File No.

SP/8/4237DS/12

Reference Calculations Output

RC Design of Beams for Substructure

Design Information:
i) References:
(1) BS EN 1992-1-1 (2004) Eurocode 2: Design of concrete structures -
Part 1-1: General rules and rules for buildings
(2) Code of Practice for Structual Use of Concrete 2013
(3) BS EN 1992-3 (2006) Eurocode 2: Design of Concrete Structures -
Part 3: Liquid Retaining and Containment Structures
(4) Reinforced Concrete Design to Eurocode (Sixth Edition)
(5) Code of Practice for Fire Safety in Buildings 2011
(6) Sewerage Design Manual Part 2
(7) CIRIA C660

ii) Expoure Conditions:

The building is exposed to rain, but not submerged into water.
Table 3 in Ref.6 Exposure Class = XCA
Design life of Building = 50 years
Table NA.2 in Ref. 1 Minimum cover due to environmental conditions cmin, dur = 40 mm
Table 4.2 in Ref. 1 Minimum cover due to bond requirement cmin,b = 16 mm
Cl. 4.1.1.3 & Table NA.1 in Ref. 1
Allowance in design for deviation ∆cdev = 10 mm
Cl. 4.4.1.1 in Ref. 1 Nominal Cover cnom = 50 mm

Design fire resistance period = 2 hours

Table E6 in Ref. 5 Required minimum cover for continuous beam = 40 mm
Required minimum cover for simply supported beam* = 50 mm
Table 3 in Ref.6 Cover for primary beam c = 50 mm
Table 3 in Ref.6 Cover for secondary beam c = 50 mm
*Reinforcement consisting of expanded metal lath or a wire fabric not lighter than
0.5kg/m2 with 2mm diameter wire at not more than 100mm centres or a continuous
arrangement of links at not more than 200mm centres should be incorporated in the
concrete cover at a distance not exceeding 20mm from the face.

ii) Material properties:

(1) Concrete
Characteristic cube strength of concrete fck, cube = 45 MPa
Characteristic cylinder strength of concrete fck, cyl
= 35 MPa
Table 2.1N in Ref. 1 Partial Safety Factor of Concrete (Persistent and Transi gc = 1.5
Table 2.1N in Ref. 1 Partial Safety Factor of Concrete (Accidental) gc, acc = 1.2
Mean value of axial tensile strength of concrete fctm = 3.2 N/mm2
Table 3.1 in Ref. 2 Short term elastic modulus of concrete Ec = 26,400 N/mm2
Density of reinforced concrete = 25 kN/m3

(2) Steel Reinforcement

Table 3 in Ref.6 Characteristic strength of steel fyk = 500 N/mm2
Table 2.1N in Ref. 1 Partial safety factor of steel gs = 1.15
Table 3 in Ref.6 Elastic modulus of steel Es = 200,000 N/mm2
Modular ratio ae = Es / Ec
= 7.6
iii) Design requirements:
Table 3 in Ref.6 Tightness Class 1

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Table 7.3.1 of Ref. 3 Design crack width w = 0.16 mm

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RC Design of Beams GB1 - RB10 (except GB1 & 7)

i) Primary Ground Beam 300 x 400

Height h = 400 mm
Width b = 300 mm
h
Max. Span l = 4050 mm
Cover c = 50 mm

a. Ultimate Bending Moment and Shear Force

From the SAP2000 analysis,

Maximum hogging moment at support = 164.18 kNm

Cl.6.1(4) in Ref.1 Add. moment for min. eccentricity to compression force = 5.3486 kNm
Total hogging moment at support = 169.5286 kNm

Maximum sagging moment at span = 52.39 kNm

Cl.6.1(4) in Ref.1 Add. moment for min. eccentricity to compression force = 5.3486 kNm
Total sagging moment at mid span = 57.7386 kNm

Maximum shear force = 138.26 kN

Axial force = 267.43 kN

Since N/bhfck < 0.1, the section is under tensile failure, and the effect of axial load can be ignored.

Torsion = 0 kNm

b. Main Reinforcement

Assume bar diameter f = 32 mm top

= 32 mm bottom
Stirrup diameter f' = 12 mm
Effective depth d (top) = h - c - f/2 - f'
= 400 - 50 - 32 /2 - 12 d=
= 322 mm 322 mm

Effective depth d (bottom) = h - c - f/2 - f'

= 400 - 50 - 32 /2 - 12 d=
= 322 mm 322 mm

Checking of critical moment at support

It is noted that EC2 does not give any equations for the analysis or design of bending moment of sections.
However, it is noted that the assumptions stipulated in Clause 6.1(2) Reference 1 are the same as the design
assumptions stipultated in Clause 3.4.4.1 in BS8110-1997. Thus the equations used are similar to those in BS8110.
In the following calculations, equations derived based on EC2 and BS8110 in Reference 4 are used:

Eq.4.10 in Ref. 4 K = M / bd2fck

= 169.5286 x 10^6 / (300 x 322^2 x 35)
= 0.156

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< 0.167 = K'
Compression reinforcement is not required.

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Eq.4.8* in Ref. 4 Lever arm z = d [0.5 + (0.25 - K / 1.134)0.5] =

= 322 [ 0.5 + (0.25 - 0.156 / 1.134)^0.5]
= 269
< 0.95d = 306 mm

Take z = 269 mm

Depth to the neutral axis x = (d - z) / 0.45

= (322 - 269) / 0.45
= 118 mm

Eq.4.9* in Ref. 4 Area of tension reinforcement As = M / 0.87fykz

= 169.5286 x 10^6 / (0.87 x 500 x 269)
= 1448 mm2 Provide

3H32
Provide 3 H 32 (As prov = 2413 mm2) Top

Checking of critical moment in span

Eq.4.10 in Ref. 4 K = M / bd2fck

= 57.7386 x 10^6 / (300 x 322^2 x 35)
= 0.053
< 0.167 = K'

Compression reinforcement is not required.

Eq.4.8* in Ref. 4 Lever arm z = d [0.5 + (0.25 - K / 1.134)0.5]

= [ 0.5 + (0.25 - 0.053 / 1.134)^0.5]
= 306
> 0.95d = 306 mm

Take z = 306 mm

Depth to the neutral axis x = (d - z) / 0.45

= (322 - 306) / 0.45
= 36 mm

Eq.4.9* in Ref. 4 Area of tension reinforcement As = M / 0.87fyz

= 57.7386 x 10^6 / (0.87 x 500 x 306)
= 434 mm2 Provide

2H32
Provide 2 H 32 (As prov = 1608 mm2) Bottom

Checking of minimum reinforcement

Eqt. 9.1N in Ref. 1 As,min = 0.26 (fctm/fyk)btd , but not less than 0.0013btd

where fctm = value determined by strength class

Table 3.1 in Ref. 1 = 0.3(fck,cyl)1/3
= 3.2 Mpa
bt = mean width of tensile zone
= 300 mm

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As, min = 0.26 (3.2/500) x 300 x 322

