AIM:

To Find the Logarithmic Mean Temperature Difference (LMTD) effectiveness of Shell

and Tube type heat exchanger and to study the heat transfer phenomena in Counter
flow arrangements.

APPARATUS:
Heat Exchanger, Stop Watch, Measuring Flask, Temperature Sensor with
Temperature Indicator.

APPARATUS DESCRIPTION

Heat Exchanger is a device in which heat is transferred from one fluid to another.
The necessity for doing this arises in a multitude of industrial applications. Common
examples of heat exchangers are the radiator of a car, the condenser at the back of
a domestic refrigerator and the steam boiler of a thermal power plant.

Shell and Tube heat exchanger are popular in industries because they occupy less
space and offered reasonable temperature drop. The apparatus consist of fabricated
SS shell, inside which tubes with baffles on outer side are fitted. This is two pass
heat exchanger so that hot water passes to one end of shell through the tubes and
returns to another end through remaining tubes. The cold water is admitted at the
one end of the shell, which passes over the hot water tubes. Valves are provided to
control the flow rate of hot and cold water. Flow rates of hot and water are measured
using Rota meters. A magnetic drive pump is used to circulate hot water from a
recycle type water tank which is fitted with heaters and digital temperature
controller.

The apparatus consists of a tube in tube type concentric tube heat exchanger. The
hot fluid is hot water which obtained from an insulated water bath using a magnetic
drive pump and it flow through the inner tube while the cold fluid is cold water
flowing through the annuals. The hot water flows always in one direction and the
flow rate of which is controlled by means of a valve. The cold water can be admitted
at one of the end enabling the heat exchanger to run as a parallel flow apparatus or
a counter flow apparatus. This is done by valve operations. For flow measurement
Rotameters are provided at inlet of cold water and outlet of hot water line. A
magnetic drive pump is used to circulate the hot water from a recycled type water
tank, which is fitted with heaters and Digital Temperature Controller.

THEORY:

A Transfer type of heat exchanger is one on which both fluids pass

simultaneously through the device and heat is transferred through separating walls.
In practice most of the heat exchangers used are transfer type ones.

The transfer type exchangers are further classified according to flow arrangement
as-
Parallel flow in which fluids flow in the same direction.
Counter flow in which they flow in opposite direction and
Cross flow in which they flow at right angles to each other.
A simple example of transfer type of heat exchanger in the form of a tube type
arrangement in which one of the fluids is flowing through the inner tube and the
other through the annulus surroundings it. The heat transfer takes place across the
walls of the inner tube.

A heat exchanger in which two fluids exchange heat by coming into direct contact is
called a direct contact heat exchanger. Examples of this type are open feed water
heaters, desuper heaters and jet condensers. Recuperates are the heat exchangers
in which the fluids are separated by a wall. The valve may be a simple plane wall or
tube or complex configuration involving fins, baffles and multiple passes of tubes.
These units, also called surface heat exchanger are more commonly used because
they can be constructed with large heat transfer surfaces in a relatively small volume
and are suitable for heating, cooling, evaporating, condensing applications. A
periodic flow type of heat exchanger is called a regenerator. This type of heat
exchanger, the same space is alternatively occupied by the hot and cold gases
between which heat is exchanged. Regenerators find their applications in pre heaters
for steam power plants, blast furnaces, oxygen producers etc.
 Figure: Counter-Current Flow Arrangement

When large quantities of heat are to be transferred the heat transfer area
requirement of heat exchanger also becomes large. In a single pass heat exchanger
this requirement can be met either by increasing length of tubes or by decreasing
the diameter and increases the nos. of tubes at the same time. Neither these
methods is practical because due to limitations of sides, the length of tube can not
be increased arbitrarily and large pressure drops could occur which smaller diameter
tubes. These difficulties lead us to multi pass arrangement. The fluid flowing through
the tubes is called the tube fluid where as the fluid flowing outside the tubes are
called the shell fluid. Depending upon the heat transfer area requirement we can
have multi tubes and /or shell pass. The flow conditions for shell and tube type heat
exchanger are neither parallel flow nor counter flow type. To create turbulence in the
shell side fluid and enhance the cross flow velocity of this fluid relative to the tubes,
baffles are generally provided. This results in a higher heat transfer coefficient for
the outer tube surface.
 Heat exchangers are the devices in which heat is transferred from one fluid to
another. There are three modes of heat transfer:
1. Conduction
2. Convection
3. Radiation
In most of the cases the actual transfer of energy as heat is accomplished by
more than one these modes of heat transfer. In all cases the total rate of heat
transfer may be expressed in terms of a driving force which is decrease in
temperature and resistances.
dQ/dT= driving force / Resistances
The heat which is conducted through the body must be frequently be
removed by some convection process. A temperature difference is the driving force
by which heat is transferred from source (tube side fluid) to receiver (shell side
fluid).

