The seminar

on

Inpired By :- Submittedby :-

For Download & More Visit: http://www.nectarkunj.byet host14.com/

 INDEX
 Introduction

 Basic concept of gigabit networking

1) fiber optics
2) cell networking

 routing & switching issues in developing gigabit networking

1) basic routing function

2) shortcoming of routers
3) significance of routing

 Technology supporting gigabit networking

1) switching technology
2) IBM’s HPR
3) Gigabit routers
4) Routing switch

 Current gigabit technology available for high speed routing

1) ATM
2) Fiber channel
3) Gigabit Ethernet
4) Serial HPPT

 Challenges in gigabit networks

 Gigabit application

 Conclusion

 Bibliography

For Download & More Visit: http://www.nectarkunj.byet host14.com/

 The Abstract
On
Gigabit Networking

 What is gigabit networking?

Gigabit per second network , speed is one billion bits of electronic
information transmitted per second.

 Overview of gigabit networking :

 for speedier transmission of information.

 This networking technology is quick.
 Easy to adopt .
 cost one third less than fiber optics cables.
 Can be used with the Ethernet equipment.

 What kinds of gigabit networks are deployed?

One type is LAN , ten megabits per second Ethernet is widely

Deployed in offices, computers room and some houses.

 The move towards gigabit LANs :

Organizations have long used local area network to share

application and equipment across workgroups .

 Deploying gigabit networking in WANs :

WAN is geographically dispersed telecommunication network.

 Advantage of gigabit network:

 Phased gigabit migration strategy

 Application

Gigabit networking technology will help researchers , who rely on

high performance computing and communication,technology to
prob the mysteries of the universe.

 Deployment of gigabit Etherne

For Download & More Visit: http://www.nectarkunj.byet host14.com/

  introduction

Computers and their attachments (like networks and disks) are getting
faster everyday. The current CPU s peeds of processor like DEC Alpha and
Pentium are well over 100MHz allowing them to perform billion instructions
per second (BIPS). This speed is comparable to supercomputer's speed five years
ago. With the growing speed of computers the applications which run on them
are now ranging from interactive graphics, voice recognition, video conferencing,
real time animations etc. All these new applications will use networks to carry
more data.

Network bandwidth is also increasing concurrently with the CPU speeds.

When in 1980s 10Mbs Ethernet was considered fast, we now have 100 Mbs
Ethernet. The bandwidth is approaching the speed on 1 billion bits per second
(1 Gbs), much due to the research in the field of fiber optic signalling.

The three main fields data communications, telecommunication and

computing are undergoing a pe riod of transition. The field of computing is
rapidly advancing with processor speed doubling ever year. The latest RAID
(Redundant Arrays of Inexpensive Disks) has given rise to file -systems with
gigabit-bandwidth.

The field of data communications which facilitates the exchange of data

between computing systems has to keep up with the pace of the growing
computing technologies. In the past the data communications provided services
like the e-mail. Now applications like virtual reality, video confe rencing, video on
demand services are present.

For a century the telecommunication industry has been carrying voice

traffic. This scenario is changing with telephone networks carrying more data
each year. The data being carried by telephone network is growing at 20%
per year compared to voice traffic which is growing only at 3% per year. Soon
the data traffic will overtake the voice traffic. All this, has made the
telecommunication industry more interested in carrying data in their networks.

So the three communities are now converging with common interests of

carrying more data at higher speeds. This has led to some joint activities. The
most notable of these activities is that which has led to the setting up of gigabit
testbeds in United States. Othe r joint activites are the standardization of ATM
(Asynchronous Transfer Mode), a suite of communication protocol to support
integrated voice, video and data networks. Some organizations which are
doing research in gigabit networking are National coordination office for
HPCC (High Performance Computing and Communications), The Corporation
for National Research Initiatives, IEEE Communications Society Technical
Committee on Gigabit Networking.

For Download & More Visit: http://www.nectarkunj.byet host14.com/

 When the gigabit networking was in its horizon, many researchers felt
that the current knowledge about networking would not apply to gigabit
networks which are considerably faster than existing networks. Now, after
several years of research it has been found that many of the strategies and
techniques (like layering the protocol) still work in gigabit networks also.

There are many working Gigabit testbeds .In five to ten years Gigabit
networks will become a reality. It is now unclear whether there will be a single
gigabit technology with a specific standard protocol. But it looks like that there
will be many competing gigabit networking technologies (like many LAN
technology) and many protocols but eventually one of the m will become most
popular (like IP).