= 160.74 mm2
> 0.0013btd
= 0.0013 x 300 x 322
= 125.58 mm2

NA Cl. 9.2.1.1 (3) in Ref. 1

As prov = 1608 mm2 > 160.742 mm2
∴ OK

Checking of maximum reinforcement

NA Cl. 9.2.1.1 (3) in Ref. 1

As,max = 0.04Ac
= 0.04bh
= 0.04 x 300 x 400
= 4800 mm2 > 2413 mm2 OK

c. Shear Reinforcement

v 138.26 x 10^3 ν=
shear stress = = = 1.431
bd 300 x 322 1.431 N/mm2

Eq. 6.2.a in Ref. 1 Design Value for shear resistance V RD,c

where CRd,c = 0.18/γc
= 0.18 / 1.5
= 0.12
k = 1+(200/d)1/2
= 1 + (200 / 322 ) ^0.5
= 1.79
ρl = As prov/bwd
= 1608 / (300 x 322)
= 0.017 < 0.02
bw = smallest width of the cross-section in tensile area
= 300 mm
National Annex in Ref. 1
k1 = 0.15
σcp = NED/Ac
= 267.43 x 10^3 / (400x300)
= 2.2286 Mpa
where NED = Axial Force due to loading = 267.4 kN
Ac = Area of concrete in cross section = 120000 mm2

Thus, VRD,c = [CRd,ck(100ρlfck,cyl)1/3+k1σcp]bwd

= [0.12 x 1.79 x (100 x 0.017 x 35) ^0.33 + 0.15 x 2.23] x 300 x 322
= 113 kN Shear links are

< 138.3 kN required

Thus, shear reinforcement is required.

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In Eurocode 2, design of members with shear reinforcement is based on strut and tie model as shown
in the following diagram.

Fig. 6.5 in Ref. 1

Cl. 6.2.3 (2) in Ref. 1 where 1 ≤ cot θ ≤ 2.5

Take θ = 22 degrees ( i.e. cot θ = 2.475 )
Eq. 6.9 in Ref. 1 VRD, max = αcw bw z v1 fcd / (cotθ + tanθ)
where αcw = coefficient taking account of the stress state in compression chords
Eq. 6.11.aN in Ref. 1 = 1
v1 = strength reduction factor for concrete cracked in shear
Eq. 6.6N in Ref. 1 = 0.6 (1-fck,cyl/250)
= 0.6 (1 - 35 / 250)
= 0.516
z = 306 mm
fcd = fck,cyl / γc
= 35 / 1.5
= 23.33 MPa

Thus, VRD, max = αcw bw z v1 fcd / (cotθ + tanθ)

= 1 x 300 x 306 x 0.516 x 23 / (2.475 + 1 / 2.475)
= 383.768 kN
> 138.3 kN

Therefore, shear resistance V Rd,s should be taken as 138.3 kN.

VRd,s = Asw z fywd cot θ / s where fywd = fyk / γs 434.78 Mpa

By re-arranging the terms,

Asw / s = VRd,s / z fywd cot θ

= 138.3 x 1000 / (306 x 435 x 2.475)
Cl.9.2.2 in Ref.1 = 0.42 where s < 241.5 mm Provide

H12 - 250s.s.(2 legs)

Table Appendix A.4 Provide 2 legs H 12 - 250 s.s. (Asw / s = 0.90478 ) as shear links

in Ref. 4

Check minimum shear reinforcement:

Eq. 9.4 in Ref. 1 Shear reinforcement ratio ρ w = Asw / (s bw sinα)

where α = angle between shear reinforcement and long. Axis
= 90 degrees

minimum shear reinforcement ratio ρ w,min = (0.08√fck,cyl) / fyk

When (0.08√fck,cyl) fyk = Asw / (s bw sinα)

∴ Asw / s = (0.08√fck,cyl) / fyk bw sinα
= (0.08 (35) ^0.5 / (500 x 300 sin 90)
= 0.28
< 0.905

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Therefore, provide H 12 - 250 s.s. (Asw / s = 0.905 )
is adequate.

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d. Torsional Reinforcement

Maximum Torsion TEd = 0 kNm

Effective wall thickness
Area enclosed by centre-lines,
Perimeter of centre-lines
tef = Area/Perimeter
= 400 x 300 / 2 x ( 400 + 300 )
= 86 mm
Ak = (b-tef)(h-tef)
( 300 - 85.7142857142857
= ) ( 400 - 85.7142857142857 )
= 67,347 mm2
uk = 2 (b + h - 2tef )
= 2 ( 400 + 300 - 2 x 85.7142857142857 )
= 1057 mm

Check if cocnrete section is adequate

Eqt 6.29 in Ref. 1 TEd/TRd,max + VEd/VRd,max ≦ 1

Design Torsional Moment Resistance TRd,max = 2 v1αcw fcdAk tef sinθ cosθ
Eqt. 6.6N in Ref.1 where v1 = 0.516
αcw = 1
θ = 45 degrees Adopt a larger value of θ
fcd = 23.33 Mpa

Thus, TRd,max = 2 x 0.516 x 1 x 23 x 67347 x 86 x sin 45 cos 45

= 7E+07 Nmm
= 69.502 kNm

VRd,s = Asw z fywd cotθ/ s

= 297.84 kN

VRd,max = VRd,c + VRd,s = 112.7 + 298

= 410 kN

TEd/TRd,max + VEd/VRd,max = 0 / 69.502 + 138 / 410

= 0.34
< 1
OK

∴ Capacity of the concrete strut is adequate, no need for increase in the concrete section.

Additional stirrup reinforcement required due to torsion

Asw / s = TEd / 2Ak0.87fyk cotθ

= 0
Combined transerve reinforcement for shear and torsion
Asw / s = 0+0.42
= 0.42 The shear reinforcement provided is adequate

Additional lonitudinal reinforcement required due to torsion

Asl = TEdukcotθ / 2Ak0.87fyk

= 0.00 mm2
Combined transerve reinforcement for shear and torsion
Top: As = 1448.30 The shear reinforcement provided is adequate
Bottom: As = 433.91 The shear reinforcement provided is adequate

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e. Deflection

Reference reinforcement ratio ρ0 = 10-3√fck,cyl

= √ 35 / 1000
= 0.006

Required Compression Reinforcement ρ' = 0

Required Tension Reinforcement ρ = 0.0036

< 0.006

Thus, for ρ < ρ0 expression 7.16.a is applicable.

Thus, span/depth ratio

Eqt. 7.16a in Ref. 1 l ρ0 ρ0
= K[11+1.5√fck,cyl + 3.2 √fck,cyl ( -1) 3/2]
d ρ ρ
where K = factor on different structual systems
Table 7.4N in Ref. 1 = 1.3 for End span of continuous beam

l/d = 1.3 x ( 11 + 14.519 + 9.6051 )

= 45.662

For stress level other than 310MPa

310 500 (As,prov)
= = 3.706997715316
ss ss (A s,req)

Actual span-to-depth ratio = 4050 / 322

= 12.578 < 169.27
∴ OK

f. Crack Control

Check Maximum Bar Diameters for Crack Control

Eqt. 6.1 in Ref. 4 fyk Load under SLS

Steel Stress = x
1.15 Load under ULS
500 117.72
= x
1.15 164
= 311.75 N/mm2

From Table 7.2N, for crack width = 0.16 f*s = 6 mm

Eqt. 7.6N in Ref. 1 Bending (at least part of section in compression)

fct,eff kc hcr
Max. bar dia. fs = f*s
2.9 2 (h-d)
3.2 0.4 (400 )
= 6
2.90 2 (400 - 322 )
= 6.79045 mm
< f
= 32 mm

i.e. Further check Maximum Bar Spacing.