LOGARITHMIC MEAN TEMPERATURE DIFFERENCE

For the derivation of temperature difference of two fluids, the following assumptions
must be made:

1. The overall coefficient of heat transfer U is constant over the entire length of
path.

2. The fluid flow is constant obeying the steady state requirement.

3. The specific is constant over the entire length of path.

4. There are no partial phase changes in the system i.e. vaporization or

condensation. The derivation is the application for the sensible heat changes
and when vaporization or condensation is isothermal over the whole length of
path.

5. The heat loss is negligible.

SPECIFICATIONS
TECHNICAL DETAILS

• System : Water to water (Two tube pass, one shell

• Shell
• Tube
• Water flow Measurement
• Hot water tank
• Hot water circulation
• Heaters
• Temperature sensors
• Control panel
pass type).
: Material stainless steel, 25% cut baffles at
100 mm Distance 4 nos.
: ID 10mm length 500 mm (12 nos.) Material
of construction: Stainless steel.
: Measuring cylinder and stopwatch with Rota
meters (2 nos.) one each for cold and hot
fluid.
: Made of stainless steel insulated with ceramic
fiber wool.
: Magnetic pump made of polypropylene to
circulate hot water. Maximum working
temperature is 85◦ C.
: 2 kW Nichrome wire heater (2 nos.)
: RTD PT -100 6 nos.
: Digital temperature controller: 0 -199.9◦ C
(for hot water tank). Digital Temperature
Indicator: 0 -199.9◦ C, with multi channel
Switch.

PROCEDURE

STARTING PROCEDURE FOR SHELL AND TUBE TYPE ARRANGEMENT

1. Clean the apparatus and make the water bath free from dust.

2. Close the entire drain valve provided.

3. Fill the water in the bath and switch on the heater.

4. Adjust the required temperature of hot water using DTC.

5. Adjust the valve. Allow the hot water to recycle in bath through by pass by
switching on the magnetic pump.

6. Start the flow through the shell and run the exchanger by opening valves V1
& V2.

7. Adjust the flow rate on cold water side between ranges of 3 to 8 liter per
minute.

8. Adjust the flow rate on hot water side between the ranges of 1.5 to 4 liter per
minute.

9. Keeping the flow rates same, wait till steady state conditions are reached.

10. Record the temperatures on hot water and cold water side accurately.
 FOR DOUBLE PIPE HEAT EXCHANGER ARRANGEMENT CLOS VALVES V1
AND V2 AND OPEN VALVES V3 AND V4.

OBSERVATION TABLE FOR SHELL TYPE ARRANGEMENT.

Sr. Flow Hot water Hot water outlet Floe Cold water Cold water
No. rate of inlet temperature(Tho) rate of inlet outlet
hot temperatur cold temperatur temperatur
water e (Thi) water e(Tci) e(Tco)
(mh) in (mc) in
kg/hr. T2 T4 kg/hr. T1 T5
CALCULATION

LMTD ( θm ) can be calculated by following formula:

 
 
 ∆T i −∆T 0 
LMTD θm= 
 ln 

∆T i  

  ∆T  
  0 

Where ΔTi = Thi-Tco

ΔTo = Tho-Tci

Now heat transfer rate can be calculated as follows:

qh= Heat transfer rate for hot water

= m h cph (Thi-Tho) kcal/hr

qc= Heat transfer rate for cold water

= mc cphc (Tco-Tci) kcal/hr

 q +q 
So q = c h  Kcal / hr
 2 
Now overall heat transfer coefficient can be found by:
q
U= Kcal / hr − m 2 C
A∆θ m

Uri is based upon Ai (π di L)

Uro is based upon Ao (π do L)
NOMENCLATURE

Q = Heat transfer rate in the direction from point 1 to 2.

U = Average overall coefficient of heat transfer (W/m2 ◦ C)
A = Area of surface through which heat is transferred (m2)
f = Correlation factor
ΔTlm = Logarithmic mean temperature difference: counter flow
Thi = Hot water inlet, (T1)
Tho = Hot water outlet, (T2)
Tci = Cold water inlet, (T3)
Tco = Cold water outlet (counter), (T4)
Qc = Heat transfer rate for cold stream
Qh = Heat transfer rate for hot stream
Uri = Overall heat transfer coefficient based upon Ai (π di L)
Uro = Overall heat transfer coefficient based upon Ao (π do L)
Ai = Area of surface based on inner diameter of tube.
Ao = Area of surface based on outer diameter of tube.
di = Inner diameter of tube.
do = Outer diameter of tube.
L = Length of tube.