The next section deals with the key concepts and technologies in the
Gigabit networking. The third section deals with more specific issues in gigabit
networking. The fourth sections discusses the various potential gigabit
applications. The last section overvie ws the curre nt state of gigabit networking.
The appe ndix A gives a list of gigabit testbeds. The appendix B is an annotated
bibiliography of the http sites, articles, papers and books refered in this paper.

For Download & More Visit: http://www.nectarkunj.byet host14.com/

 Application Data Types/Size Network Traffic Network Need
Implication

Scientific Data files; 100’s Large files Higher bandwidth

Modeling, of Megabytes to increase for desktops,
Engineering Gigabytes bandwidth servers, and
require d backbone

Publications, Data files; 100’s Large files Higher bandwidth

Medical Data of Megabytes to increase for desktops,
Transfer Gigabytes bandwidth servers, and
require d backbone

Inte rnet/Intranet Data files now; Large files Higher bandwidth

Audio now; increase for servers and
Video will bandwidth backbone; Low
emerge; High require d; Low latency
Transaction trans mission
Rate; Large latency; Class of
Files, 1 MB to service
100 MB reservation;
High volume of
data streams

Data Warehouse Data files; Large files Higher bandwidth

Gigabytes to increase for servers and
terabytes bandwidth backbone; Low
require d; Search latency
and access
require low
latency

Network Backup Data files; Large number of Higher bandwidth

Gigabytes to large files; for servers and
terabytes Transmitted backbone; Low
during fixed time latency
period

Desktop Constant Data Class of service Higher bandwidth

Video Stream; 1.5 to reservation; for servers and
Conferencing, 3.5 Mbps at the High volume of backbone; Low
Inte ractive desktop data streams latency; Predictable
Whiteboard Latency

For Download & More Visit: http://www.nectarkunj.byet host14.com/

  Basic Concepts of Gigabit Networking

What is the speed for true gigabit networks? From the ATM
(Asynchronous Transfer Mode) world, it could be 622,000,000 bps (OC-12),
1,244,000,000 bps (OC-24), or/and 2,488,000,000 bps (OC-48). With 100 MBps
Fiber Channel, it would be 800,000,000 bps. In Ethernet, it is 1,000,000,000 bps.
It also could be 1,073,741,800 bps (which is equal to 2 30 bps, where 2 10 equals
1,024 or 1 k). Standardized by IEEE 802.3z, a true gigabit network will provide
connections between two nodes at a rate of at least 1,000 Mbps. By comparison,
it is approximately ten times that of both FDDI and Fast Ethernet.

The networks with at least 1 Gbps are feasible today basically due to the
technology advancement in fiber optics, and cell networking (cell s witching, or
cell relay).

 Fiber Optics

Light has the properties of reflection and refraction. When

light passes from one medium to another, some part of it gets reflected and the
rest get refracted (Figure1). Fibe r optics use the properties of light refraction to
send signals over long distances across a thin strand glass (core), which is
surrounded by a thier outer layer (cladding). The structure of a fiber is shown in
Figure 2 In fiber optics, bits are sent by trans mitting pulses of light through the
core of fibe r.

Figure 1:- fiber optics

For Download & More Visit: http://www.nectarkunj.byet host14.com/

 Figure 2: Fiber structure [Partridge's Gigabit Networking].

Since the trans mission speed of fibe r is 0.69 the speed of light in
vacuum, or about 2.1x108 m/s, it is not significantly different from the
trans mission speed of copper. This means a trans mission through fiber is not
faster than that through copper. The difference between fiber and copper then is
information density (bandwidth). Fibe r has more bandwidth because it can
carry more bits per unit of cable than coppe r. According to Partridge , fiber
has a bandwidth of 25 terahertz (THz) using a spectrum band of 200 nanometer
centered on the wavelengths of 0.85, 1.3, and 1.5 microns. With standard
equipme nt signaling capable of trans mitting between 1 and 1.4 bits per Hz,
a single fiber has a bandwidth between 50 and 75 terabits per second
[Partridge's Gigabit Networking].

There are two types of fiber: single-mode fiber and

multimode fibe r. Single-mode fiber is superior in its trans mission quality and
properties, while multimode fiber is more error tolerant in fitting to trans mitter
or receiver. For further information on fiber optics, please refer to [Partridge's
Gigabit Networking].