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Check Maximum Bar Spacing

When fs = 311.747 N/mm2

From Table 7.3N, for wk < 0.2mm,

fs Maximum Bar Spacing

280 50
320 0

By interpolation,maximum bar spacing = 10.3164 mm

Actual bar spacing = (b - 2cnom - 2f'- no. of rebar x f) / ( no. of rebar - 1 )

= ( 300 - 2 x 50 - 2 x12 - 3 x 32) / ( 3 - 1)
= 40.00 mm
> 10.3164 mm
∴ OK
∴ Calculation is required for crack width checking.

Cl. 7.3.2 (2) in As, min = kc k fct,eff Act/ ss

Ref. 1 where Act = area of concrete at tensile zone
= b (h-x)
= 300 ( 400 - 36 )
= 109267 mm2
ss = fyk = 500 N/mm2
fct,eff = fctm = 3.2 N/mm2
k = 0.93
Eq. 7.2 in Ref. 1 sc
kc = 0.4 [ 1- ]
k1(h/h*)fct,eff
2.23
= 0.4 [ 1- ]
1.5 ( 0.4/0.4) x 3.2
= 0.21
sc = NED/ bh
= 267.4 x 1000 / (400 x 300)
= 2.23
h* = 0.4 m for h < 1
k1 = 1.5 if NED is a compressive force

0.21 x 0.93 x 3.2 x 109267

∴ As, min =
500
= 139.362 mm2 < 1608.5 mm2 (As,prov)

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Flexural Crack Width Checking by Direct Calculation

Allowable crack width w = 0.16 mm

Steel Ratio ρ = As / bh
= 2413 /( 300 x 400 ) x 100
= 2.01 %
Eqt. 3.3 in Ref. 2 Creep Factor fc = KLKmKcKeKj
Fig. 3.1-3.4 & 3.6 KL = 2.3 (assuming normal air, 70% relative humidity of air)
in Ref. 2 Km = 1 (assuming age of concrete at time of loading is 28 days)
Kc = 0.8 (assuming w/c ratio = 0.4, and cement content = 400kg/m 3)
Ke = 0.75
Kj = 1 (for design life of 50 years)
fc = 2.3 * 1 * 0.8 * 0.75 * 1
= 1.38
Modular Ratio ae = Es / [Ecm / (1+fc)]
= 200 / [26.4 / (1+1.38)]
= 18.03
bh²/2+(αe-1)(Asd+As2d2)
Depth of neutral axis x =
bh+(αe-1)(As+As2)
= [300*400²/2+(18-1)(2412.7*322+1608.5*)]/[300*400+(18-1)(2412.7+1608.5)]
= 198 mm
Cl. 7.3.2 (2) in Ref. 1 hc,ef = lesser of 2.5 (h-d), (h-x)/3 or h/2
= 67 mm
Reinforcement Area As = 2413 mm2
Ac,eff = bhc,ef
= 20247.1 mm2
ρp,eff = As / Ac,eff
= 2413 / 20247.0695067474
= 0.119
Applied SLS moment MEd = 117.72 kNm
Stress in tension rebars σs = MEd / (d-x/3) As
= 117.72 x 1E6 / [( 322 - 197.53/ 3 ) x 2412.74 ]
= 190.473 N/mm2

Eqt. 7.8 in Ref. 1 Flexural crack width wk = sr,max (εsm -εcm )

Max. crack spacing sr,max = k3 c + k1 k2 k4 φ / ρp,eff

where k1 = 0.8 (for high bond bars)

k2 = 0.5 (for bending)
NA in Ref. 1 k3 = 3.4
NA in Ref. 1 k4 = 0.425
bar diameter φ = 32 mm
cover c = 50 mm

Thus, sr,max = 216 mm sr,max =

216 mm

Eqt. 7.9 in Ref. 1 σs - kt fct,eff / ρp,eff (1 + αe ρp,eff ) where kt = 0.4 (for long term loading)
εsm - εcm =
Es
190.47 - 0.4 x 3.2 / 0.12 ( 1 + 18.03 x 0.12 )
=
200000
= 0.00078
σs
> 0.6
Es

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= 0.00057

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Take εsm - εcm = 0.00078

Eqt. 7.8 in Ref. 1 Flexural crack width , wk = sr,max (εsm -εcm )

= 216 x 0.0008
= 0.17 mm
> 0.16 mm NOT OK

Thermal Crack Width Checking by Direct Calculation

Eq.3.13 in Ref.7 Sr,max = 3.4c + 0.425 k1 f / rp,eff

= 300.1 mm

where rp,eff = 0.119

k1 = 1.14 higher value used

Long term crack width:

Eq.3.16 in Ref.7 wk = 0.5 ae kc k fct,eff / Es (1+1/(ae r)) Sr,max
= 0.07 mm < 0.16 mm

Early-age crack width:

Eq.3.16 in Ref.7 wk = 0.5 ae kc k fct,eff / Es (1+1/(ae r)) Sr,max
= 0.05 mm < 0.16 mm

where
Table 3.1 in Ref.7 kc = 1 for direct tension
k = 0.95
r = As/Act
= 0.03972
For long term crack width
Eq.3.1 in Ref.1 fct,eff = fctm = 0.3 * fck(2/3)
= 3.21 Mpa
ae = Es / Ecm
= 7.57576

For early-age crack width

Eq.3.3 in Ref.1 fct,eff = fctm(3) = (bcc(3))a * fctm
= (bcc(3)) * fctm
= 0.66 * 3.21
= 2.13 Mpa

Eq.3.2 in Ref.1 where bcc(3) = exp{s[1-(28/3)^0.5]}

= exp{0.2*[1-(28/3)^0.5]}
= 0.66

Ecm(3) = (bcc(3))0.3 * Ecm

= 23.3 Gpa

ae = Es / Ecm
= 8.5699

Combined Crack Width

wk = 0.24 mm
> 0.16 mm

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∴ NOT OK

g. Workmanship Control

Maximum size of aggregate dg = 20 mm

Parameters from National Annex k1 = 1
Parameters from National Annex k2 = 5 mm

Check horizontal and vertical bar spacing:

Cl. 8.2 (2) of Ref. 1 Minimum spacing shall the maximum of k1 x f , dg+k2 and 20 mm.

k1 x f = 1 x 32
= 32 mm

dg+k2 = 20 + 5
= 25 mm
< k1 x f

Actual horizontal spacing = (b - 2c - 2f'- no. of rebar x f) / ( no. of rebar - 1 )

= ( 300 - 2 x 50 - 2 x12 - 3 x 32) / ( 3 - 1)
= 40.00 mm
> 32 mm

∴ OK

Actual vertical spacing = (h - 2c - 2f'- layer of rebar x f) / ( layer of rebar - 1 )

= ( 400 - 2 x 50 - 2 x12 - 2 x 32) / ( 2 - 1)
= 212 mm
> 32 mm

∴ OK

h. Reinforcement Detailing

See the attached drawing

3H32 top bar

H12 - 250s.s.(2 legs) links

h
400 mm

300 mm 2H32 bottom bar

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RC Design of Beams GB1 - RB10 (except GB1 & 7)

i) Primary Ground Beam 300 x 400

Height h = 600 mm
Width b = 400 mm
h
Max. Span l = 2750 mm
Cover c = 50 mm

a. Ultimate Bending Moment and Shear Force

From the SAP2000 analysis,

Maximum hogging moment at support = 292.04 kNm

Cl.6.1(4) in Ref.1 Add. moment for min. eccentricity to compression force = 1.4154 kNm
Total hogging moment at support = 293.4554 kNm

Maximum sagging moment at span = 96.06 kNm

Cl.6.1(4) in Ref.1 Add. moment for min. eccentricity to compression force = 1.4154 kNm
Total sagging moment at mid span = 97.4754 kNm

Maximum shear force = 200.75 kN

Axial force = 47.18 kN

Since N/bhfck < 0.1, the section is under tensile failure, and the effect of axial load can be ignored.

