CHEMICAL BONDS

• IONIC BOND – To predict the formulae of ionic compounds

based on the electron arrangement.
- To describe the formation of ionic bond.
To draw the diagram of the formation of
ionic bond.

• COVALENT BONDS –To predict the formulae of molecules of elements or covalent

compounds as well as the types of covalent bond.
-To describe the formation of covalent bonds.
-To draw the diagram of the formation of covalent bonds

PROPERTIES OF IONIC AND COVALENT COMPOUNDS

-To states and explain the properties from the

• IONIC COMPOUNDS aspect of melting point, electrical

conductivity.
• COVALENT COMPOUNDS
-To state the solubility in water and organic
solvents
-To differentiate between ionic compounds
and covalent compounds.

TO ANSWER THE SPM FORMAT QUESTIONS WHICH

COMBINES THE TOPICS OF PERIODIC TABLE AND
CHEMICAL BONDS

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CHEMICAL BONDS
Bonds between Atoms
Bonds are formed when two or more atoms of elements bond together. Atoms form chemical bonds to attain a stable duplet or octet
electron arrangement. There are two types of chemical bond, IONIC BOND and COVALENT BONDS.
I. IONIC BOND
1. Ionic bond is formed between atoms of metal elements that release electrons to atoms of non-metal elements.
2. Atoms of elements that release the electrons form positive ions and atoms that received the electrons form negatively
charged ion to attain a stable electron arrangement like noble gases (octet or duplet arrangement).
Example: Na → Na+ + e O + 2e → O2-
2.6 2.8
2.8.1 2.8
8+ 8+
11+ 11+ 8- 10-
11- 10-
( total charge = 0) (total charge = +1) (total charge = 0) (total charge = - 2)
3. Positive ions will pull the negative ions with strong electrostatic attraction.
4. Ionic bond is usually formed by atoms from group 1,2 and 13 (metal) with group 15,16 and 17 (non-metal).
5. The maximum number of electrons transferred in the formation of ionic bond is usually three. For example, atoms of
elements in group 1,2 and 13 release 1,2 and 3 electrons to form charged ions +1, +2 and +3. Atoms of elements in group
15, 16 and 17 receive 3, 2 and 1 electrons to form charged ions –3,-2 and –1.
6. Examples:
i. Sodium Chloride

Predict the formula:

Na 2.8. 1 Na→Na+ + e Na+ Cl- = NaCl [cross the charge to get the formula]
Cl 2.8.7 Cl + e → Cl- 1 1
a. Electron arrangement of sodium atom is __________.
b. Sodium atom has one valence electron. By releasing this electron, sodium atom forms __________ ion to achieve a stable
octet arrangement i.e. ________ .
c. Electron arrangement of chlorine atom is _______ .
d. Chlorine atom has seven valence electrons. By receiving ______electron, chlorine atom forms _________ ion with an octet
electron arrangement i.e. ______ .
e. Na+ ions attract Cl- ions with strong ______________ attraction. The bond formed is called ionic bond.
Draw the diagram:
+ -

+
Na atom Cl atom Na+ ion Cl- ion

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 ii. Magnesium oxide
Predict the formulae:
Element Proton Electron Mg → Mg2+ + 2e Mg2+ - →→ Mg2O2 = MgO
Number Arrangement O + 2e → O2- Cross the charge coefficient +2 -2
Mg 12 2.8.2 a. The electron arrangement of magnesium atom is _______
O 8 2.6
b. Magnesium atom has ______ electron in the outer shell. Therefore magnesium
atom is not _________. To achieve a stable electron arrangement, magnesium atom releases ____ valence electrons to form
______ ion.
c. The electron arrangement of oxygen atom is 2.6.
d. Oxygen atom is also unstable . To achieve a stable electron arrangement, oxygen atom has to ____________ 2 electrons to
form oxide ion, ______.
e. Therefore, when magnesium atom releases ______ electrons to oxygen atom, a strong ________ attraction is formed
between ______ ion and ________ion.
Draw the diagram:

Mg atom O atom Mg2+ ion O2- ion

iii. Magnesium Chloride:
Predict the formulae:
Element Proton Electron Determine the charge:
Cross the charge Formulae:
Number Arrangement coefficient
Mg 12 =
Cl 17
Descriptions:
a The electron arrangement of magnesium atom is _________
b Magnesium atom has ____ electrons in the outer shell. Therefore, magnesium atom is not _________.To achieve a stable
electron arrangement, magnesium atom releases ____ valence electrons to form ______ ion .
c The electron arrangement of chlorine atom is ________
d Chlorine atom is also unstable . To achieve a stable electron arrangemant, chlorine atom must ____________ 1 electron to
form chloride ions with electron arrangement __________.
e As such, ______ magnesium atom released ______ electrons to ______ chlorine atom.
f Therefore, when the magnesium atom donates ______ electrons to chlorine atom,a strong ________ attraction is formed
between ______ ion and ________ ion.
Diagram:

