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Chapter 1

Introduction

1.1 Introduction to Social Work

Social work is academic discipline and profession that concern itself with individuals, families,

groups and communities in an effort to enhance social functioning and overall well-being. Social

work involves the application of social theory and research methods to study and improve the

lives of people groups, and societies. And also it incorporates and utilize other social sciences as

a means to improve the human condition and positively change society’s response to chronic

problems. The term of social work is acquiring a wider or advanced meaning because of social

change and development along with numbers of emerging individuals and social problems. The

social work has been taken as professional work that deals with social illness, like medical work

that deals with physical illness.

According to International Federation of social workers, “social work is a practice based

profession and an academic discipline that promotes social change and development, social

cohesion, and the empowerment and liberation of people. Principles of social justice, human

rights, collective responsibility and respect for diversities are central to social work, underpinned

by theories of social work, social sciences, humanities and indigenous knowledge, social work

engages people and structures to address life challenges and enhance wellbeing (IFSW, 2014).

According to Friedlander “social work is a professional service based on scientific

knowledge and skill in human relations, which assist individuals alone or in group to obtain

social and personal satisfaction and independence.”

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1.2 Methods of Social work

Generally method implies to systematic way of doing something. In social work, method is

understood as the systematic and planned way of helping the people. The main concern of social

work is to solve psycho-social problems of individuals, groups and communities through the

conscious application of knowledge in methods, tools, techniques and skills of social work. In

this task, the social worker has to be equipped with all the necessary methods of social work that

ease his work to help the people in solving their own problems. Methods of social work are

grouped of primary and secondary method.

Methods of Social Work

Practice

Primary Methods Secondary Methods

Social Case Work Social Research

Social Group Work Social Action

Community Organization Social Welfare Administration

Fig. 1.2 Methods of Social Work Practice

1.2.1 Primary Method of Social Work

The primary methods are also called direct helping methods. Here, the social worker intervenes

directly with client(s) who need the professional services of a social worker at the individual,

group and community level. Primary means basic to something, or before all others. These are:

Social case work, Social group work and Community organization.

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1.2.1.1 Introduction to Social Case Work

Social case work is a primary method of social work, is concerned with the adjustment and

development of individual towards more satisfying human relations. It work with the individual

and families. Social case work has been originated and developed in the industrially developed

countries. Social case work only one person will be provided helps or services at a time,

therefore he/she becomes the central part of service. Individual social case work is a method or

process through which any person having individual problem or the client will be provided.

Every individual react differently to his social, economic and physical environments and as such

problems of one individual are different from those of another. Case work aims to individualized

service in the field of social work in order to help client to adjust with the environments.

According to Mary Richmond (1992) “Social case work means those process which develop

personality through adjustment consciously affected individual by individual, between man and

their social environment.

According to Gordon Hamilton (1956) “Social case work consists of those process which

develop personality through adjustment conscious affected, individual by individual between

man their social environment.”

According to Hollis (1954) “social case work is a method employed by social worker to help

individual find solution to problems of social adjustment which they are unable to handle

unsatisfactory way by their own effort”.

According to Taft (1920) “Social case work means social treatment of mal adjustment

individual involving an attain to understand his personality, behavior and social relationship and

assists him in working out better social and personal adjustment.

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1.2.1.1.1 Characteristics of Social Case Work

 Improvement of condition

 Client and case worker are inter-dependent

 More adjustment within the society

 Development of personality

 Capacity building

 Relationship carries out of shared and emotional charged situation.

 Relationship content elements of acceptance, acceptation, support and estimation

 Case worker relationship may have several therapeutic values.

1.2.1.2 Introduction to Social Group Work

Social group work is a method of social work which helps to develop the ability to establish

constructive relationship through group activities. Groups are a fundamental part of social life.

Groups can be very small- just two people or very large. They can be highly rewarding to their

members and to society as a whole, but there are also significant problems and dangers with

them. The ubiquitous of groups and the inevitability of being of our lives however, there is a

downside to all this. The socialization they offer might be highly constraining and oppressive for

some of their members. They can also become environments that faster interpersonal conflict.

Group work is believed to have been developed in order to solve various kinds of social

problems such as poverty, religious intolerance, sexual discrimination, caste system, or

untouchability, economic inequality, etc.

According to Association for the Advancement of Group Work (1948) “Group work is

method by which the group worker enables various types of groups to function in such a way
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that both group interaction and programmed activities contribute to the growth of the individual

and the achievement of desirable social goals.”

According to Trecker, (1955) “Social group work is a method through which individuals

in groups in social agency settings are helped by a worker who guides their interactions in

programme activities so that they may relate themselves to others and experiences growth

opportunities in accordance with their needs and capacities to the end of individual, group and

community development.”

According to Marjorie Murphy (1959) “Social group work is a method of social work

that helps persons to enhance their social functioning through purposeful group experiences and

to cope more effectively with their personal, group or community problems.”