Torsion = 0 kNm

b. Main Reinforcement

Assume bar diameter f = 32 mm top

= 32 mm bottom
Stirrup diameter f' = 12 mm
Effective depth d (top) = h - c - f/2 - f'
= 600 - 50 - 32 /2 - 12 d=
= 522 mm 522 mm

Effective depth d (bottom) = h - c - f/2 - f'

= 600 - 50 - 32 /2 - 12 d=
= 522 mm 522 mm

Checking of critical moment at support

It is noted that EC2 does not give any equations for the analysis or design of bending moment of sections.
However, it is noted that the assumptions stipulated in Clause 6.1(2) Reference 1 are the same as the design
assumptions stipultated in Clause 3.4.4.1 in BS8110-1997. Thus the equations used are similar to those in BS8110.
In the following calculations, equations derived based on EC2 and BS8110 in Reference 4 are used:

Eq.4.10 in Ref. 4 K = M / bd2fck

= 293.4554 x 10^6 / (400 x 522^2 x 35)
= 0.077

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< 0.167 = K'
Compression reinforcement is not required.

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Eq.4.8* in Ref. 4 Lever arm z = d [0.5 + (0.25 - K / 1.134)0.5] =

= 522 [ 0.5 + (0.25 - 0.077 / 1.134)^0.5]
= 484
< 0.95d = 496 mm

Take z = 484 mm

Depth to the neutral axis x = (d - z) / 0.45

= (522 - 484) / 0.45
= 85 mm

Eq.4.9* in Ref. 4 Area of tension reinforcement As = M / 0.87fykz

= 293.4554 x 10^6 / (0.87 x 500 x 484)
= 1394 mm2 Provide

4H32
Provide 4 H 32 (As prov = 3217 mm2) Top

Checking of critical moment in span

Eq.4.10 in Ref. 4 K = M / bd2fck

= 97.4754 x 10^6 / (400 x 522^2 x 35)
= 0.026
< 0.167 = K'

Compression reinforcement is not required.

Eq.4.8* in Ref. 4 Lever arm z = d [0.5 + (0.25 - K / 1.134)0.5]

= [ 0.5 + (0.25 - 0.026 / 1.134)^0.5]
= 510
> 0.95d = 496 mm

Take z = 496 mm

Depth to the neutral axis x = (d - z) / 0.45

= (522 - 496) / 0.45
= 58 mm

Eq.4.9* in Ref. 4 Area of tension reinforcement As = M / 0.87fyz

= 97.4754 x 10^6 / (0.87 x 500 x 496)
= 452 mm2 Provide

2H32
Provide 2 H 32 (As prov = 1608 mm2) Bottom

Checking of minimum reinforcement

Eqt. 9.1N in Ref. 1 As,min = 0.26 (fctm/fyk)btd , but not less than 0.0013btd

where fctm = value determined by strength class

Table 3.1 in Ref. 1 = 0.3(fck,cyl)1/3
= 3.2 Mpa
bt = mean width of tensile zone
= 400 mm

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As, min = 0.26 (3.2/500) x 400 x 522

= 347.44 mm2
> 0.0013btd
= 0.0013 x 400 x 522
= 271.44 mm2

NA Cl. 9.2.1.1 (3) in Ref. 1

As prov = 1608 mm2 > 347.443 mm2
∴ OK

Checking of maximum reinforcement

NA Cl. 9.2.1.1 (3) in Ref. 1

As,max = 0.04Ac
= 0.04bh
= 0.04 x 400 x 600
= 9600 mm2 > 3217 mm2 OK

c. Shear Reinforcement

v 200.75 x 10^3 ν=
shear stress = = = 0.961
bd 400 x 522 0.961 N/mm2

Eq. 6.2.a in Ref. 1 Design Value for shear resistance V RD,c

where CRd,c = 0.18/γc
= 0.18 / 1.5
= 0.12
k = 1+(200/d)1/2
= 1 + (200 / 522 ) ^0.5
= 1.62
ρl = As prov/bwd
= 1608 / (400 x 522)
= 0.008 < 0.02
bw = smallest width of the cross-section in tensile area
= 400 mm
National Annex in Ref. 1
k1 = 0.15
σcp = NED/Ac
= 47.18 x 10^3 / (600x400)
= 0.1966 Mpa
where NED = Axial Force due to loading = 47.2 kN
Ac = Area of concrete in cross section = 240000 mm2

Thus, VRD,c = [CRd,ck(100ρlfck,cyl)1/3+k1σcp]bwd

= [0.12 x 1.62 x (100 x 0.008 x 35) ^0.33 + 0.15 x 0.2] x 400 x 522
= 128 kN Shear links are

< 200.8 kN required

Thus, shear reinforcement is required.

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Reference Calculations Output

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Reference Calculations Output

In Eurocode 2, design of members with shear reinforcement is based on strut and tie model as shown
in the following diagram.

Fig. 6.5 in Ref. 1

Cl. 6.2.3 (2) in Ref. 1 where 1 ≤ cot θ ≤ 2.5

Take θ = 22 degrees ( i.e. cot θ = 2.475 )
Eq. 6.9 in Ref. 1 VRD, max = αcw bw z v1 fcd / (cotθ + tanθ)
where αcw = coefficient taking account of the stress state in compression chords
Eq. 6.11.aN in Ref. 1 = 1
v1 = strength reduction factor for concrete cracked in shear
Eq. 6.6N in Ref. 1 = 0.6 (1-fck,cyl/250)
= 0.6 (1 - 35 / 250)
= 0.516
z = 496 mm
fcd = fck,cyl / γc
= 35 / 1.5
= 23.33 MPa

Thus, VRD, max = αcw bw z v1 fcd / (cotθ + tanθ)

= 1 x 400 x 496 x 0.516 x 23 / (2.475 + 1 / 2.475)
= 829.51 kN
> 200.8 kN

Therefore, shear resistance V Rd,s should be taken as 200.8 kN.

VRd,s = Asw z fywd cot θ / s where fywd = fyk / γs 434.78 Mpa

By re-arranging the terms,

Asw / s = VRd,s / z fywd cot θ

= 200.8 x 1000 / (496 x 435 x 2.475)
Cl.9.2.2 in Ref.1 = 0.38 where s < 391.5 mm Provide

H12 - 250s.s.(2 legs)

Table Appendix A.4 Provide 2 legs H 12 - 250 s.s. (Asw / s = 0.90478 ) as shear links

in Ref. 4

Check minimum shear reinforcement:

Eq. 9.4 in Ref. 1 Shear reinforcement ratio ρ w = Asw / (s bw sinα)

where α = angle between shear reinforcement and long. Axis
= 90 degrees

minimum shear reinforcement ratio ρ w,min = (0.08√fck,cyl) / fyk

When (0.08√fck,cyl) fyk = Asw / (s bw sinα)

∴ Asw / s = (0.08√fck,cyl) / fyk bw sinα
= (0.08 (35) ^0.5 / (500 x 400 sin 90)
= 0.38
< 0.905

25
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Reference Calculations Output

Therefore, provide H 12 - 250 s.s. (Asw / s = 0.905 )
is adequate.

