibilities.
conditions specific to the data  How to Implement the
transmission requested, or to Microsevers ?

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 Connection To Wireless Bluetooth- short-range radio
microserver. technology
 Service Discovery 2 ways to setup connection
 Implementation Options for  User request-searches for all
Distribution of UI to Bluetooth devices in the
Servers. user’s proximity
 Various Implementations.  Discoverable mode-once the
 A Middleware Infrastructure user terminal comes into the
for Active Spaces. proximity of a Bluetooth
o Gaia Overview. device, the terminal is
o Gaia Services. alerted.
o Gaia Security Implementation Options
Service for Distribution of UI to
Wireless Microservers : Servers.
Background: 1. Preprogrammed
Server
 Microserver-a small,
cost-efficient web-server
that is integrated or
plugged directly into a
device
 Nokia and the University
of Dortmund have
created a low-power
wireless microserver Advantages: Minimizes effort
Possibilities: needed from user’s connection
 Real interaction instead of device or by the manufacture
one-way commands being company of the device the
sent from the user. server is connected to
 Location-aware computing Disadvantages: Unnecessary
 Limit the redundancy of cost , may not have the proper
commands amongst multiple UI for the user’s device
devices 2. Server downloads UI
 Provide Internet access to from device
devices without using a PC.
Implementation of the
Microservers ?
 Mobile phone vs. PDA
 Though the PDA may have
more resources, the mobile
phone was selected because
it is more prevalent in
today’s society.
Service Discovery :

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Advantages: Server is cheaper using a Bluetooth enabled
Disadvantages: Device is more phone.
expensive, Difficult to update UI A Middleware
Infrastructure for Active
3. Server downloads UI Spaces
from Internet using PC  Physical Space is
connection geographical area and
the items contained
within it.
 Active Space context-
aware coordinated
physical space.
Goal:
Allows users to interact the
environment’s resources
seamlessly.
Advantages: Easier to update
Solution:
user interface
Use Gaia meta-operating
Disadvantages: Requires more
system.
effort from the user
4. Server downloads UI Gaia: Overview
from Internet using
mobile phone
Advantages: “One server fits
all”, Advertisements may be
shown to users, Easy to upgrade
UI, generate more profit by
offering a basic UI and a
premium UI
Disadvantages: Cost of air-
time for the mobile phone to
download the UI
Implementations:
 Author implemented a WAP Gaia Kernel: CMC
application to control  Component Management
PowerPoint presentations Core – Manages basic
using a Bluetooth phone. software unit.
 Author implemented a MP3
player play list editor
running on a Bluetooth-
equipped laptop
 Currently software is
available to control a
computer running a Mac OS