According to Balgopal & Vassili (1983) “Group Work include both improving the

normal functioning and neutralizing the abnormal functioning of individuals.”

1.2.1.2.1 Characteristics of Group Work

 Group work practiced by group itself

 It’s based on humanitarian philosophy

 It gives aspiration to help each other

 Group work provides more information and more Skill

 It develop human personality.

1.2.1.3 Introduction to Community Organization

Community organization is one of the primary methods of social work. It deals with intervention

in the communities to solve the community problems. As a method of social work community

organization can solve the problems of many people in the community through their collective

involvement. Community organization includes other methods of social work that is group work
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and case work. Its method is used for empowering people for their development. It is one of the

principle processes of social work. It has been explained as a process of social work, the meaning

of community organization is much broader because it aims at building a beautiful humanitarian

society without any equality through serving the oppressed people with problems of different

kinds.

According to Murray G. Ross (1967) “community organization as a process by which a

community identifies its needs or objectives, gives priority to them, develops confidence and will

to work at them, finds resources (internal and external) to deal with them, and in doing so,

extends and develops cooperative and collaborative attitudes and practices in the community”.

According to Kramer and Specht (1975) “Community organization refers to various methods

of intervention whereby a professional change agent helps a community action system composed

of individuals, groups or organizations to engage in planned collective action in order to deal

with special problems within the democratic system of values.”

1.2.1.3.1 Characteristics of Community Organization

 The nature of its setting and focus the community and its problems.

 From the nature of its goals enhanced functional capacity of the community and its ability to

influence the social welfare policy and

 From the techniques it employs towards affecting the interpersonal and intergroup

relationship of the members of the community.

 It enhance the willpower of people and inspire them through public participation and

education.

 It is closely related to social welfare, which focus more on running the welfare activities and

leadership.
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1.2.2 Secondary Method of Social Work

These are those methods which are intended to support the primary methods. Here, the social

worker indirectly deals with the client’s problem.

1.2.2.1 Social Research

Social work research is another important method of social work. It refers to the systematic and

critical enquiry of the questions encountered by social work professional in the field of

application. Through this method efforts are made to find answers to the existing and emerging

problems of social work so as to make them use in the practical fields.

1.2.2.2 Social Action

Social action method of social work is the one that is used to bring about desirable changes in the

defective system for ensuring social progress. Through this method attempts are made to

mobilize people, to create awareness on existing problems, to organize them and to encourage

them to raise their voice against undesirable practices which hampers their development and

finally to create pressure for bringing about suitable legislation for social progress. This method

seeks to relate the community needs with the solution of the problems mainly through collective

initiatives.

1.2.2.3 Social Welfare Administration

Social welfare administration is one of the secondary methods of social work. It refers to a

process through which social policy is transformed into social service. In the other words, it is a

process to manage the affairs of social work or social welfare. Developing programmes,

mobilizing resources, recruiting and involving suitable personnel, proper organization,

coordination, providing skillful leadership, supervision and guidance of staff, budgeting and

evaluation are some of the specified activities involved in social welfare administration method.
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1.3 Introduction to Field Work

Field work is a cooperative endeavor the social work and local community social service

agencies, one in which component provides the resources necessary to achieve a meaningful

experience. . Fieldwork is an opportunity for aligning theoretical knowledge and learning, with

the needs of society and the market place.

According to Hamilton and Else (1983) “ Field work is a consciously planned set of

experiences occurring in a practice setting designed to move students from their initial level of

understanding, skills and attitudes to levels associated with autonomous social work practice.”

According to Kaseke (1986:55) “Fieldwork is an instrument of socialisation since it

prepares the student for a future role as a social work practitioner. He further asserts that, “a

meaningful fieldwork placement is one that enhances the students understanding of the social

work profession and the nature of the problems the profession addresses itself to”. Learning

therefore takes place at various levels, that is, intellectually, emotionally and practically. 

According to Safari (1986)“In the field, the student comes into contact with needy

people, their problems, their reactions to the problems and their attitude towards social workers

and thus the student discovers his or her ability to help”. It is through observation and doing the

job and feeling responsible for the job of helping people to cope with their problems, that social

work students acquire skills. Likewise, fieldwork is designed to give the student exposure and

experience on the functioning of social welfare agencies and social welfare provisioning.
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1.4 Objectives of Field Work

 To gain the knowledge of social work in practical life.

 To apply theoretical knowledge into practical work.

 To improve personal skill of volunteering in the organization of working the field

successful.

 To fulfillment of BA/SW (2nd year) course successfully.

 To deliver a message to the society that each and every people in the world should get equal

rights and opportunity.

 To learned about the obstacles faced by third gender people.

 To implement the principles, tools and techniques of the social work.

 To give equal rights to every person of sexual and gender minority.