II. COVALENT BONDS

1. This bond is formed when two or more similar or different atoms share valence electrons between them, so that each atom
gets the octet/duplet electron arrangement that is a stable electron arrangement for noble gases.
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 2. Normally, this bond is formed when non-metal atoms bond together [atoms from group 14,15,16 & 17]
3. The number of electrons shared can be one pair , two pairs or three pairs. The product of the sharing between atoms is called
neutral molecule. The force that exist between molecules is Van Der Waals force that is weak between small molecules. This
force becomes stronger when the molecule size increases.
4. Examples :
i. Hydrogen molecule;
a Hydrogen atom has one electron in the first shell, with an electron arrangement of one and needs one electron to attain a
duplet electron arrangement which is a stable electron arrangement.
b Two hydrogen atoms sharing a pair of electrons form a hydrogen molecule.
c Both hydrogen atoms achieve a duplet electron arrangement.
Diagram:
share

H Atom H Atom Hydrogen molecule

-The number of electron pairs shared : 1 pair – Single covalent bond

ii.Oxygen molecule
a Oxygen atom with a 2.6 electron arrangement lacks two electrons to achieve __________ electron arrangement that is stable.
b Two oxygen atoms sharing__________ pairs of electrons to achieve a stable electron arrangement, form an oxygen
molecule.Each oxygen atom achieves ___________ electron arrangement, that is stable.
Diagram:

-The number of electron pairs shared : ____ pairs –double covalent bonds.
iii Nitrogen molecule
a Nitrogen atom with a 2.5 electron arrangement lacks__________ electrons to achieve ________ electron arrangement, that is
stable.
b Two nitrogen atoms sharing ____________ pairs of electrons to achieve an octet electron arrangement, form a nitrogen
molecule . Each nitrogen atom can achieve ____________ electron arrangement, that is stable.

Diagram:

-The number of electron pairs shared: ____ pairs – triple covalent bond.

iv. Hydrogen chloride molecule

Predict the formulae
Cross the number of electrons each atom needs
Element Proton Electron From the table: H1Cl1 → HCl
H needs 1 electron 4
Cl needs 1 electron
 Number Arrangement
H 1 1

Cl 17 2.8.7
Description
a Hydrogen atom with 1 valence electron needs 1 electron to achieve a stable __________ electron arrangement.
b Chlorine atom with an electron arrangement 2.8.7 needs 1 electron to achieve _________electron arrangement
c One chlorine atom sharing __________ pairs of electrons with one hydrogen atom form hydrogen chloride_________ .

Diagram:

V Water Molecule
Predict the formulae:
Element Proton Electron From the Table:
Number Arrangement H needs 1 electron Cross the number of electrons each atom needs.
H 1 1
O 8 2.6 O needs 2 electrons H2O

Description: Diagram:

Vi The molecule formed between carbon and chlorine

Predict the formulae
Element Proton Number Electron C needs ___ electrons Cross the number of electrons each atom needs

Arrangement Cl needs ___ electrons

C 6
Cl 17
Description : Diagram:

III COMPARISON BETWEEN THE FORMATION OF IONIC AND COVALENT BONDS

Ionic Bond Covalent Bond
Type of material Between metals (Group 1 ,2 and 13) and Between non-metal and non metals (Group
Non-metals (Group 14,15 and 16) 14, 15 and 16)
Electron Electron is released by metal atoms and received by non- Pairs of electrons are shared by the same or
metal atoms (electron transfer) different non-metal atoms.
Type of particle Metal – positive ion Neutral molecule
produced Non-metal – negative ion

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How to predict the Do charge and cross Do “need” and cross
formulae
Example of + 2- + OO
XX XX XX XX
diagram O O
O
X O X X X
X X O O X X X O X D X O X
A E A E E
X X X X X X X O X X O X
X O X X O X
O O
XX XX XX XX
OO

With brackets and charges.

Crossed outermost shell.

Excercise : Use the information in the table below to answer the following questions.