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Gaia Kernel: Services
 Context Service
 Context File System
 Component
Repository
 Event Manager
 Presence Service
 Space Repository
 Security Service
Gaia Kernel: Context
Service
 Defines context
properties and operations
that can be performed.
 Context providers (kept
in registry) – sensors or
other components
which can infer context.
Gaia Kernel: Context File
System
Two modes of operation:
• File – traditional
directory hierarchy
• Context – directory
structure based on
context
 Easier for application to
find information on their
own.
Gaia Kernel:
Component Repository &
Event Manager
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 Component Repository
keeps copies of all
components. Allows
browsing, storing, and
uploading.
 Event Manager provides
means of communication
using a
consumer/supplier
model.
Gaia Kernel: Presence
Service
 Notifies the active space
of the state of the entities
 Supplies events on
presence channels
(different channels for
people,devices,services).
 Software components
notify their existence
using a ‘heartbeat’ (sent
at a regular interval).
 People are discovered
through sensors.
Gaia Kernel: Space
Repository & Security
 Space Repository
(database) keeps track of
all active
devices/services
available in the space.
 Information is kept in
XML format so that it
can be queried easily
Security still in development.
 Uses modules separate
from application to
handle authentication
Gaia Application
Framework
 MVC (Model View
Controller) bad fit for
Gaia.
  Gaia MPCC (Model
Presentation Controller
Coordinator);
decoupling of hardware
and software.
A Real Time
Application
In this example we
present and describe in detail an
architecture for achieving
application-level stream
redirection that enables a user to
begin playing a media file and
have the data stream follow her
as she moves from room to
room. We also describe a
working implementation that
showcases our architecture’s
flexibility.
Our design uses two
technologies to achieve the
aforementioned requirements: it
uses the Cricket location
support system so that the
system can learn of the user’s
physical location wherever she
goes, and it uses the Intentional
Naming System (INS) network
resource location system to find
out which speakers or displays
are available for use in each
room.
The user carries a
handheld mobile device with
network connectivity wherever
she goes. This handheld device
has attached to it a piece of
hardware called a Cricket
listener, which learns of its
location by listening to signals
coming from Cricket beacons
installed in every room. Our
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software, running on the user’s
handheld device, learns of the
user’s location thanks to Cricket
and asks INS if there are any
available speakers in that room
that may be used for playing
music. If there are, the user can
select which media file she
wants to play and it will begin
playing in a speaker in the
current room.
As the user moves to
another room, the software
detects this change and asks INS
for speakers in the user’s new
location; as soon as one is
found, it instructs the new
speaker to begin playing the
media file from the point where
the other one left off. As far as
the user is concerned, the media
file has automatically “followed
her” from one room to another.
Framework Components
Our framework is made
up of four components that
interact with each other through
well-specified interfaces
1.Media Server: This is the
host where the media files that
are to be played reside. Our
system can interact with
unmodified servers (such as web
servers or FTP servers), so the
media server is actually an
external component of the
framework. We can use existing
servers as they are, as long as
they support starting a transfer
from any byte offset set. No
modification to the server is
necessary to have it interact with
the rest of our framework.
2.Media Sink: This is where the
media files are being played; in
our previous
example, the speakers are
the media sink.
3.Media Sink Proxy: Since
actual media sinks will very
likely lack computational
abilities, we need a piece of
software that can communicate
with the rest of the system on
behalf of the media sink. The
media sink proxy is the piece of
software that is the actual media
sink’s portal to the rest of the
system. Its duties include
communicating with the server
to get the stream data and
sending the data to the sink so
the media file can be played
(how this is actually done is
sink-dependent but ultimately
transparent to the rest of the
framework).
4.Controller: This is the piece
of software running on the
handheld device. Its duties
include finding out its location,
detecting motion from one
location to another, and
communication with a sink
proxy to initiate a media file
transfer.
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2.Physical Location
Discovery
The first thing that will
happen when the controller
software is run is that the
Cricket listener attached to it
will inform it of its physical
location Said location is opaque
to the controller; this means that
it is simply a string of characters
that the controller receives but
need not interpret.
In general, location
information is simply used to
figure out which sink proxies are
running in the same location as
the controller. It is unimportant
exactly what this location string
is or how it is constructed; it
suffices only that the location
string determined by the
controller matches the one being
announced by the sink proxy.
Sink proxies, thus, must also
figure out their location
information. In the case of a sink
proxy, the location information
(which is also opaque) may be
given as a static, non-changing
string (which may be useful if
the sink proxy is running on a
desktop computer whose
location is known and fixed).
However, it is also possible to
interface a physical location
system such as Cricket to the
computer where the sink proxy
is running so that its location
may be given by the beacon in
the room.

3.Announcement of Sink
Resources
When the media sink
proxy software is run, it must
first figure out its location. Once
it does so, it must announce
itself to the network so that it
may be found by controllers
interested in initiating
connection. For this purpose, the
sink proxy communicates with a
network resource location
system such as INS, sending it
an announcement informing it of
its existence and its location
information. Other information
should be included in this
network announcement; the sink
proxy should reveal not only its
physical location, but also some
information the controller may
use to contact it, as well as
which type of sink it is and the
transport type it accepts.
Conclusion
Pervasive computing is
all about network service
because every service in
pervasive computing
environment needs network
support and pervasive
computing cannot exist without
network infrastructure. That’s
why almost all current pervasive
computing projects assume they
have an active network or
intelligent network as the lower
infrastructure.
Pervasive computing
illustrates a world that we are
moving towards, quite rapidly.
The promise of ‘convenience’
implies that islands of
technologies will soon converge
and simplify life even further.
We will finally be witness to the
long promised shift to
convergence. Computing will no
longer be a monopolizing
activity that shackles us to our
desktops. Basically easier
computing that’s available
everywhere as needed, devices
that are going to be easy to use,
a as simple as calculators and
telephones or ATMs.
The relationship to
computation in its pervasive
form will be different from our
relationship to its current
computation. The first
difference is the explicitness of
the computational task.
Presently people think in terms
of performing explicit tasks "on
the computer"--creating
documents, sending e-mail, and
so on. When computation is part
of the environment, this
comfortable explicitness will
disappear. Individuals will do
whatever they normally do:
move around, use objects, see
and talk to each other.
A second key difference
in the pervasive computing
11
world is the importance of
physical space. Current
computers obviously occupy
physical space, but this is
usually irrelevant. Apart from
dealing with limitations of
"screen real estate" and
ergonomic considerations of
head and hand positioning, most
computer interface design has
nothing to do with physical
space. With very rare
exceptions, conventional
computer interfaces are unaware
of the presence, much less the
identity, of human beings.

Are you ready to

enter in to the world of
digital computing………

Reference

 Hartwig, Stephan, Jan-

Peter Stromann, and
Peter Resch. "Wireless
microservers." IEEE
Pervasive Computing.
Vol. 1

 Roman, Manuel, et al.

"A Middle Infrastructure
for Active
Spaces." IEEE Pervasive
Computing. Vol. 1, No.
4

 MiJeom Kim
University of Texas at Arlington

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