 To know the organization as well as the people in proper way.

 To promote that every human being are equal in this earth.

 To encourage LGBTI people to have confine about themselves.

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Chapter 2

Agency Profile

2.1 Introduction to Organization

The Blue Diamond Society was established in 2001. Working for sexual minorities in a

conservative country like Nepal which still disapproves sexual behaviour other than heterosexual

and therefore people like us was extremely challenging. The first challenge was registrations an

NGO for sexual minorities the constitution doesn’t recognize sexual minorities so BDS was

register as a sexual health programme. The BDS work in Kathmandu with local communities and

on a national level with the mission to improve the sexual health, human rights and wellbeing of

sexual and gender minorities in Nepal including third-genders ,gay men, bisexuals, lesbian, and

other men who have sex with men. Through BDS outreach work; we have reached up to 350000

LGBTI/MSM. BDS the only organization of this kind and key activities include health

promotion for sexual minorities psycho-social counselling raising awareness of HIV/AIDS,

promoting human rights and sexual health, documenting human right violations and violated,

legal counselling and litigation services to the victims and families, legal and constitutional

campaign, lobbying for policy change, advocacy and media campaign, income generation

activities to poor LGBTI/MSM. BDS also organize innovative events such as a beauty pageant,

and built and strengthen communities. The BDS has documented violence and abuse that has

included arbitrary arrests, attempted murder, rape, blackmail, and all varieties of physical and

verbal abuse and discrimination in the workplace, school medical facilities and elsewhere. BDS

has done an exceptional job in publicizing these incidents on the local, national and international

level, bringing attention to this situation.

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2.2 Working Areas and Issues

Fig.2.2 Working Areas and Issues

Difficulties were encountered when homophobic CDO was in power in KTM, and

disgruntled staff reached out to organized criminal gangs to threaten BDS staff and leaders.

CDOs baseless precondition to renew and then refusal BDS license in a timely manner lead to

delay in implementing activities and programs. Due to lack of funding the community center

building construction project is slow and has not been finished on time. BDS has had funding

problems especially in the HIV prevention sector, issues have been raised on human rights

violation. Due to the unethical rumors, there might be funding gaps effecting overall programs of

the community.
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2.3 Objectives

 Protect the rights of sexual and gender minorities in Nepal.

 Ensure that the human rights (civil and political rights as well as economic, social, and

cultural rights) of SGM are upheld in the laws of the new constitution.

 Enhance the socio- economic conditions of LGBTI people.

 Reduce the further spread of HIV/AIDS among at risk populations and provide access to

friendly HIV/AIDS preventions and treatment services.

 Influences government and donor policies to include financial support for initiatives to

address the needs of LGBTI people.

2.4 Mission

 Blue diamond society fights for sexual and gender minority’s social justice and right.

 Deliver immediate and lasting improvements to the lives of sexual and gender minorities in

Nepal and beyond.

2.5 Vision

 To create a societies which respect and value each sexual and gender minorities.

 To create a societies where each sexual and gender minorities can live with equal right and

dignity.

 To create a societies where all sexual and gender minorities have hope and opportunities.

2.6 Goal

The goal of the BDS is to reach all sexual and gender minorities in Nepal and empower them to

live dignified healthy life.

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2.7 Activities of Organization

Supporting national level MSM and TG community based organization addressing HIV related

issues within MSM and TG populations, to undertake policy and advocacy work, strengthen

service provision, generate knowledge and build their own organizational capacity to support

other MSM, TG, and HIV related CBOs, conducting policy and advocacy work to ensure

appropriate policies regarding HIV and MSM and TG are in place. BDS built strong

coordination and linkages with health ministry, NCASC DPHO, DACC, LDO and local

stakeholders in the regional and the district level through TWG in national and regional level. In

last 13 years many sexual and gender minority communities throughout Nepal have started

consolidating to secure their equal rights, social justice and public recognition as equal citizen s

of Nepal. On December 2007, the supreme court of Nepal handed down historic decision

ordering the government of Nepal to recognize third gender, sexual and gender minorities, as

natural, equal persons under law.

2.8 Funding Source and Agencies Supporting NGOs and INGOs

FPAN/Global fund, NSAC/World Bank, SIDACTION and AIDS fondest, Population Service

International, Save the Children, UNICEF, AMFAR and other multilateral and donor aid

agencies supported the organization to undertake different programs. Non-governmental

organization also provides support from bilateral agencies to finance, some programs have

reduced administrative costs to the organization. Supports from the NCASC in making

HIV/AIDS intervention successful. Friend from HIV/AIDS program, human rights program, care

and support program, LBT women’s program, FSGMN and others have been a source of support

in moving ahead with the cause.

