Documenti di Didattica
Documenti di Professioni
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Metal Coupons As
Environmental Sensors
Virginia Costa
and
David Thickett
English Heritage
Measuring Environments
Compare environments
Find problems
Research into environments
Research into mitigation methods
Compliance testing
English Heritage
Temperature in °C
0
5
10
15
20
25
08/10/2003
29/10/2003
19/11/2003
10/12/2003
31/12/2003
21/01/2004
11/02/2004
04/03/2004
25/03/2004
15/04/2004
06/05/2004
27/05/2004
17/06/2004
08/07/2004
29/07/2004
Relative Humidity
19/08/2004
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
80
90
100
Relative Humidity in %
English Heritage Particulates
6000 6000
number of particles
4000 4000
>5.0μm >7.5μm >5.0μm >7.5μm
3000 >10.0μm >15.0μm 3000 >10.0μm >15.0μm
2000 2000
1000 1000
0 0
1.00 1.25 1.50 1.75 2.00 2.20 2.45 2.70 2.95 3.20
time (days) time (days)
Dosimeter
Environment
RH
condensation
[SO2] Object
[NOx] Composition
[O3] Metallurgy
[H2S] Use
[COS] History
[HCl] Conservation
particulates
English Heritage
Pb(CHO2)2 143
PbO 108
PbCO3 129
Pb(CH3CO2)2 157
2PbCO3.Pb(OH)2 125
6PbCO3.3Pb(OH)2.PbO 120
Pb(CH3CO2)2.3H2O 183
Pb(CH3CO2)2.Pb(OH)2.H2O 141
English Heritage
Corrosion Rate Determination
Mass gain Need to quantify corrosion products for
comparison
Metal mass loss Need to correct for stripping agent effect on metal
(chemical) problems re-corrosion on drying
170
165
weight (mg)
160
Metal Solution
y = -0.42x + 155.15
155
150
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10
Immersion Number
English Heritage
Instrumental Analysis
X-ray diffraction
Fourier transform infra-red spectroscopy
Scanning electron microscopy
Image analysis
X-ray fluorescence
X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy
Secondary ion mass spectrometry
Mossbauer spectroscopy
Analytical Regimes for Silver Tarnish
English Heritage
COUPONS
OBJECTS
SEM-EDX
Error approximately 6-7% of value cf SEM-EDX
calibrated with CRMs, non systematic
Error consecutive readings on same coupon (expo Tyvek
10um dust cover) approx 10% of value
English Heritage
X-ray Diffraction
Image omitted for copyright
FTIR calibration – iron 342 spectra
English Heritage
Geothite 123456
Lepidocrite 123456
Akaganeite 123456 Geothite 12345678910
Magnetite 123456
Maghemite 123456
Hematite 123456
Green rust I 123456
Green rust II 123456
Fe(II)Cl 123456
Fe(III)Cl 123456
Amorph A 123456
Amorph B 123456
Quartz 123456 Lepidocrite 12345678910
Kaolinite 123456 Lepidocrite 12345678910
English Heritage
English Heritage
EXCHANGE
TELEPHONE
7*
REPEATER STATION
5*6#
APPARATUS ROOM
Barrier
4#
Fan
ADMIRALTY CASEMATE
Metal coupons
* & dust slides
Metal coupons
1# & dust slides &
# logger
2*
8*
3*
9*
English Heritage
Location results
Admiralty 3m
Admiralty 1m
Apparatus Room
Repeater Station 3m in
Repeater Station 1m in
Repeater Station at barrier
Telephone Exchange inside unit
Telephone Exchange 3m in
Telephone Exchange at barrier
EFFECT OF DUST
English Heritage
Corrosion Control