Closing procedure:

1. When experiment is over switch OFF heaters.

2. Switch OFF pump.
3. Switch OFF Power Supply to Panel.
4. Stop cooling water supply.
5. Drain hot water tank by the drain valve provided.
OBSERVATION & CALCULATION:

DATA:

Di = 0.0095m
Do = 0.0127m
L = 1.6m

OBSERVATION TABLE:

MODE Hot Hot Cold Cold

S.NO COUNTER FLOW FhLPH water water FcLPH water water
in out in out
T2oC T3oC T1oC T6oC

1.

2.

CALCULATIONS:

T1 +T2
Find the properties of water (Cph, ρh) at Th = and (Cpc, ρh) at
2

T3 + T4 T + T5
Tc = or 3 (As per mode selected) from data book.
2 2

Cph = -------------kJ/kgoC
Cpc = -------------kJ/kgoC
ρh = -------------kg/m3
ρc = -------------kg/m3

Fh × ρ h
Mh = , kg / s = − − − − − − − − − kg / s
3600 ×1000

Qh = M h C ph (T1 −T2 ), W = −−−−−−−−−W

Fc × ρ h
Mc = , kg / s = − − − − − − − − −kg / s
3600 ×1000
Qc = M c C ph (T4 −T3 ), W ( for parallel flow ) = − − − − − − − − −W

Qc = M c C ph (T5 −T3 ), W ( for counter flow ) = − − − − − − − − −W

Qh + Qc
Qc = , W = − − − − − − − − − − −W
2

∆T1 =T1-T3, oC (for parallel flow) = -------------------oC

∆T1 = T1-T5, oC (for counter flow) ----------------oC

∆T2 =T2-T4, oC (for parallel flow) = -------------------oC

∆T2 = T2-T3, oC (for counter flow) ----------------oC

∆T1 + ∆T2
∆Tm = , °C = − − − − − − − − − − °C
∆T1
ln
∆T2
Ai = πDi L, m 2 = − − − − − − − − − − m 2

Ao = πDo L, m 2 = − − − − − − − − − m 2

Q
Ui = , W / m 2 °C = − − − − − − − − − −W / m 2 °C
Ai ∆Tm

Q
Uo = , W / m 2 °C = − − − − − − − − − −W / m 2 °C
Ao ∆Tm
NOMENCLATURE:

Ai = Inside heat transfer area, m2

Ao = Outside heat transfer area, m2
Cph = Specific heat of hot fluid at mean temperature, kJ/kgoC
Cpc = Specific heat of cold fluid at mean temperature, kJ/kgoC
Do = Outer diameter of tube, m
Di = Inner diameter of tube, m
Fh = Flow rate of hot water, LPH
Fc = Flow rate of cold water, LPH
L = Length of tube, m
Mh = Mass flow rate of the hot water, kg/s
Mc = Mass flow rate of the cold water, kg/s
Q = Average heat transfer from the system, W
Qc = Heat gained by the cold water, W
Qh = Heat loss by the hot water, W
Th = Mean temperature of hot wateroC
Tc = Mean temperature of cold water, oC
T1 = Inlet temperature of the hot water, oC
T2 = Outlet temperature of the hot water, oC
T3 = Inlet temperature of the cold water, oC
T4 = Outlet temperature of the cold water for parallel flow, oC
T5 = Outlet temperature of the cold water for counter flow, oC
∆Tm = Log mean temperature difference, oC
Ui = Inside overall heat transfer coefficient, W/m2oC
Uo = Outside overall heat transfer coefficient, W/m2oC
ρc = Density of cold water at mean temp, kg/m3
ρh = Density of hot water at mean temp. kg/m3
PRECAUTIONS & MAINTENANCE INSTRUCTIONS:

1. Never run the apparatus if power supply is less than 180volts and above
than 230 volts.
2. Never switch ON mains power supply before ensuring that all the ON/OFF
switches given on the panel are at OFF position.
3. Operator selectors switch off temperature indicator gently.
4. Always keep the apparatus free from dust.

REFERENCES

1. A Text Book of Heat and Mass transfer by Dr. D.S. Kumar.

2. A Text Book of Heat and Mass transfer by R. Yadav.

3. A Text Book of Fundamentals Engineering Heat and Mass Transfer by R.C.

Sachdeva.

4. Holman, J.P., “Heat Transfer”, 9th ed., Mc Graw Hill, NY, 2008, Page 525-
526, 528-531.
5. McCabe, Smith, J.C., Harriott, P., “Unit Operations of Chemical
Engineering”, 7th Ed. McGraw Hill, NY, 2005, Page 327-329,331-333.