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Chapter 3

Issue Based Report

3.1 History

Prior to the late-nineteenth century, the concept of having a distinct sexual identity did not exist,

though people in the past lived lives similar to our modern understanding of what it means to be

LGBTQ. Gay identity, as both a personal and political category, did not fully emerge until the

mid-twentieth century. Historical terminology used to describe sexuality and gender often lacked

the specificity that exists today.

The British sexologist Havelock Ellis, for example, referred to both people who we would

today identify as gay or transgender as “sexual inverts,” which he defined as persons who exhibit

same-gender attraction and a gender presentation socially contrary to the sex one was assigned at

birth. The German scholar and human rights activist Karl Ulrichs similarly used the term

“Urning,” which he described as a third gender existing between men and women, to refer to

persons whom today we might describe as gay, trans or genderqueer. Male Urnings, in Ulrichs’

formulation, were “male-bodied” people with the souls of women, and female Urnings were

“female-bodied” people with the souls of men.

The term “homosexual,” coined in 1869 by the Hungarian doctor Karoly Maria Benkert,

who wrote under the pseudonym K.M. Kertbeny, was not in popular usage till the early twentieth

century. Mid-twentieth-century homosexual activists preferred the term “homophile” over

homosexual, seeing it as a more neutral and acceptable option because it removed the word

“sexual” while positively affirming same-gender attraction. “Gay” emerged as an underground

term in the early-twentieth century and came into popular usage in the 1960s. The term was

preferred by the Stonewall generation, who, contrary to their predecessors, were less likely to see
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being gay as shameful or a mental defect. Post-Stonewall activists sought to articulate a more

radical position removed from the image of respectability homophile organizations sought to

cultivate. Though today “gay” typically refers to men who are attracted to men, it was historically

used as a broad term that encompassed the entirety of the modern LGBTQ initialism. For

example, in the 1970s, activists Sylvia Rivera and Marsha P. Johnson often spoke of “gay rights”

or “gay power” in reference to their liberation as street queens of color (who today we would refer

to as transgender). The pair founded the organization STAR (Street Transvestite Action

Revolutionaries) as a way to organize homeless trans street youth. “STAR was for the street gay

people, the street homeless people, and anybody that needed help at that time,” Rivera said.

The term “lesbian” comes from the Greek island of Lesbos, associated with the poet

Sappho, whose surviving writing lyrically describes erotic love and attraction between women.

Despite the use of “gay” as an umbrella term for gender and sexual minorities, the advent of the

mid-to-late twentieth-century Women’s Movement (also referred to as the second wave of the

U.S. feminist movement) gave gay women the consciousness to articulate how their experiences

differed from both heterosexual women, who comprised the majority of the Women’s Movement,

and gay men. The articulation of a distinct lesbian identity was often necessitated by exclusions

gay women faced in feminist and gay organizations. Betty Friedan, the first president of the

National Organization for Women (NOW), infamously referred to lesbians as “the Lavender

Menace,” suggesting their presence would hinder the goals of the organization by furthering the

assumption that all feminists were man-hating lesbians. Lesbians, likewise, often experienced

overt sexism in post-Stonewall gay organizations such as the Gay Liberation Front (GLF) and the

Gay Activists Alliance (GAA). Yet, until the 1990s, “gay” was often used as a shorthand to refer

to the entire spectrum of sexual and gender minorities. This usage shifted with the rise of
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bisexual, transgender, and queer movements, giving birth to the four-letter LGBT initialism,

which was seen as more inclusive than broadly referring to the community simply as “gay.” These

’90s movements, while in many ways distinct, were connected by the common theme of

questioning and critiquing identity binaries such as gay/straight, man/woman,

masculine/feminine, and gender and sexuality norms more broadly. They also articulated a sense

of identity that was complex, fluid, and changing.

The term “transgender” was forwarded and popularized by activists such as Kate

Bornstein, Holly Boswell, Leslie Feinberg, and Riki Wilchins, to create a coalition of persons

who who did not fit neatly into gender binaries, or who defied gender norms and expectations,

particularly following the 1993 assault and murder of trans man Brandon Teena in Humboldt,

Nebraska. “Transgender” was also adopted by persons who did not identify with the earlier label

“transsexual,” due to its association with medical transition across the gender binary.

The letter “Q” was sometimes added to the initialism, alternatively referring to “queer,” or

to include those who were “questioning” their sexual orientation or gender identity. The term

“queer” can alternately refer to a reclaimed identity (literally meaning “odd” or “quaint,” the word

historically became a derogatory term for gays), an identity that expresses a more radical, militant,

or confrontational approach to identity politics, or an umbrella term that encompass anyone or

anything outside of gender and sexuality norms.Though it may be efficient to refer to the LGBTQ

community as “the queer community,” the word “queer,” for some, is polarizing and remains

offensive or derogatory. Based on one’s age, place of becoming, or experience with homophobia,

“queer” can provoke feelings of trauma and exclusion.