RH
Chemical gases
Dust
Coatings
Chemical Inhibitors
Solid phase, BTA
Vapour phase
English Heritage
English Heritage
English Heritage
Showcase Sealing Effectiveness
80
70
60
50
40
30
20 dust
NO2
10
calc
0
0 0,5 1 1,5 2 2,5
English Heritage
Walmer, apsley, brodsworth
2 maritime
2 rural
2 urban
Ag, Cu, Pb and steel
English Heritage
Site Corrosion Risk
RH NO2 O3 SO2 H2S Dust chloride
% ppb ppb ppb ppb %cov/30d mg/cm2/d
Apsley
Rangers
Brodsworth
Audley End
Walmer
Dover
0
English Heritage
-500
i (A/cm²)
-1000
APSELY (Ag / H)
China room
Dinning room
-1500 China case
-2000
-2,0 -1,5 -1,0 -0,5
E (VMSE)
Apsley / Ag (side)
0
English Heritage
-500
i (A/cm²)
-1000
APSLEY (Ag/CR)
H
B
-1500
0
-2000
-2,0 -1,5 -1,0 -0,5
-500 E(Vmse)
i (A/cm²)
APSLEY (Ag/DR)
-1000 H
B
0
-1500
-2,0 -1,5 -1,0 -0,5
E (Vmse)
-200
i (A/cm²)
APSLEY (Ag/CCase)
same peaks -400
H
B
≠ areas
-600
-1,5 -1,0 -0,5
E (Vmse)
Apsley / quantification
700
600
charge (uC/cm²)
500
400
300
200
100
0
h b h b h b
APSLEY (Cu)
« protective » effect of case
250
charge (uC/cm²)
200
150
100
50
0
h b h b h b
0,6
0,8
1,2
1,4
0,2
0,4
0
1
Apsley P&C room
Apsley P&C case
Rangers Jewelry…
Rangers silver…
Brodsworth…
Brodsworth…
Brodsworth…
Brodsworth…
Audley End…
Walmer dining…
Dover telephone…
Dover repeater…
Results - dust
top
underside
English Heritage
350
300
250
200
150 top
100
50
0
<2 <3 <4 <5 <10 <20 <30 <40
Coupon purity, Ag, Cu, Pb, all
English Heritage
99.98%
Trace Elements in Purity used Solubility limit or reported limit
Lead (%) effect on corrosion rate* (%)
Tin <0.005
Antimony <0.005 0.01*
Arsenic <0.00004 0.05*
Bismuth <0.015
Calcium <0.002 0.01
Copper <0.001 0.005
Iron <0.001
Nickel <0.001
Silver <0.001 0.02
English Heritage
References 1
ASTM G92 - 86(2003) Standard Practice for
Characterization of Atmospheric Test Sites
ASTM G1 - 03 Standard Practice for Preparing, Cleaning,
and Evaluating Corrosion Test Specimens
P. Brimblecombe, D. Thickett and Y. H. Yoon, The
cementation of coarse dust to indoor surfaces, Journal of
Cultural Heritage 10 (2009) 410–414
K. Eremin, and P.Wilthew, Monitoring concentrations of
organic gases within the National Museums of Scotland,
SSCR Journal, 9(1), 1998, 15-19
ISO 9223:1992 Corrosion of metals and alloys --
Corrosivity of atmospheres – Classification
English Heritage
References 2
ISO 8407:2009 Corrosion of metals and alloys -- Removal
of corrosion products from corrosion test specimens
Thickett, D., Investigation into the role of inert dusts in
corrosions and corrosion mitigation in an aggressive
maritime environment, Ligas Metalicas, Univerity of
Porto, (2008), 75-90
D. Thickett, The use of Infra-red and Raman
Spectroscopies for Iron Corrosion Products, Postprints of
Sixth Infra-Red Users Group, Florence, Il PratoElsevier,
Padua, (2005), 86-93
D. Thickett, F. David and N. Luxford, Air Exchange Rate;
A dominant parameter for showcases, The Conservator,
(2006), 19-34
D. Thickett, Presentation in situ through microclimates,
Postprints of IIC Meeting, London (2008)