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Assignment 1

Course code: ME-636 Course name: Combustion Technology


Instructor: Dr. Pradeep Kumar

1. Determine the standardized enthalpy in J / kmolmix of a mixture of CO2 and O2 where cCO2 =
0.10 and cO2 = 0.90 at a temperature of 400 K. (0.5 Marks)
2. Determine the molecular weight of a stoichiometric (ϕ = 1.0) methane–air mixture.
(0.5 Marks)
3. Propane burns in a premixed flame at an air–fuel ratio (mass) of 18:1. Determine the
equivalence ratio ϕ.
(0.5 Marks)
4. Consider a stoichiometric mixture of isooctane and air. Calculate the enthalpy of the mixture
at the standard-state temperature (298.15 K) on a per-kmol-of-fuel basis (kJ / kmolfuel), on a
per-kmol-of-mixture basis (kJ / kmolmix), and on a per-mass-of-mixture basis (kJ / kgmix).
(0.5 Marks)
5. A glass melting furnace is burning ethene (C2H4) in pure oxygen (not air). The furnace
operates at an equivalence ratio of 0.9 and consumes 30 kmol / hr of ethene.
A. Determine the energy input rate based on the LHV of the fuel. Express your result in
both kW and Btu / hr.
B. Determine the O2 consumption rate in kmol / hr and kg / s. (2 Mark)
6. Determine the enthalpy of formation in kJ / kmol for methane, given the lower heating value
of 50,016 kJ / kg at 298 K. (0.5 Marks)
7. Determine the adiabatic flame temperature for constant-pressure combustion of a
stoichiometric propane–air mixture assuming reactants at 298 K, no dissociation of the
products, and constant specific heats evaluated at 298 K. (0.5 Marks)
8. A furnace, operating at 1 atm, uses preheated air to improve its fuel efficiency. Determine the
adiabatic flame temperature when the furnace is run at a mass air–fuel ratio of 18 for air
preheated to 800 K. The fuel enters at 450 K. Assume the following simplified thermodynamic
properties:

(0.5 Marks)

9. Consider the equilibrium reaction CO2 CO+1/2 O2 . At 10 atm and 3000 K, the equilibrium
mole fractions of a particular mixture of CO2, CO, and O2 are 0.6783, 0.2144, and 0.1072,
respectively. Determine the equilibrium constant Kp for this situation. (1 Mark)
10. Eqn. (1)
was derived assuming that molecules A and B are essentially the same mass and size. Eqn. 1
can be generalized for the case where mA ≠mB and A ≠B by using

With this information, estimate the binary diffusivity for O2 in N2 at 273 K for  O2 = 3.467 and
 N2 = 3.798 Å. Compare your simple estimate with the handbook value of 1.8 · 10−5 m2/s. Should
you expect good agreement? Why not? Note: You will need to use Avogadro’s number 6.022 ·
1026 molecules/ mol to calculate the mass of a molecule. (1 Mark)

11. Consider water in a 25-mm-diameter test tube evaporating into dry air at 1 atm. The distance
from the water–air interface to the top of the tube is L = 15 cm. The mass fraction of the
water vapor at the water–air
interface is 0.0235, and the binary diffusivity for water vapor in air is 2.6 · 10-5 m2/s.
A. Determine the mass evaporation rate of the water.
B. Determine the water vapor mass fraction at x = L / 2.
C. Determine the fraction of the water mass flow that is contributed by bulk flow and the
fraction contributed by diffusion at x = L / 2.
D. Repeat part C for x = 0 and x = L. Plot your results. Discuss. (2 Mark)

12. Consider the reaction CH4 + O2 CH3 + HO2. Although a CH4 molecule may collide with
an O2 molecule, a chemical reaction may not necessarily occur. List two factors important in
determining whether or not a reaction occurs during a collision. (1 Mark)

13. Consider the overall oxidation reaction of propane:


C3H8 + 5O2 3CO2 + 4H2O.
The following global mechanism has been proposed for this reaction:

where CGS units (cm, s, gmol, kcal, K) are employed.


A. Identify the order of the reaction with respect to propane.
B. Identify the order of the reaction with respect to O2.
C. What is the overall order of the global reaction?
D. Identify the activation energy for the reaction. (2 Marks)

14. In a global, single-step mechanism for butane combustion, the reaction order with respect to
butane is 0.15 and with respect to oxygen is 1.6. The rate coefficient can be expressed in
Arrhenius form: the preexponential factor is 4.16 .109 [(kmol / m3)−0.75 / s] and the activation
energy is 125,000 kJ / kmol. Write out an expression for the rate of butane destruction,
d[C4H10] / dt. (2 Marks)

15. Classify the following reactions as being either global or elementary. For those identified as
elementary, further classify them as unimolecular, bimolecular, or termolecular. Give reasons for your
classification.
(1.5 Marks)

16. The following hard-sphere collision diameters, s, are taken from:

Using the above data with determine a temperature dependent expression for the steric factors for the
rate coefficients of the following reactions. Evaluate the steric factor at a temperature of 2500 K. Be
careful with units and remember that the reduced mass should be in grams or kilograms. (2 Marks)

17. Consider the following mechanism for the production of ozone from the heating of oxygen:

A. Write out the coefficient matrices for v′ji and v′′ ji. Use the convention that species 1 is O3,
species 2 is O2, and species 3 is O.
B. Express the rate-of-progress variables, ω j, for the three species involved in the above
mechanism. Retain all terms without simplifying, i.e., retain terms raised to the zero power.
(2 Marks)
18. Consider the production of the stable product, HBr, from H2 and Br2. The following complex
reaction mechanism is thought to apply:

A. For each reaction, identify the type of elementary reaction, e.g., unimolecular, etc., and
indicate its role in the chain mechanism, e.g., chain initiation.
B. Write out a complete expression for the Br-atom reaction rate, d[Br] / dt.
C. Write out an expression that can be used to determine the steady-state concentration of the
hydrogen atom, [H]. (3 Marks)
19. Consider the following chain-reaction mechanism for the high-temperature formation of nitric
oxide, i.e., the Zeldovich mechanism:

A. Write out expressions for d[NO] / dt and d[N] / dt.


B. Assuming N atoms exist in steady state and that the concentrations of O, O2, and N2 are at
their equilibrium values for a specified temperature and composition, simplify your
expression obtained above for d[NO] / dt for the case of negligible reverse reactions.
C. Write out the expression for the steady-state N-atom concentration used in part B.
D. For the conditions given below and using the assumptions of part B, how long does it take
to form 50 ppm (mole fraction. 106) of NO?

E. Calculate the value of the reverse reaction rate coefficient for the first reaction,
F. i.e., O +N2 NO +N for a temperature of 2100 K. F. For your computations in part D,
how good is the assumption that reverse reactions are negligible? Be quantitative.
G. For the conditions of part D, determine numerical values for [N] and χN. (Note: k2 f = 1.8.
1010 T exp (−4680 / T) with units of cm3 / gmol-s.) (7 Marks)

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