Since the 1990s, different versions of the initialism have proliferated as increasingly

nuanced ways to understand and define people’s lived experience of gender and sexuality are
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articulated. One expanded version of the initialism in use is LGBTQQIP2SAA, which stands for:

lesbian, gay, bisexual, transgender, queer, questioning, intersex, pansexual, two spirit, asexual,

and ally. While this version is certainly inclusive of the myriad ways people understand gender

and sexual identity, it is not necessarily efficient. It is difficult to remember, let alone say, and will

invariably result in giving those not familiar with the community a terminology lesson. While

inclusive, are expanded versions of the initialism actually less effective in creating increased

acceptance and awareness because they are too complicated and unwieldy? Perhaps — and this is

a fundamental question to consider.

There is not now, nor has there ever been, a consensus on approaches to activism within

the LGBTQ community, including the politics of language. LGBTQ people are as diverse and

varied as any other group. What unites us is a shared experience of being gender and sexual

minorities, though the particularities of that experience differ from person to person. The point is

not to position some versions of the initialism as “wrong” and others as “right.” Rather, it is to

encourage critical thinking around language as a vehicle of social change, and to recognize that

people do not have to agree on all things to work communally. Language ideally brings us

together, not divides us. We should not exclude others for using terminology we may not agree

with or prefer, or for taking a different approach. We should, however, think critically about the

words we use and if they are actually serving their intended purpose, or creating additional

problems.
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3.2 Present Context in Nepal

LGBTI in Nepal are one of the most progressive in Asia. The Nepalese constitution recognizes

LGBTI rights as fundamental rights, Nepal current LGBTI laws are some of the most open in the

world and expand upon a multitude of rights for LGBTI Nepalese. Now transgender people are

able to identify in front of family and society. They don’t regret of being third gender because of

BDS, BDS help them to reflect their potential. In the past due to lack of awareness about LGBTI,

people don’t accept them in the society as male and female but BDS help the transgender people

to identify their identity through FM station. LGBTI in Nepal are one of the most progressive in

Asia. The Nepalese constitution recognizes LGBTI rights as fundamental rights, Nepal current

LGBTI laws are some of the most open in the world and expand upon a multitude of rights for

LGBTI Nepalese. Now transgender people are able to identify in front of family and society.

3.3 South Asian Context

Fluid understanding of gender can be seen in many cultures around the world. In Native

American cultures, people who do not fit the definitive understanding of female or male are seen

as bridges between humans and the greater spirit. In Hindu scripture, hijra or kinner or third

gender were seen as demi-gods and historically played important roles in royal palaces as

entrusted advisors. Even in the Quran, there is an acknowledgment of gender ambiguity as part

of God’s creation.

Over time, historical relationships around gender fluidity diminished, leaving a more rigid

understanding of male and female. During the British colonization of India (which then included

Pakistan and Bangladesh), rulers suppressed the fluidity of gender understanding and outlawed

all such practices in their territories. But as with everything that becomes illegal, the third gender

community went underground.

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Transgender and intersex persons in Pakistan face violence and inequality – and often torture,

even execution – because of who they love, how they look, or who they are. In Pakistan, the

transgender and intersex community is the most vulnerable and socially isolated community

which come from a wide range of geographic and demo-graphic backgrounds. Transgender and

other gender minority people are diverse in such factors as age, race, ethnicity, religion, income,

sexual orientation, socioeconomic status, and refugee status. Despite their differences, gender

and sexual minority people from all back grounds face common experiences of discrimination

just because of their sexual orientation and gender identity. TransAction was founded in 2015 by

Pakhtun transgender and intersex activist to focus on transgender and intersex issues in

disadvantaged communities Khyber Pakhtunkhwa and Federally Administrated Tribal Areas

(FATA). TransAction strives to support transgender and intersex individuals through providing

safe spaces for them. We strive to raise awareness through education and training to the

transgender and intersex community, their families and general society, keeping in mind the

languages and cultural contexts.

The first time in Bangladesh’s history, transgender candidates who identify as women can

vie for the 50 seats reserved for women in the upcoming elections in the Jatiya Sansad or

National Parliament. The election schedule is due to be announced on Feb 17, and so far, eight

members of the transgender community have been confirmed as running on the Awami

League party ballot, which is the first and only political party in the nation to allow this.

The Bangladesh National Parliament has 50 seats among a total 350 reserved exclusively for

women, according to Article 65 of the national Constitution.

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3.4 Relevant Laws and Policies

3.4.1 Constitution of Nepal 2072

According to the provision of 2072 constitution, several articles mentioning LGBTI rights in the

country's new Constitution were approved by Parliament after lengthy deliberation.

 Article 12 of the new Constitution states that people have the right to have citizenship ID

that reflects their preferred gender.

 Article 18 covers rights to equality and states that the State will not "discriminate

[against] any citizens based on origin, religion, race, caste, tribe, gender, language or

ideological conviction or any other status."