26
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Reference Calculations Output

d. Torsional Reinforcement

Maximum Torsion TEd = 0 kNm

Effective wall thickness
Area enclosed by centre-lines,
Perimeter of centre-lines
tef = Area/Perimeter
= 600 x 400 / 2 x ( 600 + 400 )
= 120 mm
Ak = (b-tef)(h-tef)
= ( 400 - 120 ) ( 600 - 120 )
= 134,400 mm2
uk = 2 (b + h - 2tef )
= 2 ( 600 + 400 - 2 x 120 )
= 1520 mm

Check if cocnrete section is adequate

Eqt 6.29 in Ref. 1 TEd/TRd,max + VEd/VRd,max ≦ 1

Design Torsional Moment Resistance TRd,max = 2 v1αcw fcdAk tef sinθ cosθ
Eqt. 6.6N in Ref.1 where v1 = 0.516
αcw = 1
θ = 45 degrees Adopt a larger value of θ
fcd = 23.33 Mpa

Thus, TRd,max = 2 x 0.516 x 1 x 23 x 134400 x 120 x sin 45 cos 45

= 2E+08 Nmm
= 194.18 kNm

VRd,s = Asw z fywd cotθ/ s

= 482.84 kN

VRd,max = VRd,c + VRd,s = 127.8 + 483

= 611 kN

TEd/TRd,max + VEd/VRd,max = 0 / 194.18 + 201 / 611

= 0.33
< 1
OK

∴ Capacity of the concrete strut is adequate, no need for increase in the concrete section.

Additional stirrup reinforcement required due to torsion

Asw / s = TEd / 2Ak0.87fyk cotθ

= 0
Combined transerve reinforcement for shear and torsion
Asw / s = 0+0.38
= 0.38 The shear reinforcement provided is adequate

Additional lonitudinal reinforcement required due to torsion

Asl = TEdukcotθ / 2Ak0.87fyk

= 0.00 mm2
Combined transerve reinforcement for shear and torsion
Top: As = 1394.42 The shear reinforcement provided is adequate
Bottom: As = 451.87 The shear reinforcement provided is adequate

27
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Reference Calculations Output

e. Deflection

Reference reinforcement ratio ρ0 = 10-3√fck,cyl

= √ 35 / 1000
= 0.006

Required Compression Reinforcement ρ' = 0

Required Tension Reinforcement ρ = 0.0019

< 0.006

Thus, for ρ < ρ0 expression 7.16.a is applicable.

Thus, span/depth ratio

Eqt. 7.16a in Ref. 1 l ρ0 ρ0
= K[11+1.5√fck,cyl + 3.2 √fck,cyl ( -1) 3/2]
d ρ ρ
where K = factor on different structual systems
Table 7.4N in Ref. 1 = 1.3 for End span of continuous beam

l/d = 1.3 x ( 11 + 27.884 + 59.357 )

= 127.71

For stress level other than 310MPa

310 500 (As,prov)
= = 3.559657167746
ss ss (As,req)

Actual span-to-depth ratio = 2750 / 522

= 5.268 < 454.62
∴ OK

f. Crack Control

Check Maximum Bar Diameters for Crack Control

Eqt. 6.1 in Ref. 4 fyk Load under SLS

Steel Stress = x
1.15 Load under ULS
500 211.43
= x
1.15 292
= 314.77 N/mm2

From Table 7.2N, for crack width = 0.16 f*s = 6 mm

Eqt. 7.6N in Ref. 1 Bending (at least part of section in compression)

fct,eff kc hcr
Max. bar dia. fs = f*s
2.9 2 (h-d)
3.2 0.4 (600 )
= 6
2.90 2 (600 - 522 )
= 10.1857 mm
< f
= 32 mm

i.e. Further check Maximum Bar Spacing.

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Reference Calculations Output

Check Maximum Bar Spacing

When fs = 314.77 N/mm2

From Table 7.3N, for wk < 0.2mm,

fs Maximum Bar Spacing

280 50
320 0

By interpolation,maximum bar spacing = 6.53469 mm

Actual bar spacing = (b - 2cnom - 2f'- no. of rebar x f) / ( no. of rebar - 1 )

= ( 400 - 2 x 50 - 2 x12 - 4 x 32) / ( 4 - 1)
= 49.33 mm
> 6.53 mm
∴ OK
∴ Calculation is required for crack width checking.

Cl. 7.3.2 (2) in As, min = kc k fct,eff Act/ ss

Ref. 1 where Act = area of concrete at tensile zone
= b (h-x)
= 400 ( 600 - 58 )
= 216800 mm2
ss = fyk = 500 N/mm2
fct,eff = fctm = 3.2 N/mm2
k = 0.79
Eq. 7.2 in Ref. 1 sc
kc = 0.4 [ 1- ]
k1(h/h*)fct,eff
0.20
= 0.4 [ 1- ]
1.5 ( 0.6/0.6) x 3.2
= 0.38
sc = NED/ bh
= 47.2 x 1000 / (600 x 400)
= 0.20
h* = 0.6 m for h < 1
k1 = 1.5 if NED is a compressive force

0.38 x 0.79 x 3.2 x 216800

∴ As, min =
500
= 420.499 mm2 < 1608.5 mm2 (As,prov)

30
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Reference Calculations Output

Flexural Crack Width Checking by Direct Calculation

Allowable crack width w = 0.16 mm

Steel Ratio ρ = As / bh
= 3217 /( 400 x 600 ) x 100
= 1.34 %
Eqt. 3.3 in Ref. 2 Creep Factor fc = KLKmKcKeKj
Fig. 3.1-3.4 & 3.6 KL = 2.3 (assuming normal air, 70% relative humidity of air)
in Ref. 2 Km = 1 (assuming age of concrete at time of loading is 28 days)
Kc = 0.8 (assuming w/c ratio = 0.4, and cement content = 400kg/m 3)
Ke = 0.75
Kj = 1 (for design life of 50 years)
fc = 2.3 * 1 * 0.8 * 0.75 * 1
= 1.38
Modular Ratio ae = Es / [Ecm / (1+fc)]
= 200 / [26.4 / (1+1.38)]
= 18.03
bh²/2+(αe-1)(Asd+As2d2)
Depth of neutral axis x =
bh+(αe-1)(As+As2)
= [400*600²/2+(18-1)(3217*522+1608.5*)]/[400*600+(18-1)(3217+1608.5)]
= 312 mm
Cl. 7.3.2 (2) in Ref. 1 hc,ef = lesser of 2.5 (h-d), (h-x)/3 or h/2
= 96 mm
Reinforcement Area As = 3217 mm2
Ac,eff = bhc,ef
= 38367.5 mm2
ρp,eff = As / Ac,eff
= 3217 / 38367.5287456692
= 0.084
Applied SLS moment MEd = 211.43 kNm
Stress in tension rebars σs = MEd / (d-x/3) As
= 211.43 x 1E6 / [( 522 - 312.24/ 3 ) x 3216.99 ]
= 157.262 N/mm2

Eqt. 7.8 in Ref. 1 Flexural crack width wk = sr,max (εsm -εcm )

Max. crack spacing sr,max = k3 c + k1 k2 k4 φ / ρp,eff

where k1 = 0.8 (for high bond bars)

k2 = 0.5 (for bending)
NA in Ref. 1 k3 = 3.4
NA in Ref. 1 k4 = 0.425
bar diameter φ = 32 mm
cover c = 50 mm

