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ESSENTIALS FOR
ORTHODONTIC PRACTICE
By
Riolo and Avery
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Sagittal Plane
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MESOCEPHALIC describes an individual that falls Facial Midline
between the brachycephalic and dolicocephalic types and has an
average cranial width.
Dental Midline
Maxillary Dental Midline
A line drawn
perpendicular to the maxillary
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Lip Incompetence Straight Profile
Convex Profile
Concave Profile
Profile Facial View
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Arch Forms
Elliptical
Dental Relationships
Square
Tapering
2 1 1 2
3 3
4 4
5 5
Mesial 1st Mesial 1st
Molar Molar
Arch Width
6 6
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Terms used to describe the
Supernumerary Teeth position of teeth.
Mesioversion A tooth in the arch located more mesial than normal
(Transposition)
Supernumerary Teeth
Sagittal Dental
Relationships
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Normal Occlusion Class II Malocclusion
Division 2
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Class III Malocclusion
Transverse Dental
Relationships
Anterior Crossbite is a
malrelation between the maxillary
and mandibular teeth when they
occlude with the antagonistic
tooth in the opposite relation to
normal.
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Posterior Crossbite Overbite
The amount of overlap of the mandibular
anterior teeth by the maxillary anterior teeth
measured perpendicular to the occlusal plane.
Complete Crossbite When all the teeth in one arch are positioned
either inside or outside to all the teeth of the
opposing arch.
Ankylosis
Ankylosed teeth
do not erupt with the
vertical growth of the
patient and are seen
in the infraversion
position.
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Skeletal Patterns
Skeletal Pattern
I II
III
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Prognathism Retrognathism
Retrognathism is a skeletal retrusion.
Prognathism is a skeletal protrusion.
Bimaxillary Retrognathism (Retrusion) is
Bimaxillary Prognathism (Protrusion) is
present when both jaws are posterior to the normal
present when both jaws protrude forward of the
limits of the face.
normal facial limits.
Maxillary Retrognathism (Retrusion) is
Maxillary Prognathism (Protrusion) is present
present when the maxilla is posterior to the normal
when the maxilla protrudes forward of the normal
limits of the face.
limits of the face.
Mandibular Retrognathism (Retrusion) is
Mandibular Prognathism (Protrusion) is when
present when the mandible is posterior to the
the mandible protrudes forward of the normal
normal limits of the face.
limits of the face.
Prognathism Retrognathism
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Dentoalveolar Protrusion Dentoalveolar Retrusion
Dentoalveolar Protrusion is present when Dentoalveolar Retrusion is present when the
the anterior teeth are positioned forward of the anterior teeth are posterior to the normal limits of
normal limits of the basal bone. the basal bone.
Bimaxillary Dentoalveolar Protrusion is Bimaxillary Dentoalveolar Retrusion is
present when the anterior teeth of both jaws present when the anterior teeth of both jaws are
are forward of the normal limits of the basal posterior to the normal limits of the basal bone.
bone.
Maxillary Dentoalveolar Retrusion is present
Maxillary Dentoalveolar Protrusion is when the anterior teeth of the maxilla are posterior
present when the maxillary anterior teeth are to the normal limits of the basal bone.
forward of the normal limits of the basal bone.
Mandibular Dentoalveolar Retrusion is
Mandibular Dentoalveolar Protrusion is present when the anterior teeth of the mandible are
present when the mandibular anterior teeth are posterior to the normal limits of the basal bone.
forward of the normal limits of the basal bone.
Bimaxillary Dentoalveolar
Protrusion So what does this all mean?
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