BLUETOOTH
Amita Tiwari
IIIrd Semester
amitaasct@gmail.com
ALL SAINTS COLLEGE OF TECHNOLOGY, BHOPAL
ABSTRACT
Blue tooth is a standard developed by a group
of electronics manufacturers that allows any
sort of electronic equipment – from
computers to cell phones and keyboards to
headphones – to make its own connections
without wires, cables or any direct action
from the user. The technology encompasses a
simple low-cost, low-power, global radio
system for integration into mobile devices.
Such devices can form a quick ad-hoc secure
“Piconet” and communicate among the
connected devices. This technology creates
many useful mobile usage models because
the connections can occur while mobile
devices are being carried in packets and
briefcases (therefore, there are no line-of-
sight restrictions). This paper provides a brief
introduction of Bluetooth technology and its
working. It also gives some of applications,
features and benefits. Finally, the
implementation issues of Bluetooth
technology are observed.
Bluetooth has to receive an overwhelming
support of all the digital and computerized
manufacturers to become a basic unit in a
production process. Acceptance by those
companies outside the SIG will hold back the
implementation of Bluetooth in all devices in
the future.
Bluetooth is a radio system designed for
connecting a variety of mobile devices in a
Sunil Kumar
IIIrd Semester
sunilasct@gmail.com
secure ad-hoc fashion. The Bluetooth
specification is definitely real and is being
widely adopted by industry leaders. The
possibilities for new applications are very
exciting with this versatile technology.
INTRODUCTION
Today wireless communication is one of the
fastest growing technologies. One of the
promising technologies for WLAN’s
(Wireless Local Area Network) is
BLUETOOTH. LAN (Local Area Network)
is a computer network designed for
connecting devices in a limited geographic
area such as a building or a campus where as
WLAN is a LAN, which uses unguided
media (Without using cables or any
connections). It is used for connecting
roaming devices & provides a high-speed
backbone network to enable security.
Bluetooth technology was born in 1994.First
version was released in July 1999.
WHAT IS BLUETOOTH?
Bluetooth is a name given to the novel
technology that uses short range, radio link,
intended to replace the cables connecting
portable and/or fixed communicating devices.
Such as mobile phones, desktops, notebook
computers, cameras, printers, coffee makers,
telephones etc.
OR
Bluetooth wireless technology is an open
specification for a low cost, low power, short
range, radio technologies for ad-hoc wireless
communication of voice and data any where
in the world.
THE NAME BLUETOOTH COMES
FROM…
Bluetooth is named for Harald Blatand, the
king of Denmark who united Denmark and
Norway. Blatand translates into Bluetooth in
English. The Ericsson Company originally
started Bluetooth as a project.
Similarly, in the beginning of the Bluetooth
technology era, Bluetooth was aimed at
unifying the telecom and computing
industries.
THE REASON WE CAME TO
BLUETOOTH…
Let us take an example of telephones for
cables where as mobiles are wireless.
Because of the problem of interference over
cabling we came to Bluetooth technology.
This Bluetooth is also a cable replacement
technology i.e. wireless.
BLUETOOTH IS WIRELESS…
Blue tooth uses Omni-directional radio waves
which even operate in the unlicensed ISM
band at 2.4GHZ that can be transmitted
through walls and non-metal barriers.
Bluetooth uses 1600 times/sec frequency
hopping to avoid interference.
BLUETOOTH CONTROLLER…
The Bluetooth Special Interest Group (SIG)
This group worked together to define and
promote an open, royalty-free specification.
This group also defines a certification
program for Bluetooth products to ensure
product compatibility across manufacturers.
The Bluetooth SIG includes promoter
companies 3Com, Ericsson, IBM, Intel,
Lucent, Microsoft, Motorola, Nokia and
Toshiba, and more than 2000
Adopter/Associate member companies.
FEATURES
Universal short-range (up to 100 mts) radio
communication standard.
Runs at 2.4GHz band, which is near
microwave frequency.
Performs fast frequency hopping between 79
points to avoid interference i.e., 1600
times/sec.
It is full-duplex.
Low power, 32-100mA during sustained data
transmissions between devices. Devices
automatically switch to power saving mode.
Transfers data at 721 Kbps (Kilo Bits Per
Second), which is 3 – 8 times the average
speed of parallel and serial ports respectively.
Bandwidth is wide enough to carry voice and
data signals.
300 – 400 Kbps real data rate.
NETWORKS
Bluetooth defines two types of networks.
♦ Pico net
♦ Scatter net
PICONET
It is a small subset of Bluetooth devices that
share the same physical channel in an ad-hoc
fashion.
Pico net comprises of eight stations in which
only one serves as master & the rest as
slaves.
All the slave stations synchronize their clocks
& hopping sequence with the master. An
indefinite number of parked devices remains
synchronized with the Pico net but is not
active. A slave in the parked state is
synchronized with the master but cannot take
place in communication until it moves from
parked state to active state.
Activating a station from parked state means
that an active station should be moved to
parked state.
The communication between master & slaves
can be of
• One-to-one (or) single point-to-point
• One-to-many (or) multipoint
This layer uses 2.4GHz ISM band divided
into 79 channels of 1MHz each .In this layer
a method called Frequency hopping spread
spectrum is used in order to avoid
interference from other devices or other
networks. To transform bits to a signal a
sophisticated version of FSK called GFSK
(FSK with Gaussian Band Width Filtering) is
used.