 Cell Networking

Another important concept of gigabit networking is cell

networking. The basic idea of cell networking is to trans mit all data in s mall,
fixed-size packets (cells). Figure 2.3 shows the concept of cell and packets. By
choosing small, fixed-size cells, it is possible to reduce waste and to minimize
delays. When one sends data with any size cells, on average, half of the last cell
will be unused.

Secondly, if packets vary in size, the delay will also vary. As a

result, it is very difficult to guarantee delays required for inte ractive voice and
video traffics. Other advantages of cells are as follows:

For Download & More Visit: http://www.nectarkunj.byet host14.com/

 1) Reducing the numbe r of transmission networks

2) Providing easier support for multicasting

3) Offering a better multiplexing sche me than ISDN (Integrated Services

Digital Network ) for high speed.

For more explanation, please refer to [Partridge's Gigabit

Networking].
Therefore, the basic concepts of cell networking introduce faster trans mission
and lowe r delays, which both are require ments for gigabit-speed networks.

 Routing and Switching Issues in Developing Gigabit

Networking

For Download & More Visit: http://www.nectarkunj.byet host14.com/

 Today's data communications and networks would not exist
without routers. Routers are essential to links LANs and remote sites. Since
routing is considered to be one of the major bottlenecks in networks, within the
past few years, routers have become less central of building network and being
replaced by switches. The current trend is "switch whe n you can, route when
you must " or " switch many, route once". In the LAN environment, multiport
bridges (segment s witches) are used instead of routers to link LANs. In WANs,
frame s witches have replaced the need of routers

Switching and routing issues are very crucial in designing

gigabit networking. Increasing bandwidth in the magnitude of gigabit will not be
very useful if the gain of bandwidth is only offset by the slowness of routers. On
the other hand, routing is required more than ever, especially with the
current and future network traffic moving away from the traditional 80/20
rules to the ne w 20/80 rule.

In this section, the basic routing functions, and the significance and
shortcomings of routers are discussed. Several approaches to improve the
performance of routing and routers are also observed.

 Technologies Supporting Gigabit Networking

For Download & More Visit: http://www.nectarkunj.byet host14.com/

 Some technologies and products have been introduced recently to
support the development of gigabit networking. In this pape r , Routing
Switch, IBM's HPR, Gigabit Routers , Multigigabit Routers , and I/O
Switching are presented. These technologies described here might become
obsolete pretty soon in favor of ne w upcoming techniques and technologies.
(As a side note, the re might be other ne w technologies introduced as this paper
was written.)

 Switching Technology

Switching has become the key element in most networks in

segmenting traffic, reducing latency, and improving performance. It is simple,
cost-effective to imple ment, and requires only a minimum amount of
hardware implementation. Switching allows specific computers, workgroups,
or servers to have their own dedicated access to the full bandwidth available
on the network. As a result, s witching provides more bandwidth for us ers than a
shared network . One switching technology to produce quicker network
throughput is crossbar switching . It uses a non-blockingswitching matrix to
allow multiple simultaneous connections with very low latency and fast
throughput. This technology has been implemented today in the design of
high-speed routers like the NetStar GigaRouter and Multigigabit Router.

 IBM's HPR (High Pe rformance Routing)

IBM's High Pe rformance Routing (HPR) is the advanced System

Network Architecture (SNA) technology, based on the latest standards from the
ATM Forum and the APPN (Advanced Peer-to-Peer Network) Imple menters'
Workshop. The key features of HPR are high pe rformance, dynamic
rerouting, priority and class of service, congestion avoidance, scalability, and
economy.

 Gigabit Route rs

For Download & More Visit: http://www.nectarkunj.byet host14.com/

 Gigabit Route rs , such as Multigigabit Route r , are on their way to
the market. Some companies have recently introduced their gigabit routers, such
as Cisco ( Cisco 12000 series), NetStar (GigaRouter), and FORE. Basically, all
the designs of high-speed routing adopt the same functional component as
shown in Figure 5 [ Newman et al's Pape r ]. The functions of each component
in a gene ral high-speed router are shown in Table 2.

Table 2: The functions of each component of a general high-speed router.

