B.V.C.O.

E MECHANICAL ENGINEERING

INDEX

SR.NO TOPIC PAGE NO.

1. ABSTRACT

2 INTRODUCTION

3. HOW DOES HYBRID WORKS

4. ADVANTAGES

5. DISADVANTAGES

6. RECENT TREND

7. CHALLENGES TODAY

8. CONCLUSION

ABSTRACT
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ADIL AKHTAR KHAN
AMAR.K. BHOR
B.V.C.O.E MECHANICAL ENGINEERING

This technical paper presentation has the detailed summary of various possible
method of using different fuel for Automobile thus called as HYBRID ELECTRIC
VEHICLE(HEV).

The report contains various aspects, basic ideas on the operation of the hybrids and
trends in Automobile industries are also shown how efficient is the new methods. All
the main topic required for HYBDIR have also been explained in detail.

This article will focus on fuel economy analysis of HEV’s and discuss highly
efficient advanced systems of HEV’s in the future. It also holds the mathematical
formula, comparison chart of power output, application and various latest trend in this
method and future challenges today for this HYBRID

I sincerely hope that all my efforts put forward recording this technical paper
presentation being useful to all fellow students in future to guide them in an extreamly
latest trend in automobile field, occupy by other field operation.

Contact Detail :- Adil Akhtar Khan

Phone :- 9869871667.
Email :- adilnr1@gmail.com

HYBRID ELECTRIC VEHICLE

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ADIL AKHTAR KHAN
AMAR.K. BHOR
B.V.C.O.E MECHANICAL ENGINEERING

Introduction
Automobiles that combine two or more types of engines are called as hybrids. A
typical hybrid is an electric motor with batteries that are recharged by a generator run
by a small gas or diesel powered cycle. Basic ideas on the operation of the hybrids
were discussed related to energy saving. Currently, vehicles are equipped with
engines that function with 30-40% of thermal efficiency. Because hybrid electric
vehicle (HEV) runs on I.C Engine as well as an electric motor; they make less
pollution and save fuel, they are expected to become more commonplace despite the
added complexity. Current (HEV’s) give about 80-97 km per litre. Demand for
alternative energy, energy efficiency, reduction in CO2 emissions, has lead to the
development and commercialization of the HEV’s. The article will therefore focus on
fuel economy analysis of HEV’s and discuss highly efficient advanced systems of
HEV’s in the future.

How does a Hybrid work?

In a traditional hybrid vehicle, it includes an electric motor to provide all of the power
to the wheels, as well as batteries to supply the motor with electricity. HEV’s have a
completely separate gasoline engine powering a generator. The purpose for this

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AMAR.K. BHOR
B.V.C.O.E MECHANICAL ENGINEERING

engine is to provide enough power for the car at its cruising speed. During times of
acceleration, the battery provides the extra necessary power. When the car is
decelerating or standing still, the batteries recharge. The motor of an electric car
harnesses the batteries electrical energy by converting it to kinetic energy. The driver
simply switches on the power, selects “Forward” or “Reverse” with another switch
and steps on the accelerator pedal.
While the Internal Combustion engine of a conventional car has many moving
parts and must convert the linear motion of the pistons into rotary motion of the
wheels, an electric motor only has a single rotating element. Like a gasoline powered
car, an electric car has a system (called a power train) of gears and shafts that
transmits motion from the motor to the car wheels. Most HEV’s do not have clutches
or multispeed transmissions. In order to go backward, the flow of electricity through
the motor is reversed, changing the rotation of the motor and causing the power train
to make the wheels rotate in other direction.
The earliest examples of HEV’s , such as the Honda Insight and the Toyota
Prius used electric motors to supplement engines that are smaller and more fuel
efficient than they would be if they had provided all the power alone. These cars using
both gasoline and electricity require more complicated transmissions and other
systems that add weight. Some systems even use the gasoline engine to drive the rear
wheels and electric power at the front wheels for a form of four wheel drive.