Thus, sr,max = 235 mm sr,max =

235 mm

Eqt. 7.9 in Ref. 1 σs - kt fct,eff / ρp,eff (1 + αe ρp,eff ) where kt = 0.4 (for long term loading)
εsm - εcm =
Es
157.26 - 0.4 x 3.2 / 0.08 ( 1 + 18.03 x 0.08 )
=
200000
= 0.00059
σs
> 0.6
Es

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Reference Calculations Output

= 0.00047

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Reference Calculations Output

Take εsm - εcm = 0.00059

Eqt. 7.8 in Ref. 1 Flexural crack width , wk = sr,max (εsm -εcm )

= 235 x 0.0006
= 0.14 mm
< 0.16 mm OK

Thermal Crack Width Checking by Direct Calculation

Eq.3.13 in Ref.7 Sr,max = 3.4c + 0.425 k1 f / rp,eff

= 354.9 mm

where rp,eff = 0.084

k1 = 1.14 higher value used

Long term crack width:

Eq.3.16 in Ref.7 wk = 0.5 ae kc k fct,eff / Es (1+1/(ae r)) Sr,max
= 0.10 mm < 0.16 mm

Early-age crack width:

Eq.3.16 in Ref.7 wk = 0.5 ae kc k fct,eff / Es (1+1/(ae r)) Sr,max
= 0.07 mm < 0.16 mm

where
Table 3.1 in Ref.7 kc = 1 for direct tension
k = 0.85
r = As/Act
= 0.02795
For long term crack width
Eq.3.1 in Ref.1 fct,eff = fctm = 0.3 * fck(2/3)
= 3.21 Mpa
ae = Es / Ecm
= 7.57576

For early-age crack width

Eq.3.3 in Ref.1 fct,eff = fctm(3) = (bcc(3))a * fctm
= (bcc(3)) * fctm
= 0.66 * 3.21
= 2.13 Mpa

Eq.3.2 in Ref.1 where bcc(3) = exp{s[1-(28/3)^0.5]}

= exp{0.2*[1-(28/3)^0.5]}
= 0.66

Ecm(3) = (bcc(3))0.3 * Ecm

= 23.3 Gpa

ae = Es / Ecm
= 8.5699

Combined Crack Width

wk = 0.24 mm
> 0.16 mm

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Reference Calculations Output

∴ NOT OK

g. Workmanship Control

Maximum size of aggregate dg = 20 mm

Parameters from National Annex k1 = 1
Parameters from National Annex k2 = 5 mm

Check horizontal and vertical bar spacing:

Cl. 8.2 (2) of Ref. 1 Minimum spacing shall the maximum of k1 x f, dg+k2 and 20 mm.

k1 x f = 1 x 32
= 32 mm

dg+k2 = 20 + 5
= 25 mm
< k1 x f

Actual horizontal spacing = (b - 2c - 2f'- no. of rebar x f) / ( no. of rebar - 1 )

= ( 400 - 2 x 50 - 2 x12 - 4 x 32) / ( 4 - 1)
= 49.33 mm
> 32 mm

∴ OK

Actual vertical spacing = (h - 2c - 2f'- layer of rebar x f) / ( layer of rebar - 1 )

= ( 600 - 2 x 50 - 2 x12 - 2 x 32) / ( 2 - 1)
= 412 mm
> 32 mm

∴ OK

h. Reinforcement Detailing

See the attached drawing

4H32 top bar

H12 - 250s.s.(2 legs) links

h
600 mm

400 mm 2H32 bottom bar

34
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Reference Calculations Output

RC Design of Beams GB1 - RB10 (except GB1 & 7)

i) Primary Ground Beam 300 x 400

Height h = 600 mm
Width b = 400 mm
h
Max. Span l = 4050 mm
Cover c = 50 mm

a. Ultimate Bending Moment and Shear Force

From the SAP2000 analysis,

Maximum hogging moment at support = 119.02 kNm

Cl.6.1(4) in Ref.1 Add. moment for min. eccentricity to compression force = 2.8611 kNm
Total hogging moment at support = 121.8811 kNm

Maximum sagging moment at span = 87.72 kNm

Cl.6.1(4) in Ref.1 Add. moment for min. eccentricity to compression force = 2.8611 kNm
Total sagging moment at mid span = 90.5811 kNm

Maximum shear force = 165.86 kN

Axial force = 95.37 kN

Since N/bhfck < 0.1, the section is under tensile failure, and the effect of axial load can be ignored.

Torsion = 156.29 kNm

b. Main Reinforcement

Assume bar diameter f = 32 mm top

= 32 mm bottom
Stirrup diameter f' = 16 mm
Effective depth d (top) = h - c - f/2 - f'
= 600 - 50 - 32 /2 - 16 d=
= 518 mm 518 mm

Effective depth d (bottom) = h - c - f/2 - f'

= 600 - 50 - 32 /2 - 16 d=
= 518 mm 518 mm

Checking of critical moment at support

It is noted that EC2 does not give any equations for the analysis or design of bending moment of sections.
However, it is noted that the assumptions stipulated in Clause 6.1(2) Reference 1 are the same as the design
assumptions stipultated in Clause 3.4.4.1 in BS8110-1997. Thus the equations used are similar to those in BS8110.
In the following calculations, equations derived based on EC2 and BS8110 in Reference 4 are used:

Eq.4.10 in Ref. 4 K = M / bd2fck

= 121.8811 x 10^6 / (400 x 518^2 x 35)
= 0.032

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Reference Calculations Output

< 0.167 = K'
Compression reinforcement is not required.

36
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Reference Calculations Output

Eq.4.8* in Ref. 4 Lever arm z = d [0.5 + (0.25 - K / 1.134)0.5] =

= 518 [ 0.5 + (0.25 - 0.032 / 1.134)^0.5]
= 503
> 0.95d = 492 mm

Take z = 492 mm

Depth to the neutral axis x = (d - z) / 0.45

= (518 - 492) / 0.45
= 58 mm

Eq.4.9* in Ref. 4 Area of tension reinforcement As = M / 0.87fykz

= 121.8811 x 10^6 / (0.87 x 500 x 492)
= 569 mm2 Provide

4H32
Provide 4 H 32 (As prov = 3217 mm2) Top

Checking of critical moment in span

Eq.4.10 in Ref. 4 K = M / bd2fck

= 90.5811 x 10^6 / (400 x 518^2 x 35)
= 0.024
< 0.167 = K'

Compression reinforcement is not required.