Component Functions
Line Card Contains physical layer components to interface the external
data link to the switch fabric
Switch Fabric Inte rconnects the various components of the gigabit route r;
Offers higher aggregate capacity than that of the more
conventional backplane bus
Forwarding Inspects packet heade rs; Determines outgoing line card of a
Engine packet; Rewrites the header
Network Runs the routing protocol; Computes the routing tables that
Processor are copied into each of the forwarding engines; Handles
network manage ment; Processes special handling for unusual
packets

There are two types of approaches used in designing a fabric

switch: crossbar switchand ATM switch. The NetStar GigaRouter uses a 16 port
crossbar switch with each port operating at 1 Gbps. Cisco 12000 series use
multigigabit crossbar s witch fabric.Multigigabit Routers will use a crossbar
switch with 15 port each operating at 3.3 Gbps. On the other hand, IP/ATM, Cell
Switch Router, and IP s witching use ATM switch.

The forwarding engine may be designed physically as a separate

component or an integrated component with eithe r the line card or the
network processor. The packet-forwarding rate of a separate forwarding engine
can be changed independently from the aggregate capacity based on the ratio
of forwarding engines to line cards. However, this approach creates additional
overhead across the switch fabric.

Multigigabit Router implements separate forwarding engines

in its architecture. The NetStar GigaRouter integrates its forwarding engine
with each line card. The architecture of IP Switch allows integration of its
forwarding engine with the network processor,although it is not prohibited to
have combination with the line card or a separate implementation.

For Download & More Visit: http://www.nectarkunj.byet host14.com/

Since the average packet size now is about 2000 bits, the packet-forwarding rate
require d is about 500 kilo packets per second (kpps) for each 1 Gbps traffic. To
achieve this magnitude of rate, two approaches have been proposed: the
silicon forwarding engine and a high-speed general-purpose processor with
destination address on an internal (on-chip) cache.The features of both
approaches are shown in Table 3.

Table 3: Silicon approach vs. General -purpose processor with caching approach
Silicon Design Processor with Caching Design
Design Silicon hardware A 415 MHz general purpose
processor with internal cache
Memory 4 MB Additional 8 MB (for a complete
routing table of several hundre d
thousand routes)
Forwarding 5 Mpps on average 10 11 Mpps if all the requested
Capability Gbps of traffic destinations in the cache
Advantage Maintains its maximum Maintains its full forwarding rate if
forwarding rate at least 60% chance the require d
regardless past history of destination address has been seen in
destination addresses the past and is still in the cache
Disadvantage Fixed Solution Flexible to the traffic profile and
traffic change

Further, the re is an ongoing discussion about the best way to include

additional functions, such as multicasting , Quality of Service , fire wall
filtering, and complex policy-based routing in Gigabit Routers. To offe r such
functionality, more fields in the packet header, besides the destination address,
should be used.

 Routing Switch

Routing Switch is designed to improve the performance of routers to

achieve the identical performance of switching. The concept is to apply s witching
techniques to those protocols that require optimized routing pe rformance and
fully integrate high performance routing into s witch fabric.

 Current Gigabit Technologies Available for High-speed LAN

For Download & More Visit: http://www.nectarkunj.byet host14.com/

 There are four technologies competing eachother in production or
development today to provide gigabit networks. They are ATM, Fiber Channel,
Gigabit Ethernet, and Serial HIPPI.

 Asynchronous Transfer Mode (ATM)

Originally , the goal of ATM design was to simplify and standardize

international telecommunications. Today, it has become standard for
WANs.ATM provides a high-speed transmission for all types of communications,
from voice to video to data , over one network with s mall , fixed-size cells. It
also provides unparalleled scalability and Quality of Service.Currently,ATM
technology is used in network backbones or specific workgroup applications
with heavy traffic load with the mix traffics of voice , video, and data into a
single network. To achieve gigabit speeds, ATM is being developed to operate on
622 Mbps (OC-12) and 1.244 Gbps (OC-24).

The future of ATM is still unknown. It depends heavily on its ability to

integrate with existing LAN and WAN network technologies. Most observers feel
ATM technology will not become a major force in future networks since the
other networking technologies can easily achieve the advantages of ATM. Othe r
obser-vers believe that ATM seems to meet the future needs of WAN and a fe w
highly specialize d LAN environments.