 Article 18 also lists LGBTI people among disadvantaged groups that are recognized by

the Constitution.

The new Constitution states: Nothing shall be deemed to prevent the making of special

provisions by law for the protection, empowerment or advancement of the interests of socially

and culturally disadvantaged women, Dalits, indigenous peoples, tribes, Madhesi, Tharu,

Muslim, ethnic minorities, backward classes, minorities, marginalized, farmers, workers, youth,

children, senior citizens, gender and sexual minorities, handicapped persons, pregnant persons,

disabled or helpless, people of backward regions and economically disadvantaged citizens.

 Article 18 also replaces language in the old Constitution that references "male and

female" and "son or daughter" with gender-neutral terminology.

 Article 42 of the new Constitution lists "gender and sexual minorities" among groups that

will have right to participate in state mechanisms and public services based on the "principle

of inclusion".
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3.4.2 Various Laws, Legislation and Policies

3.4.2.1 Universal Declaration of Human Rights (UDHR, 1948)

The Universal Declaration of Human rights is a historic document that was adopted by the

United Nations General Assembly as its third session on December 10, 1948 as resolution 217 at

the palais de chaillot in Paris, France, of the then 58 members of the united nations, 48 voted in

favor, none against, eight abstained, and two did not vote. The declaration consists of 30 articles

affirming individual rights which, although not legally binding in themselves, have been

elaborated in subsequent international treaties, economic transfers, regional human rights

instruments, national constitutions, and others laws. “The Declaration was the first step in the

process of formulating the International Bill of Human Rights, which was completed in 1966,

and came into force in 1976, after a sufficient number of countries had ratified them

3.4.3 Various Important Convention and Treaties (CEDAW)

At first sight, it seems clear that the Convention on the Elimination of All Forms of

Discrimination against Women (CEDAW) aims to eliminate discrimination against

(only) women. However, a legal analysis of the object and purpose of the Convention reveals

that CEDAW, in particular article 5a (which requires modification of ‘cultural patterns of

conduct’), could be instrumental in addressing at least some aspects of LGBTI rights.

Nevertheless, an analysis of Concluding Observations adopted by the Committee since 2010

reveals that the Committee, the body entrusted both with monitoring the implementation of the

Convention and acting as its principal interpreter, does not yet use the possibility offered under

article 5a to interpret the Convention in such a way. This article argues that the most realistic

(albeit slow) way to enhance LGBTI rights within the framework of the CEDAW Convention

seems to be to encourage state parties and non-governmental organizations to include discussions

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of discrimination against LGBTI persons in their Country Reports and Shadow Reports to the

Committee, thereby inviting the Committee to reflect on LGBTI discrimination.

In contrast to other non-discrimination grounds like sex, race/ethnicity, and disability,

there is no one particular international legal instrument that expressly and explicitly obliges state

parties to respect the human rights of lesbian, gay, bisexual, transgender, and intersex (LGBTI)

persons and prohibits all forms of discrimination against these persons. How then can the

enhancement of the human rights of LGBTI persons be advanced, and, in particular, their rights

to sexual freedom and gender identity? This question was at the heart of the discussions at the

conference held in Oslo in December 2014.

The right to sexual freedom and gender identity are of crucial importance for each and

every human being, regardless of his or her sexual orientation or gender identity, but are most

fiercely contested when it concerns LGBTI persons.

The question raised at the Conference in Oslo also calls for a theoretical and strategic

analysis of the pros and cons, or the opportunities and obstacles, of using this Convention to

enhance LGBTI (human) rights. The Convention's definition of discrimination against women is

considered. Thirdly, we shall analyses the three main objectives of CEDAW and assess whether

there is at least in theory –space for including LGBTI rights within the scope of this Convention.
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Chapter 4

Overall Activities Conducted

4.1 Activity No. 1 participated in various orientation class

4.1.1 Objectives

 To know about the meaning of LGBTI

 To know about the lifestyle of Transgender people

 To know about the challenges faced by LGBTI people in society.

4.1.2 Activity in Details

While working in the field trainee had participated in various orientation class. Trainee had

participated in orientation class given by supervisor of organization Bhakti Shah who given the

orientation about the meaning of LGBTI. And also trainee participated in orientation class given

by peter staff member of organization about his experience and problems which was faced by

him in his life. Trainee participated in different orientation class to know the problems which

were faced by third gender in society.

4.1.3 Learning

Trainee had got the knowledge about the meaning of LGBTI and also trainee had learned that

everyone is born free and have equal rights. Trainee learned various difficult faced by

transgender and how to help them to assists in their daily activities

4.2 Activity No. 2 Interaction with staff members of the organization

4.2.1 Objectives

 To know about the organization

 To know about the problems faced by third gender.