Advantages

The best way to understand the advantages of a hybrid vehicle is to think about a car
traveling down a highway at a posted speed on a level ground. In this case the engine
is doing three operations:-
1. It is overcoming rolling resistance in the drive train.
2. It is overcoming air resistance.
3. It is powering accessories like the alternator, the power steering pump and the
air conditioner.

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ADIL AKHTAR KHAN
AMAR.K. BHOR
B.V.C.O.E MECHANICAL ENGINEERING

The engine might need to produce no more than 10-20 HP to carry this load. The
reason why cars have 100-200 HP engines is to handling acceleration from a standing
stop, as well for passing and hill climbing. We only use the maximum HP rating for
1% of our driving time. The rest of the time, we are carrying around the weight and
friction of the much larger engine, which wastes a lot of energy. The purpose of this
small efficient engine is to provide enough power for the car at cruising speeds.
During times of acceleration, the battery provides the extra power necessary. The
advantage is that the small efficient gasoline engine gives great mileage.

Recover energy and store in the battery

Whenever we step on the brakes in the car, we are removing energy from the car. The
fast a car is going, the more kinetic energy it has. The brakes of the car remove this
energy and dissipate in the form of heat. A hybrid car can capture some of this energy
and store it in the battery to use later. It does this by using “Regenerative Breaking’
The vehicle consumes fuel to generate power to accelerate the vehicle. Deceleration
on the other hand requires air resistance, rolling resistance as well as braking. It is
only the energy accumulated by using the foot break that can be used to generate
energy. Energy could be accumulated during deceleration using electric power,
pressure, and flywheel. The graph given below shows the percentage of energy
required for acceleration. It was derived using the same vehicle that was used in fig.1,
acceleration up to 40 km/hr from a stop and decelerating at a fixed rate. The
transmission at deceleration was at neutral. The figure shows three curves at
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B.V.C.O.E MECHANICAL ENGINEERING

efficiencies at 100%, 77%, and 60%.The figure also shows the percentage of
regeneration to the amount of effort required for acceleration. Thus the recovery
percentage of the amount energy required is more affected by deceleration than
acceleration. Therefore, in this mode the electric motor acts as a generator and
charges the batteries when the car is slowing down.

Analysis of fuel economy

Fuel consumption analysis on four modes of vehicle operation is to be considered.

They are as follows: - rest, acceleration, constant speed, and deceleration. The
following describes the potential for improvement in fuel efficiency by mode of
operation.
The fuel efficiency of HEV’s can be estimated if motion driven energy for
electric
vehicles, power generation, charging and discharging efficiencies, and specific fuel
consumption of the power generation engine are known.

Formulae
Fuel Efficiency of HEV = motor driven energy for EV (kWh/km) x specific fuel
consumption (g/kWh) / power generation and power charging and discharging
efficiency (%)/100
Fuel Efficiency (km/l) = 1/ fuel efficiency (g/km) x density (kg/l)/1000

Fig. 6 compares the fuel economy of HEV’s and gasoline vehicles. The fuel economy
of HEV’s running in 10-15 mode driving cycle was derived by setting the thermal
efficiency of the power generating engine at 35%.The results show that the heavier
the weight, the greater the effect achieved by introducing HEV’s. As shown in the
diagram, increased efficiency in power generation, charging and discharging, as well
as thermal efficiency of the power generating engine, contribute directly to the
enhanced fuel economy of the HEV’s.

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AMAR.K. BHOR
B.V.C.O.E MECHANICAL ENGINEERING

Overall effect of improved fuel economy of the hybrid system

The hybrids run at the best fuel economy in both high and low load conditions by
running it as an electric vehicle, when the efficiency is lower than the multiplied total
of the thermal efficiency, and by providing power through the internal combustion
engines in the former. The typical low load driving conditions for a vehicle engine is
idling and constant low speed running. The specific fuel consumption rate is derived
from the fuel economy derived from the flat surface and by running resistance.
Discharging efficiency of HEV is 60% when the speed is below 50km/hr. It is 77%
when the driving speed is below 80km/hr.HEV’s performed slightly better then
gasoline engines, when the speed was below 20km/hr.Thus in all the scenarios HEV’s
fared better than other engines.