 Fiber Channel

The standards and architectures of Fibe r Channel are still under

development although some vendors have settled on a standard known as
Arbitrated Loop,which is basically a ring topology. It is very sensitive to
adding ne w users, which can cause increased congestion and reduced bandwidth
to each user. At present, Fiber Channel is used to attach storage devices to
computers.

Arbitrated Loop Fiber Channel runs at a gigabit per second and s upports
the SCSI protocol. This design seems to be a good choice for periphe ral-
attachment operations. However, many experts agree that Fiber Channel is not a
good choice to replace IP technology and to provide future gigabit networks.

 Gigabit Ethernet

For Download & More Visit: http://www.nectarkunj.byet host14.com/

 Many network experts agree that Gigabit Ethernet will become the
gigabit technology for the LAN environments. It is a good choice for providing
a higher capacity enterprise backbone throughout an organization and high-
performance workstations with a cost-effective gigabit networking
connection. Nevertheless, Gigabit Ethernet is not a good solution for moving
applications with huge data rapi-dly due to the issues of the Ethernet-based
CSMA/CD support, host-bust connection issues, and relatively s mall packet size.

 Serial HIPPI (High Pe rformance Parallel Inte rface)

Serial HIPPI is the fiber-optic version of the HIPPI, which was

originally developed in the late 1980s to serve the connectivity and high-
bandwidth needs of super computers and high-end workstations. It provides a
simple, fast point-to-point unidirectional connection. Recently, this technology
shows its establis hment as the gigabit technology for big data applications,
clustering and a broad of server-connectivity environments, providing a s peed
of 1.2 Gbps over distances up to 10 kilometers. Serial HIPPI imple ments non-
blocking s witching technology and packet sizing up to 64 KB in size. It also
provides reliable ANSI and ISO-standardized Gbps connectivity with the
packet loss rate approaching zero pe rcent.

Serial HIPPI ope rates within the physical- and data-link layers in the
ISO seven-layer model. At higher layers, Serial HIPPI s upports IPI-3 for
storage connection and TCP/IP for networking which makes it compatible
with Ethernet, Token Ring, FDDI, and the wide-area protocols used on the
Inte rnet. It also supports ARP (Address Resolution Protocol) to automatically
specify how to find IP addresses on its network. At physical layer, Serial HIPPI
provides flow control to eliminate errors and data loss due to congestion,
guaranteed end-to-end, in-order packet delive ry, and e rror reporting. Othe r
protocols have to rely on TCP/IP for data lost detection, which is not efficient.

At present, Serial HIPPI seems to be the only available technology that

offers gigabit performance with 100% reliability. However, this does not
eliminate the possibility of othe r technologies,such as ATM and Gigabit Ethernet
to be asignificant factor in the imple mentation of gigabit networking.

 Challenges in Gigabit Networks

For Download & More Visit: http://www.nectarkunj.byet host14.com/

 The major challenges in networking research are to take advantage of the
ne wly developed techniques for building high-s peed networks, and find ways to
evolve it to meet new applications needs, to keep pace with other computing tech-
nologies, and to encourage the transistions of gigabit technologies into the wider
community. To achieve these goals the Gigabit Netowrking Workshop identified
important problems in the following areas :

[1]. Pe rformance evaluation

Higher speeds and ne w traffic mixes are causing a much needed re -

examination of models and algorithms for networking performance .

[2]. Switching technology

Achieving higher speeds and ne w types of traffic are forcing the

networking community to develop innovative techniques for minimizing
the cost of per packet processing in s witches and routers. A continuing
challenge is finding a way for these techniques to scale to switch designs
with more connections per s witch and higher bandwidths per connection.

[3]. Network manage ment and control

A combination of ne w types of traffic, larger bandwidths, and the long

relative delays in gigabit networks have made the problems congestion
control and finding routes for data transfers substantially more
difficult. Research is needed on how to best balance congestion control
between the network and end-systems and on methods to quickly find
valid routes for new data transfers

[4]. Internetworking

Gigabit networking technologies will have to inte roperate both with each
other and with existing networking technologies. As a result,
internetworking will be at least as important in the future as it is now.
While the basic ideas of IP architecture apply to gigabit networks it is

For Download & More Visit: http://www.nectarkunj.byet host14.com/

 also true that our inte rnetworking technology needs to evolve to take
advantage of the ne w capabilities of gigabit networks.