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4.2.2 Activity in details

While working in the field trainee had interacted the supervisor and all staff members of the

organization to know the rules and regulation of the organization and also know the economic

status of the third gender people. Trainee had interacted to the third gender people to know about

their experience what problems they faced after know their identity. Trainee also interacted to

the Shreya Retty from india to know about the transgender people.

4.2.3 Learning

Trainee had learned many things after interacted with the third gender people. Trainee learned

that everyone has born freely and have equal rights and also learned though transgender people

have capability of doing work of both male and female. Trainee had learned if they had legal

rights they adopt the children and take care of them.

4.3 Activity No. 3 Observed the Organization

4.3.1 Objectives

 To know about the economic status of the third gender.

 To know the environment situation of the organization.

4.3.2 Activity in details

Trainee observed the peaceful environment in the organization and also observed the members of

the organization most of them were from transgender category. Trainee had observed the

behavior of the LGBTI people. Trainee observed the LGBTI people, they were happy and

satisfied their life.

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4.3.3 Learning

While observed the organization, trainee learned many things in the organization. Trainee had

learned that each and every people are equal. Everyone should be treated equally with respect.

Every person is born unique with different talent and had learned third people is also unique they

were also like normal people.

4.4 Activity No. 4 Read the BDS book in the library

4.4.1 Objectives

 To understand the issues.

 To improve the quality and skill

4.4.2 Activity in Details

Trainee read the book in the library of organization. Trainee read different types of book like

story, history of blue diamond society, drama, history of Nepal, novel etc. Trainee read the book

about the LGBTI. After read the BDS book trainee was known about the LGBTI clearly and got

many knowledge from the BDS book about the LGBTI.

4.4.3 Learning

Trainee had learned the meaning of LGBTI and also learned the history as well as challenges of

LGBTI in the past and present in Nepal and other countries. Trainee learned the different and

similarities of Hijaras and LGBTI people.

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Chapter 5

Theoretical Application and Analysis

5.1 Principles of Social Case Work

Principles of social case work establish maintaining a close relation between caseworker and the

client. Relationship bring about the change in the behavior and personality of the client. The

main motive of achieving and making a relationship is to make a better adjustment with the

environment.

Trainee was able to apply some principles of social case work in his/her field work they

are:-

5.1.1 Principle of Acceptance

Acceptance is the fundamental social work principle that applies the sincere understanding of

client. Acceptance is conveyed in the profession relationship through the expression of genuine

concerned, receptive listening, intentional response that acknowledge the other person point of

view and the creation of the climate of mutual respect.

Trainee had applied the principle of acceptance in his/her field work. Trainee accepted

the LGBTI people in every situation. Trainee treated the LGBTI people equally like normal

people without any discrimination.

5.1.2 Principle of Non-judgmental Attitude

Non-judgmental attitude is a quality of the case worker relationship. The caseworker doesn’t

blame the client for his/her problem nor does he assign any responsibility for his/her miseries.

He/she only evaluate the attitudes, standard or action of the client.

While working in the field trainee had applied principle of non-judgmental attitude to

deal with the third gender people. Trainee didn’t show any biasness towards the third gender
 27

people. Trainee had treated third gender people equally like normal people. Trainee accepted

them based on their sexual and gender minorities.

5.1.3 Principle of Controlled Emotion

Trainee applied the principle of controlled emotion while the LGBTI were identifying their

identity in orientation and confessed that what types of struggle they faced, how family and

society didn’t accept them and neglected and hated to the LGBTI, trainee got emotional. So,

trainee controlled her emotion and console them that they are equal just different.

5.2 Tools of Social Case Work

While working in the field trainee applied two tools of social case work observation and

interview.

5.2.1 Observation

Observation simply means the practice of noticing features about people, things or situation. In

the context of case work, the purpose of observation is to use the observed data for

understanding the client and situation. Observation means the action or process of watching

someone or something. During field work trainee observed the various things in Blue Diamond

Society and also observed the peaceful environment for LGBTI. Transgender people seem very

happy and satisfied with their life. Through observation trainee got to know that transgender

people identity through FM station programs.

5.2.2 Interview

A systematic reciprocal conversation between two persons done both formally and informally in

order to get the answer to the questions for a certain purpose is called interview. Interview is one

of the most important methods of collecting information in casework. While starting the field
 28

work the trainee use the method of interview to get the necessary information about the

organization.

5.3 Principles of Group Work

Trainee was able to apply some the principles of social group work in his/her field work they

are:-

5.3.1 Genuine acceptance of each individual with his unique strength and weakness

While working in the field trainee applied the principle of genuine acceptance of each individual

with his unique strength and weakness. Trainee accepted the each LGBTI people’s weakness and

strength. Every individual are unique so, trainee also accepted the each LGBTI people’s strength

and weakness with their individual characters.

5.3.2 Establishment of a purposeful relationship between group worker and group

members.