BASE BAND LAYER:

Base band layer governs the operation of the

SCATTERNET access method.
It deals with access method TDMA &
Physical links. This layer deals with access
method TDD-TDMA (Time Division
Depleting–Time Division Multiple Access).
TDD is a kind of half duplex communication.
A group of two or more partially overlapping The communication for each direction uses
Pico net connected through gateways. different hops.
(Or) TDMA:
A Scatter net is a group of Piconet linked via
a slave device in one Pico net, which plays In TDMA access method communication is
master role in other Pico net. of two types:
The connection between master and slaves is SINGLE SLAVE COMMUNICATION
same as in Pico net. In Scatter net the slave of If the Pico net has only one slave then the
one Pico net can be a master to another Pico master uses even numbered slots and the
net. slave uses odd numbered slots to
communicate with one another in half duplex
BLUETOOTH LAYERS method.

MULTIPLE SLAVE COMMUNICATION

If the Piconet consists more than one slave
then the master uses the even numbered slots,
but a slave sends in the next odd numbered
slot if the packet in the previous slot was
addressed to it.

RADIO LAYER
The radio layer coordinates the functions
required to transmit bit stream over a
medium.
It deals with Band, FHSS & Modulation.
PHYSICAL LINKS:
The types of links between master and slave
are
SCO(Synchronous Connection Oriented) link
ACL (Asynchronous Connection Less) link
SCO:
A synchronous connection oriented link is
used when avoiding Latency (delay in data
delivery) is more important than integrity
(Error-free delivery).
In SCO, a physical link is created between a
master and slave by reserving specific slots at
regular intervals. In SCO, if a packet is
damaged it is never retransmitted. So, SCO is
used for real- time audio. A slave can create
up to three SCO links with the master
ACL:
An Asynchronous connectionless link is used
when data integrity is more important than
avoiding latency. ACL can achieve a data
rate up to 721 Kbps.
LMP (Link Manager Protocol)
This layer is responsible for setting up the
link between two Bluetooth radios (Security
aspects and control issues on Baseband
packet sizes). Link manager uses the services
of link controller to perform its services. It
essentially consists of number of protocol
data units, which sends from one device to
another. Furthermore, it controls the power
modes and duty cycles of Bluetooth radio
services, and connection states of Bluetooth
unit in a Pico net.
HCI (Host Controller Interface)
It is provided to ease the partition of the
Bluetooth Stack across to processors. Some
systems will implement the Baseband and
link manager on the Bluetooth device and
higher levels on the host processor. The HCI
is provided as command interface between
these parts. This HCI is functionally broken
up into three parts.
HCI Firmware, HCI Driver & Host
Controller Transport Layer
HCI Firmware & HCI Controllers are
communicated through Host Controller
Transport Layer.
L2CAP LAYER:
L2CAP is the acronym for Logical Link
Control & Adaptation Protocol. L2CAP
adapts upper layer protocols over the
Baseband and resides in the data link layer.
L2CAP permits higher-level protocols and
applications to transmit and receive L2CAP
data packets up to 64KB of length.
PROFILES
It provides interoperability between devices
from different manufacturers for specific
services and use cases.
A profile defines a selection of messages and
procedures and gives an unambiguous
description of communication between two
devices.
BLUETOOTH DEVICES
Bluetooth devices are required where cable
replacement needed and at data and voice
access points, ad-hoc networking and some
like in medical or industrial organizations.
Cable Replacement – PCs &peripherals,
home networking, headsets
Data and Voice Access Points – E-mail, web
access, Cordless telephone, etc.
Ad-hoc Networking – Business card
exchange, multi-layer Games, vending
machines, white goods, etc.
Medical – Monitoring devices
Industrial – Inventory management systems
ADVANTAGES
1. Allows transmission range of up to 100
meters
2. Robustness: This is capable of operating
in an environment strongly interfered by
other technologies using the same radio
spectrum
3. Low Complexity: This is suitable for
devices with low memory and low cpu
capacity, so that it could be easily
integrated in chipsets
4. Low Power: This is suitable for small
devices that are battery powered and
energy constrained
5. Low Cost: Very large scale production
can be implemented on a single chip
6. Bluetooth devices are wireless
DISADVANTAGES
1. Only applicable to short range (up to 100
mts)
2. Bluetooth technology is of high cost
when compared to other technologies.
3. Relatively low transfer rate (721Kbps)
COMPETITOR
the other WLAN technology is
IEEE 802.11b
Office or campus LAN
11 Mbps
Multiple clients per access point
Up to 100 meters range
Uses Wired Equivalent Privacy
APPLICATIONS
Headset – Hands free cell phone (road,
office, and car)
3 in 1 Phone – Intercom (no charge),
Portable phone (fixed line charge),
Cellular in Office LAN
Internet Bridge – Network access point,
for mobile internet browsing
Automatic Synchronizer – Syncs between
PC & PDA, Phone, PC
Instant Postcard – Digital camera send to
cell phone
Interactive Conference – Exchange
Business Cards & Data in meetings
Wireless Workplace – Peripherals
connect to your PC or LAN w/o wires
CONCLUSION
Bluetooth is a radio system designed for
connecting a variety of mobile devices in a
secure ad-hoc fashion. The Bluetooth
specification is definitely real and is being
widely adopted by industry leaders. The
possibilities for new applications are very
exciting with this versatile technology.
REFERENCES
1.Computer Network-Tanenbaum
2. Bluetooth Specifications, Bluetooth SIG
at http://www.bluetooth.com
3. Bluetooth Technical Overviews, Bluetooth
SIG at http://www.bluetooth.org
4. Bluetooth Technology,
http://www.gsmdata.com/artblue.com