Eq.4.8* in Ref. 4 Lever arm z = d [0.5 + (0.25 - K / 1.134)0.5]

= [ 0.5 + (0.25 - 0.024 / 1.134)^0.5]
= 507
> 0.95d = 492 mm

Take z = 492 mm

Depth to the neutral axis x = (d - z) / 0.45

= (518 - 492) / 0.45
= 58 mm

Eq.4.9* in Ref. 4 Area of tension reinforcement As = M / 0.87fyz

= 90.5811 x 10^6 / (0.87 x 500 x 492)
= 423 mm2 Provide

4H32
Provide 4 H 32 (As prov = 3217 mm2) Bottom

Checking of minimum reinforcement

Eqt. 9.1N in Ref. 1 As,min = 0.26 (fctm/fyk)btd , but not less than 0.0013btd

where fctm = value determined by strength class

Table 3.1 in Ref. 1 = 0.3(fck,cyl)1/3
= 3.2 Mpa
bt = mean width of tensile zone
= 400 mm

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Reference Calculations Output

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Reference Calculations Output

As, min = 0.26 (3.2/500) x 400 x 518

= 344.78 mm2
> 0.0013btd
= 0.0013 x 400 x 518
= 269.36 mm2

NA Cl. 9.2.1.1 (3) in Ref. 1

As prov = 3217 mm2 > 344.781 mm2
∴ OK

Checking of maximum reinforcement

NA Cl. 9.2.1.1 (3) in Ref. 1

As,max = 0.04Ac
= 0.04bh
= 0.04 x 400 x 600
= 9600 mm2 > 3217 mm2 OK

c. Shear Reinforcement

v 165.86 x 10^3 ν=
shear stress = = = 0.8
bd 400 x 518 0.800 N/mm2

Eq. 6.2.a in Ref. 1 Design Value for shear resistance V RD,c

where CRd,c = 0.18/γc
= 0.18 / 1.5
= 0.12
k = 1+(200/d)1/2
= 1 + (200 / 518 ) ^0.5
= 1.62
ρl = As prov/bwd
= 3217 / (400 x 518)
= 0.016 < 0.02
bw = smallest width of the cross-section in tensile area
= 400 mm
National Annex in Ref. 1
k1 = 0.15
σcp = NED/Ac
= 95.37 x 10^3 / (600x400)
= 0.3974 Mpa
where NED = Axial Force due to loading = 95.4 kN
Ac = Area of concrete in cross section = 240000 mm2

Thus, VRD,c = [CRd,ck(100ρlfck,cyl)1/3+k1σcp]bwd

= [0.12 x 1.62 x (100 x 0.016 x 35) ^0.33 + 0.15 x 0.4] x 400 x 518
= 165 kN Shear links are

< 165.9 kN required

Thus, shear reinforcement is required.

39
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Reference Calculations Output

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Reference Calculations Output

In Eurocode 2, design of members with shear reinforcement is based on strut and tie model as shown
in the following diagram.

Fig. 6.5 in Ref. 1

Cl. 6.2.3 (2) in Ref. 1 where 1 ≤ cot θ ≤ 2.5

Take θ = 22 degrees ( i.e. cot θ = 2.475 )
Eq. 6.9 in Ref. 1 VRD, max = αcw bw z v1 fcd / (cotθ + tanθ)
where αcw = coefficient taking account of the stress state in compression chords
Eq. 6.11.aN in Ref. 1 = 1
v1 = strength reduction factor for concrete cracked in shear
Eq. 6.6N in Ref. 1 = 0.6 (1-fck,cyl/250)
= 0.6 (1 - 35 / 250)
= 0.516
z = 492 mm
fcd = fck,cyl / γc
= 35 / 1.5
= 23.33 MPa

Thus, VRD, max = αcw bw z v1 fcd / (cotθ + tanθ)

= 1 x 400 x 492 x 0.516 x 23 / (2.475 + 1 / 2.475)
= 823.154 kN
> 165.9 kN

Therefore, shear resistance V Rd,s should be taken as 165.9 kN.

VRd,s = Asw z fywd cot θ / s where fywd = fyk / γs 434.78 Mpa

By re-arranging the terms,

Asw / s = VRd,s / z fywd cot θ

= 165.9 x 1000 / (492 x 435 x 2.475)
Cl.9.2.2 in Ref.1 = 0.31 where s < 388.5 mm Provide

H16 - 200s.s.(2 legs)

Table Appendix A.4 Provide 2 legs H 16 - 200 s.s. (Asw / s = 2.01062 ) as shear links

in Ref. 4

Check minimum shear reinforcement:

Eq. 9.4 in Ref. 1 Shear reinforcement ratio ρ w = Asw / (s bw sinα)

where α = angle between shear reinforcement and long. Axis
= 90 degrees

minimum shear reinforcement ratio ρ w,min = (0.08√fck,cyl) / fyk

When (0.08√fck,cyl) fyk = Asw / (s bw sinα)

∴ Asw / s = (0.08√fck,cyl) / fyk bw sinα
= (0.08 (35) ^0.5 / (500 x 400 sin 90)
= 0.38
< 2.011

41
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Reference Calculations Output

Therefore, provide H 16 - 200 s.s. (Asw / s = 2.011 )
is adequate.

42
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d. Torsional Reinforcement

Maximum Torsion TEd = 156.29 kNm

Effective wall thickness
Area enclosed by centre-lines,
Perimeter of centre-lines
tef = Area/Perimeter
= 600 x 400 / 2 x ( 600 + 400 )
= 120 mm
Ak = (b-tef)(h-tef)
= ( 400 - 120 ) ( 600 - 120 )
= 134,400 mm2
uk = 2 (b + h - 2tef )
= 2 ( 600 + 400 - 2 x 120 )
= 1520 mm

Check if cocnrete section is adequate

Eqt 6.29 in Ref. 1 TEd/TRd,max + VEd/VRd,max ≦ 1

Design Torsional Moment Resistance TRd,max = 2 v1αcw fcdAk tef sinθ cosθ
Eqt. 6.6N in Ref.1 where v1 = 0.516
αcw = 1
θ = 45 degrees Adopt a larger value of θ
fcd = 23.33 Mpa

Thus, TRd,max = 2 x 0.516 x 1 x 23 x 134400 x 120 x sin 45 cos 45

= 2E+08 Nmm
= 194.18 kNm

VRd,s = Asw z fywd cotθ/ s

= 1064.7 kN

VRd,max = VRd,c + VRd,s = 165 + 1065

= 1230 kN

TEd/TRd,max + VEd/VRd,max = 156 / 194.18 + 166 / 1230

= 0.94
< 1
OK

∴ Capacity of the concrete strut is adequate, no need for increase in the concrete section.

Additional stirrup reinforcement required due to torsion

Asw / s = TEd / 2Ak0.87fyk cotθ

= 1.33663
Combined transerve reinforcement for shear and torsion
Asw / s = 1.34+0.31
= 1.65 The shear reinforcement provided is adequate

Additional lonitudinal reinforcement required due to torsion

Asl = TEdukcotθ / 2Ak0.87fyk

= 2031.68 mm2
Combined transerve reinforcement for shear and torsion
Top: As = 2601.05 The shear reinforcement provided is adequate
Bottom: As = 2454.84 The shear reinforcement provided is adequate

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Reference Calculations Output

e. Deflection

Reference reinforcement ratio ρ0 = 10-3√fck,cyl

= √ 35 / 1000
= 0.006

Required Compression Reinforcement ρ' = 0

Required Tension Reinforcement ρ = 0.0018

< 0.006

Thus, for ρ < ρ0 expression 7.16.a is applicable.

Thus, span/depth ratio

Eqt. 7.16a in Ref. 1 l ρ0 ρ0
= K[11+1.5√fck,cyl + 3.2 √fck,cyl ( -1) 3/2]
d ρ ρ
where K = factor on different structual systems
Table 7.4N in Ref. 1 = 1.3 for End span of continuous beam

l/d = 1.3 x ( 11 + 29.777 + 68.437 )

= 141.98

For stress level other than 310MPa

310 500 (As,prov)
= = 7.602472553963
ss ss (As,req)

Actual span-to-depth ratio = 4050 / 518

= 7.819 < 1079.4
∴ OK

f. Crack Control

Check Maximum Bar Diameters for Crack Control

Eqt. 6.1 in Ref. 4 fyk Load under SLS

Steel Stress = x
1.15 Load under ULS
500 83.48
= x
1.15 119
= 304.95 N/mm2

From Table 7.2N, for crack width = 0.16 f*s = 6 mm

Eqt. 7.6N in Ref. 1 Bending (at least part of section in compression)

fct,eff kc hcr
Max. bar dia. fs = f*s
2.9 2 (h-d)
3.2 0.4 (600 )
= 6
2.90 2 (600 - 518 )
= 9.68881 mm
< f
= 32 mm

i.e. Further check Maximum Bar Spacing.