While working in the field trainee applied the principle of a purposeful relationship between

group worker and group members. Here, group worker is consider as trainee and group members

are consider as LGBTI people. Trainee established purposeful relationship between LGBTI

people. Trainee established professional relationship with LGBTI people so that, trainee got

chance to know the weakness and strength of each LGBTI people.

5.4 Principles of Community Organization

5.4.1 Voluntary Co-operation

Trainee had applied the principle of voluntary co-operation in his/her field work. Trainee had

done work be co-operative with all intern of different colleges and different countries. Trainee

had done work be co-operative to the intern who were came from India and Belgium for

internship.
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Chapter 6

Observation Analysis and Learning

6.1 Overall Observation

Observation simply means the practice of noticing features about people, things or situation. In

the context of case work, the purpose of observation is to use the observed data for

understanding the client and situation. In the context of casework, observation can be defined as

a careful or active study or watching the client’s situation, problems etc. it is one of the main

tools to collect the information about the client.

Trainee observed various things in the organization. Trainee had observed the peaceful

environment provided to LGBTI people and observed that BDS treated to LGBTI people with

respect for the choice they make. LGBTI people seems to very confident while given the

orientation about their identity. BDS were supportive to living the LGBTI people freely, equally

and identifying their gender minorities proudly. Trainee observed the behavior of LGBTI people

they were very friendly with everyone and maximum were transgender in Blue Diamond

Society.

6.2 Overall Learning

Trainee had learned many thing in the Organization. Trainee learned that everyone had born

freely and have equal rights in the society. Trainee learned and know about the activities that can

be done for their betterment and support and also learned that interacted in different way with

LGBTI people. Trainee learned about the difficulties or problems faced by the third gender

people and how to help them to assist in their daily activities. Trainee also learned about the

attitude and outlook of the residents towards organization. Trainee learned that to be more

responsible and punctual in works.

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6.3 SWOC Analysis of Organization

6.3.1 Strength

 They work under umbrella organization, where there was mutual co-ordination

 Supports from Community and Non- Community members

6.3.2 Weakness

 Involved in sexual activities

 Unable to provide job for all third gender people.

6.3.3 Opportunities

 Able to raise consciousness of human rights issues for the sexual and gender minorities

among the government authorities and general population.

6.3.4 Challenges

 Not willing to open up

 Family pressure

 Discrimination

6.4 SWOC Analysis for Trainee

6.4.1 Strength

 Trainee was very passionate towards work.

 Trainee was opened minded as well as friendly with BDS staff.

6.4.2 Weakness

 Trainee was complaining types of person

 Trainee was intolerant, which was the greatest weakness in field work
 31

6.4.3 Opportunities

 Trainee was able to learned meaning of LGBTI

 Trainee was able to interact with LGBTI people

 Trainee was got the opportunity to participated in orientation class of third gender

6.4.4 Challenges

 Trainee got the task to prepare a presentation about the LGBTI and present it in Barnhardt

College, it is big challenges for trainee.

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Chapter 7

Recommendation and Conclusion

7.1 Recommendation to Organization

 BDS staff should give some activities to do for trainee.

 Organization should conducted programs for trainee about LGBTI

 Organization should make involved to every trainee in programs about LGBTI

7.2 Recommendation to College

 Teacher shouldn’t give pressure while preparing report.

 College’s representative should often visit the field place to watch student’s performance in

organization

7.3 Recommendation to other trainee

 Trainee should maintain a professional relation in the organization rather than a personal

relation.

 Trainee should work under the rules formulated by the organization, therefore rules should be

followed and implement.

 Trainee should be punctual and discipline.

 33

Conclusion

Third gender is a concept in which individuals are categorized, either by themselves or by

society, as neither man nor women. It is also a social category present in societies that recognize

three or more genders. . A category of people who do not identify as male or female, but rather

as neither, both, or a combination of male and female genders. The State of being neither male

nor female may be understood in relation to the individual’s biological sex , gender role , gender

identity, or sexual orientation. LGBTIQ is an initialism that stands for lesbian, gay, bisexual, and

transgender, intersex, queer. In use since the 1990s, the term is an adaptation of the initialism

LGB, which was used to replace the term gay in reference to the LGBTIQ community beginning

in the mid-to-late 1980s.

Blue Diamond Society is working for sexual minorities in a conservative country like

Nepal which still disapproves sexual behaviour other than heterosexual and therefore people like

us was extremely challenging. While working in the organization trainee understand the

importance of principles, techniques and tools of Social Case work, Group work and Community

organization. Trainee learned about the importance of principles, tools and techniques.

LGBTI in Nepal are one of the most progressive in Asia. The Nepalese constitution

recognizes LGBTI rights as fundamental rights, Nepal current LGBTI laws are some of the most

open in the world and expand upon a multitude of rights for LGBTI Nepalese. Now transgender

people are able to identify in front of family and society. LGBTI in Nepal are one of the most

progressive in Asia.
 34

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