Element P Q R S T U
Proton number 3 11 12 6 8 9
Based on the information in the above table, draw the dot and cross diagram (Lewis model) for the following compounds:
i. P and U ii. Q and T

iii. R and T iv. R and U

v. S and T vi. S and U

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V COMPARISON BETWEEN THE PHYSICAL PROPERTIES OF IONIC AND COVALENT COMPOUNDS

IONIC COMPOUND COVALENT COMPOUND

Melting point/Boiling -high because positive ions and negative ions are
point pulled by strong electrostatic attraction force.
- large amount of energy is needed to overcome it
Electrical conductivity - Cannot conduct electricity when in solid form but
is able to conduct electricity when in molten or
aqueous form.
-In molten/aqueous state, the ions are free to move to
be attracted to the anode/cathode but in solid form
the ions are not free to move.
Water Solubility - Most are soluble in water because water is a polar
molecule
Volatility -Non-volatile because ions are pulled by strong
electrostatic attraction.
-Low because of the weak “ Van der Waals” force
between molecules
-Little energy is needed to overcome it.
- Giant molecules such as silicon dioxide have very
high melting and boiling point.
-Cannot conduct electricity at all.
- As covalent compound is made up of neutral
molecules, it cannot be attracted by anode/cathode
-Insoluble in water but soluble in organic solvents
except polar covalent molecules such as hydrogen
chloride.
-Highly volatile because of the weak Van der Waals
force.

Latihan:

SOALAN-SOALAN SPM[Esei, Struktur dan objektif]

1. [Esei]
Unsur Susunan elektron
X 2.8.2
Y 2.8.7
Z 2.4
Jadual 1
Unsur X,Y dan Z mempunyai susunan electron seperti dalam Jadual 1. X dan Z masing-masing boleh membentuk ikatan dengan
Y.

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 a) Apakah perbezaan antara unsur X dengan Y dari segi keelektronegatifan. Terangkan mengapa perbezaan ini wujud?
(4 markah)
b) Nyatakan jenis ikatan dan terangkan bagaimana ikatan terbentuk antara
i) X dengan Y dan
ii) Z dengan Y
(11 markah)
c) Nyatakan satu sifat fizik yang membezakan antara sebatian (b)(i) dengan sebatian di (b)(ii) dan berdasarkan sifat yang
dinyatakan itu, terangkan mengapa terdapat perbezaan tersebut.

(5 markah)

2. [Esei]
Unsur Susunan electron
W 2.6
X 2.8.2.
Y 2.8.7
Jadual 2

Jadual 2 menunjukkan susunan elektron bagi unsur W,X dan Y

a) Terangkan dari segi susunan elektron bagaimana ikatan kimia terbentuk antara
i) W dengan W (5 markah)
ii) X dengan Y (7 markah)

b) Gas W dan unsur X bertindak balas untuk menghasilkan suatu pepejal putih
i) Tuliskan persamaan kimia bagi tindakbalas antara gas W dan unsur X
(1 markah)
ii) Nyatakan sifat fizik bagi pepejal putih itu (3 markah)

c) Terangkan kedudukan unsur Y didalam Jadual Berkala (4 markah)

3. [Esei]
Dua unsur dalam satu kumpulan dalam Jadual Berkala
mempunyai kereaktifan yang berbeza

a) Dengan menamakan dua unsur, terangkan kenyataan itu (4 markah)

b)
i) Unsur R dan unsur Q ialah dua unsur dalam Kala 2 dalam jadual berkala. Unsur R akan membentuk sebatian
ion dengan klorin, manakala unsur Q akan membentuk sebatian kovalen dengan klorin. Terangkan dari segi
susunan elektron bagaimana kedua-dua jenis sebatian itu terbentuk
( 12 markah)

ii) Terangkan mengapa sebatian ion boleh dielektrolisis manakala sebatian kovalen tidak boleh dielektrolisis
(4 markah)

4. [Struktur]

1 2 13 14 15 16 17 18

E G
J L M Q
R Unsur peralihan

T
Rajah 1
Rajah 1 menunjukkan kedudukan lapan unsur diwakili oleh huruf E,G,J.L,M,Q,R dan T dalam Jadual Berkala. Berdasarkan
Jadual berkala dalam Rajah 1, dengan menggunakan huruf itu sebagai simbol jawab soalan berikut

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 a) Empat daripada unsur di atas ialah logam. Nyatakan empat unsur itu.

_____________________________________________________________

b) Tuliskan formula bagi ion yang terbentuk daripada L

_____________________________________________________________

c) Tuliskan susunan elektron bagi atom G

_____________________________________________________________

d) E boleh berpadu degan Q untuk membentuk satu sebatian

i) Apakah jenis ikatan dalam sebatian yang terbentuk?