Power output

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AMAR.K. BHOR
B.V.C.O.E MECHANICAL ENGINEERING

Instantaneous maximum power of the motor such as during acceleration is determined

by the power output of the motor, and the electric current is provided by the battery.
The sequential top speed for HEV’s is determined by the balance between the output
power of the engine generator and the traction power required for running resistance.
The basic concept of the HEV’s is to run the power generating at its best thermal
efficiency i.e. 30-50% of the rated speed or 80-90% of torque, therefore output of the
same power engine running at best thermal efficiency would be 25-45%.Therefore
this would not lead to drastic downsizing of the engine when driving at the lowest fuel
economy.

Disadvantages

Despite the advantages of more efficient energy use, Hybrid cars have not been
widely adopted. Pure HEV’s are impractical with the current battery technology. It
limits the distance, it can travel before the battery is exhausted, thus affecting the fuel
economy. They also require charging stations, special equipment that can recharge the
battery quickly and efficiently. This special equipment could be installed in home
garage or in the trunk of the car. And accessories such as air conditioning or radios
drain the battery even more quickly. Another problem of the traditional hybrid car is
the weight. The car has to carry the weight of the electric motor, the generator, the
gasoline engine and the batteries.
The weakness of the battery has led to the failures of some of the pioneering HEV’s
such as the Toyota Prius, which was launched in 1997.

Recent trends
Use of advanced aerodynamics to reduce drag
Engine performs most of the work to push the car through the air. This force is known
as aerodynamic drag. This drag force can be reduced in a variety of ways. One of the
ways is to reduce the frontal area of the car.

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AMAR.K. BHOR
B.V.C.O.E MECHANICAL ENGINEERING

Use of low rolling resistance tires

The tires on most of the cars are optimized to give a smooth ride, minimizing noise,
and to provide good traction. But they are rarely optimized for better efficiency.
HEV’s use special tires which are stiffer and inflated to a higher pressure than
conventional tires. The result is that they cause about half of the drag of the regular
tires.
Use of lightweight materials
Reducing the overall weight of the car is one easy way of increasing the mileage. A
lighter vehicle gives better fuel consumption. Composite materials such as Carbon
fiber or lightweight materials such as aluminum and magnesium can be used to reduce
the weight.
Fuel Cell technology
These HEV’s represent an interim step, taking advantage of clean electric power, but
also of proven internal combustion technology. A fuel cell is a specialized form of
battery that combines hydrogen with oxygen in a chemical reaction that produces
electricity and water vapour. A fuel cell does not run down or require charging; it
operates as long as fuel and an oxidizer are supplied from the outside. This is the
future of HEV’s.

Challenges Today
Automakers today anticipate more government regulations designed to reduce air
pollution emission and fuel consumption. Consequently they are designing a wide
range of new technologies some experts predict that carmakers will produce large
HEV’s that can transport large nos. of people on long distance trips. Engineers have
improved the efficiency of hybrid vehicles with lightweight structures, low drag
aerodynamics. As HEV’s conform to the norms of the Kyoto Protocol, they surely are
the car of the future.

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B.V.C.O.E MECHANICAL ENGINEERING

Conclusion
The Hybrid Electric Vehicle is a highly efficient system with great potential. Such
vehicles require an amalgamation of combustion engines and electric vehicle
technology, as well as hardware and software. New ideas, such as appropriate
materials in the appropriate place in power plants are expected. We hope that the
views of this paper will be of some help in selecting alternative fuels and vehicle
power systems for the next century.

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