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Check Maximum Bar Spacing

When fs = 304.95 N/mm2

From Table 7.3N, for wk < 0.2mm,

fs Maximum Bar Spacing

280 50
320 0

By interpolation,maximum bar spacing = 18.8072 mm

Actual bar spacing = (b - 2cnom - 2f'- no. of rebar x f) / ( no. of rebar - 1 )

= ( 400 - 2 x 50 - 2 x16 - 4 x 32) / ( 4 - 1)
= 46.67 mm
> 18.81 mm
∴ OK
∴ Calculation is required for crack width checking.

Cl. 7.3.2 (2) in As, min = kc k fct,eff Act/ ss

Ref. 1 where Act = area of concrete at tensile zone
= b (h-x)
= 400 ( 600 - 58 )
= 216978 mm2
ss = fyk = 500 N/mm2
fct,eff = fctm = 3.2 N/mm2
k = 0.79
Eq. 7.2 in Ref. 1 sc
kc = 0.4 [ 1- ]
k1(h/h*)fct,eff
0.40
= 0.4 [ 1- ]
1.5 ( 0.6/0.6) x 3.2
= 0.37
sc = NED/ bh
= 95.4 x 1000 / (600 x 400)
= 0.40
h* = 0.6 m for h < 1
k1 = 1.5 if NED is a compressive force

0.37 x 0.79 x 3.2 x 216978

∴ As, min =
500
= 402.488 mm2 < 3217 mm2 (As,prov)

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Flexural Crack Width Checking by Direct Calculation

Allowable crack width w = 0.16 mm

Steel Ratio ρ = As / bh
= 3217 /( 400 x 600 ) x 100
= 1.34 %
Eqt. 3.3 in Ref. 2 Creep Factor fc = KLKmKcKeKj
Fig. 3.1-3.4 & 3.6 KL = 2.3 (assuming normal air, 70% relative humidity of air)
in Ref. 2 Km = 1 (assuming age of concrete at time of loading is 28 days)
Kc = 0.8 (assuming w/c ratio = 0.4, and cement content = 400kg/m 3)
Ke = 0.75
Kj = 1 (for design life of 50 years)
fc = 2.3 * 1 * 0.8 * 0.75 * 1
= 1.38
Modular Ratio ae = Es / [Ecm / (1+fc)]
= 200 / [26.4 / (1+1.38)]
= 18.03
bh²/2+(αe-1)(Asd+As2d2)
Depth of neutral axis x =
bh+(αe-1)(As+As2)
= [400*600²/2+(18-1)(3217*518+3217*)]/[400*600+(18-1)(3217+3217)]
= 287 mm
Cl. 7.3.2 (2) in Ref. 1 hc,ef = lesser of 2.5 (h-d), (h-x)/3 or h/2
= 104 mm
Reinforcement Area As = 3217 mm2
Ac,eff = bhc,ef
= 41713.5 mm2
ρp,eff = As / Ac,eff
= 3217 / 41713.5127333463
= 0.077
Applied SLS moment MEd = 83.48 kNm
Stress in tension rebars σs = MEd / (d-x/3) As
= 83.48 x 1E6 / [( 518 - 287.15/ 3 ) x 3216.99 ]
= 61.4509 N/mm2

Eqt. 7.8 in Ref. 1 Flexural crack width wk = sr,max (εsm -εcm )

Max. crack spacing sr,max = k3 c + k1 k2 k4 φ / ρp,eff

where k1 = 0.8 (for high bond bars)

k2 = 0.5 (for bending)
NA in Ref. 1 k3 = 3.4
NA in Ref. 1 k4 = 0.425
bar diameter φ = 32 mm
cover c = 50 mm

Thus, sr,max = 241 mm sr,max =

241 mm

Eqt. 7.9 in Ref. 1 σs - kt fct,eff / ρp,eff (1 + αe ρp,eff ) where kt = 0.4 (for long term loading)
εsm - εcm =
Es
61.45 - 0.4 x 3.2 / 0.08 ( 1 + 18.03 x 0.08 )
=
200000
= 0.00011
σs
< 0.6
Es

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= 0.00018

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Take εsm - εcm = 0.00018

Eqt. 7.8 in Ref. 1 Flexural crack width , wk = sr,max (εsm -εcm )

= 241 x 0.0002
= 0.04 mm
< 0.16 mm OK

Thermal Crack Width Checking by Direct Calculation

Eq.3.13 in Ref.7 Sr,max = 3.4c + 0.425 k1 f / rp,eff

= 371.0 mm

where rp,eff = 0.077

k1 = 1.14 higher value used

Long term crack width:

Eq.3.16 in Ref.7 wk = 0.5 ae kc k fct,eff / Es (1+1/(ae r)) Sr,max
= 0.12 mm < 0.16 mm

Early-age crack width:

Eq.3.16 in Ref.7 wk = 0.5 ae kc k fct,eff / Es (1+1/(ae r)) Sr,max
= 0.08 mm < 0.16 mm

where
Table 3.1 in Ref.7 kc = 1 for direct tension
k = 0.85
r = As/Act
= 0.02571
For long term crack width
Eq.3.1 in Ref.1 fct,eff = fctm = 0.3 * fck(2/3)
= 3.21 Mpa
ae = Es / Ecm
= 7.57576

For early-age crack width

Eq.3.3 in Ref.1 fct,eff = fctm(3) = (bcc(3))a * fctm
= (bcc(3)) * fctm
= 0.66 * 3.21
= 2.13 Mpa

Eq.3.2 in Ref.1 where bcc(3) = exp{s[1-(28/3)^0.5]}

= exp{0.2*[1-(28/3)^0.5]}
= 0.66

Ecm(3) = (bcc(3))0.3 * Ecm

= 23.3 Gpa

ae = Es / Ecm
= 8.5699

Combined Crack Width

wk = 0.16 mm
> 0.16 mm

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∴ NOT OK

g. Workmanship Control

Maximum size of aggregate dg = 20 mm

Parameters from National Annex k1 = 1
Parameters from National Annex k2 = 5 mm

Check horizontal and vertical bar spacing:

Cl. 8.2 (2) of Ref. 1 Minimum spacing shall the maximum of k1 x f, dg+k2 and 20 mm.

k1 x f = 1 x 32
= 32 mm

dg+k2 = 20 + 5
= 25 mm
< k1 x f

Actual horizontal spacing = (b - 2c - 2f'- no. of rebar x f) / ( no. of rebar - 1 )

= ( 400 - 2 x 50 - 2 x16 - 4 x 32) / ( 4 - 1)
= 46.67 mm
> 32 mm

∴ OK

Actual vertical spacing = (h - 2c - 2f'- layer of rebar x f) / ( layer of rebar - 1 )

= ( 600 - 2 x 50 - 2 x16 - 2 x 32) / ( 2 - 1)
= 404 mm
> 32 mm

∴ OK

h. Reinforcement Detailing

See the attached drawing

4H32 top bar

H16 - 200s.s.(2 legs) links

h
600 mm

400 mm 4H32 bottom bar

50