[5]. Interfacing computers and application to networks

While it is now feasible to deliver data at gigabit rates to a compute r's

interface, we continue to have great difficulty getting the data through
the interface and computer's operating system to the application quickly
and at gigabit rates.Considerable work, probably in conjunction with the
operating system community, is needed if applications are to use gigabit
networks to their full potential.

[6]. Gigabit interfaces for PCs

Gigabit networking is no longer the domain of supe rcomputers and high-

end workstations. PCs will soon need gigabit capabilities too and we
need to encourage the development of interfaces with low costs and low
heat and powe r consumption.

[7]. End-to-end protocols

Better ways to develop end-to-end protocols that meet the needs of

applications are needed. Ideas like the ability for applications to
synthesize ne w protocols from functional components need to be explored.

[8]. Share d media access technologies

The traditional thinking is that the high bandwidths and relatively long
delays in gigabit networks limit our choices of local media access
techniques but e mering research suggests that there may be a wide
dive rsity of media access tecniques that work for gigabit networks and
these options should be explored.

[9].Parallel channels and striping

For Download & More Visit: http://www.nectarkunj.byet host14.com/

 It is often more cost effective to send data in parallel over multiple links
than send the data at a highe r bandwidth over a single link, a technique
known as striping. While the idea of striping is well-known, it is still
inadequately understood.

[10].Design and verification of protocols

A tremendously frustrating problem in networking is our inability to

design protocols of even modest sophistication and prove that they work
correctly. Some new ideas are being developed in this area which combine
design with formal verification, and given that current verfication
technology is nearly15 years behind the rest of the field, we need to
encourage ne w work in this area.

 Gigabit Applications

For Download & More Visit: http://www.nectarkunj.byet host14.com/

 Most of today's data network applications are not ve ry sensitive to delay
and variations in bandwidth. It does not matter very much if your files take a
little longe r to travel across the net. But in telecommunications (telephone)
industry the appli-cations are delay sensitive.

Normally , when humans speak they pause in between sentences and if

the pause is longer the othe r speaker speaks. If due to network delay if the pause
is large then both the speaker may speak at the same time leading to
confusion. So delay should be bounded in telephones.

Other applications like X Windows, re mote login etc will be faster if

gigabit networks are used.

Any applications which needs low response time or high bandwidth is

suitable to be a gigabit application. The recent advent of gigabit networks have
given rise to many ne w applications. One of the m is IVOD ( Interactive Video on
Demand ). Here the consume rs order which ever program they want to see and
the programs are sent from a centeral server to the consume rs. Since video
applications use a large band-width and also diffe rent vie wers may want to see
different programs at the same time, this application will benefit from gigabit
networking. Though compression methods like MPEGmay be used for
compression, every once in a while full screen data has to be sent. This can be
done using gigabit networking technology.

Highly computation intensive proble ms can be broken into smaller

proble ms and given to computers with high bandwidth networks connecting
the m for interchanging data.

For example in UCLA, researchers are experimenting with simulation

studies of atmosphere and ocean interactions. One supercomputer ( CM -2 )
simulates the ocean and anothe r simulates the atmosphere and these
interchange huge amounts of data and the interactions are studied. Typically 5
to 10 Mbs of data is exchanged per cycle, this will take a second in a 10 Mbs
Ethernet while it will take only 100ms in a gigabit networking environment.

Another class of applications are those which have real-time interactions

with humans. A typical example is video conferencing. Humans are capable of
absorbing large amounts of visual data and are very sensitive to the quality of
the visual data.

For Download & More Visit: http://www.nectarkunj.byet host14.com/

 Another class is the virtual realityapplications which give the user
the illusion of being some where else.There have been interesting experiments
done in NASA. They developed a system, by which the geologists can interact
with the surface of the Mars. Geologists study by interacting with the s urface,
touching it (virtually), seeing the 3D scene from different angles etc. All these
require large amount bandwidth, and gigabit networking comes to help them
out.

One of the main difference between the traditional data-

communication applications and those of interactive nature is that the later need
timing re quirements about spacing between samples. Recently there has been
some work in some innovative experiments with adaptive applications. These
applications change their behaviour dynamically and re quire only loose
performance guarantees from the network.