____________________________________________________

ii) Lukiskan susunan elektron dalam sebatian yang terbentuk di (f)(i)?

e) J berpadu dengan Q membentuk satu sebatian juga. Lukiskan susunan elektron dalam sebatian ini

f) Tuliskan persamaan bagi tindakbalas yang berlaku antara R dengan Q

_______________________________________________________________

5.[Objektif]
Zarah Nombor Atom Nombor Jisim Bilangan elektron
E 11 23 10
Q 11 23 11
R 17 35 17
T 17 37 17
Jadual 2
Antara yang berikut, yang manakah benar tentang zarah E, Q, R dan T dalam Jadual 2?
I E dan Q ialah zarah unsur yang sama
II E ialah ion positif bagi atom Q
III Q bertindak balas dengan R membentuk sebatian ionik
IV R dan T ialah isotop bagi unsur yang sama

A I dan III sahaja B II dan IV sahaja C I, II dan IV sahaja D I,II,III dan IV (SPM 1995)

6. Jadual berikut menunjukkan nombor atom bagi empat unsur yang diwakili oleh huruf P, Q, R, S.

Unsur P Q R S
Nombor atom 8 13 17 20

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 Yang manakah antara berikut yang mempunyai bilangan elektron yang sama ?
A. P2- , S2+ B.P2- , Q3+ C. Q3+ , R- D. R- , S2+

8.
Zarah Nombor Atom Bilangan Elektron
W 17 18
X 12 12
Y 17 17
Z 12 10

Jadual menunjukkan nombor atom dan bilangan elektron bagi zarah W, X, Y dan Z. Antara berikut, yang manakan adalan anion ?
A. W B. X C. Y D. Z SPM 2001

9.
Unsur E G J L M
No Atom 6 8 9 11 12
Jadual menunjukkan jadual nombor atom bagi unsur E , G , J , L dan M. Antara berikut, pasangan manakah yang membentuk sebatian
yang tidak larut dalam air.
A. E dan J B. J dan L C. G dan L D. L dan M SPM 2001

10.[Struktur]
Unsu No Atom
r
X 19
Y 11
Jadual menunjukkan no atom bagi unsur X dan Y. Unsur X dan Y bertindakbalas dengan oksigen . Kereaktifan tindakbalas unsur X
dengan oksigen lebih cergas dari unsur Y dengan oksigen.

(a) (i) Tulis susunan elektron bagi atom X

…………………………………………………………………………………………………………… [ 1]

(ii)Nyatakan Kumpulan bagi atom X dalam jadual berkala .

…………………………………………………………………………………………………………………..[1]

(iii) Nyatakan Kala bagi unsur X dalam jadual berkala.

……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………[1]

(b) Lukis gambarajah susunan elektron bagi sebatian yang terbentuk daripada tindakbalas unsur Y demgan oksigen.
[ Nombor atom oksigen ialah 8]

[2]
(c) Tindakbalas unsur X dengan oksigen lebih cergas dari tindakbalas unsur Y dengan oksigen.
Terangkan pernyataan ini berdasarkan susunan elektron.

[3]

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(d) Unsur Z dengan no proton 10 dan no nukleon 20. Terangkan mengapa unsur Z tidak bertindakbalas dengan unsur Y

[2] SPM 2001

Jadual menunjukkan nombor atom dan susunan electron unsur-unsur dalam satu kala jadual berkala.
Unsur S T U V W X Y Z
Nombor atom 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18
Susunan elektron 2.8.1 2.8.4 2.8.8

(a) Tuliskan susunan elektron bagi atom X.

…………………………………………………………………………………………[ 1 markah]
(b) Nyatakan satu unsur yang wujud sebagai molekul dwiatom pada suhu bilik.

…………………………………………………………………………………………[ 1 markah]

(c) (i) Nyatakan satu unsur yang bertindak balas cergas dengan air untuk membentuk
alkali.

……………………………………………………………………………………[ 1 markah]
(ii) Tuliskan persamaan kimia bagi tindak balas ini.

……………………………………………………………………………………[1 markah]

(d) Tuliskan formula ion yang terbentuk daripada unsur U.

……………………………………………………………………………………….[1 markah]
(e) Unsur-unsur dalam kala ini boleh bertindak balas dengan oksigen.

(i) Bagaimanakah sifat oksida unsur berubah dari unsur S ke unsur Y?

…………………………………………………………………………………… [1 markah]
(ii) Tulis formula oksida bagi unsur V.

…………………………………………………………………………………… [1 markah]
(iii) Berikan satu sifat fizik bagi oksida V.

…………………………………………………………………………………… [ 1 markah]
g) Terangkan perubahan keelektronegatifan atom unsur T ke Z (merentasi kala dari kiri ke kanan)

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