An example of the adaptive application is the vatvoice-conferencing

system developed by Van Jacobson. vatis like a telephone but uses the computer
and inte rnet to connect two peoples. The vatavoids isochoronous samples by
keeping a large buffer and timestamping all the data it receives. Traffic which
arrives earlier are buffered appropriately and the n played. The time of the
delay is called the playbackpoint. So adaptive applications could have a
major impact in network designing in future. The vat also has demonstrated
that slow networks like Inte rnet can support real-time applications with enough
buffe ring.

For Download & More Visit: http://www.nectarkunj.byet host14.com/

  Advantage of gigabit networking

Gigabit Ethernet (gbe) is 100 times faster than regular 10 mbps Ethernet
and 10 times faster mbps .faster ethernet .advantage as a networking technology
include:

 Increase bandwidth for highe r pe rformance and elimination of

bottleneck.

 Powe r to transfer large amount of data across a network quickly.

 Ability to aggregate network bandwidth to multi-gigabit speed

usin gbe server adapte rs,link aggregation,and s witches

 Quality of service features to help configure network traffic and

optimize critical data.

 Low cost of acquisition and owe rship.

 Seamless integration with Ethernet and fast Ethernet-installed

base.

For Download & More Visit: http://www.nectarkunj.byet host14.com/

  Conclusion

Today's advanced technology in fiber optics , computing systems

and networking has made the development of gigabit networks possible.
With the bandwidth more than 1 Gbps, gigabit networks can s upport the
demand of increasing network traffic, and many sophisticated computer
applications.

To achieve true gigabit networks, othe r aspects of networking, such as

routing, switching, protocols should also be conside red.

Although route rs are considered the major bottleneck and being

replaced by cost-effective switches, they are still the key component in building
future high-speed networks. With 80% of today's network traffic crossing subnet
boundaries, routers are required more than ever because they can provide
network security and fire walls.

Thus, several approaches have been developed recently to improve

the performance of routing and routers. Such approaches described in this
paper are Routing Switch , High Performance Routing, Gigabit Routers, and
I/O Switching. However,it is important to note that these technologies described
here might become obsolete in favor of ne w upcoming techniques and
technologies.

Finally, the re are at least four gigabit technologies available for high-
speed LAN today. They are ATM, Fiber Channel, Gigabit Ethernet, and Serial
HIPPI.This listing may soon be changing with ne w e merging technologies.

At present, Serial HIPPI seems to be the only available technology that

offers gigabit performance with 100% reliability. However, this does not
eliminate the possibility of othe r technologies , such as ATM and Gigabit
Ethernet to be a significant factor in the implementation of gigabit networking.

For Download & More Visit: http://www.nectarkunj.byet host14.com/

  References

1. Rapid City Communication Paper, "The Routing Switch," 1997,

http://www.rapid-city.com/
A good paper on the concept of the routing switch.

2. Peter Newman, Greg Minshall, Tom Lyon, Larry Huston, "IP Switching
and Gigabit Routers," 1996,
http://www.ipsilon.com/technology/papers/ieee_comm96.htm
A good paper on the designs of IP Switching and Gigabit Routers.

3. Dr. Simon Fok, Kon Leong, "I/O Switching," GigaLabs White Paper,
http://www.gigalabs.com/solutions/switchwp.htm
A good discussion on I/O Switching.

4. Netreference White Pape r, "The Evolution of Routing," September 1996,

http://www.netreference.com/Documents/WhitePapers/Evolution_of_Rou
ting.wp
A good paper on the current status of routing in today's network trend.

5. D. C. Feldmeier, "A Survey of High Performance Protocol

Implementation Techniques," High Performance Networks. Technology
and Protocols, Kluwer Academic, Boston, 1994.
A good discussion on improving high performance protocol
imple mentation.

6. Digital's Network Product Business: White Paper, "High Speed

Networking Technologies. A Business Guide"
A business guide for high-speed networking technologies (Fast Ethernet,
FDDI, and ATM).

7. C. Partridge, "Gigabit Networking," Addison-Wesley, Reading, MA,

1993.
A comprehensive book that discusses the current status and technology of
the gigabit networking.

8. R. Jain, "Networking Tre nds and Their Impact," http://www.cis.ohio-

state.edu/~jain/cis788-97/h_1trnd.htm
A good lecture on today's networking trends and their impact.

9. Gigabit Ethernet White Paper, August 1996, http://www.gigabit-

ethernet.org/technology/whitepapers/gige/
A good and detail pape r on Gigabit Ethernet.

For Download & More Visit: http://www.nectarkunj.byet host14.com/