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<. ¹\uá prmeasl mstìd trltldhi hm prinlr cis lutirms l trlvás hm mstm trlnlki9

Cl prmeasl qum adtmdtl prinlrsm md mstm trlnlkl, mstì nlslhl ada`alcemdtm md

cls hagmrmd`als qum tamdmd cis plåsms md táreadis hm adormsi pmr `ìpatl. Mstlncm`amdhi
qum quamdms tamdmd emkirms adstatu`aidms ciorld ud elyir davmc hm adormsi. –Ms
euy
 prinlncm qum cls m`idieåls ra`ls mcakld i pumhld plolr emkirms adstatu`aidms.
\uazì eìs aepirtldtm, cls m`idieåls qum sid hagmrmdtms pir havmrsls rlzidms hagamrmd
md sus adstatu`aidms y md su adormsi pmr `ìpatl―. (L`meiocu, Kifdsid, & ^inadsid ,
>::=, pìo
<?).

Cls adstatu`aidms aepirtld md mc davmc hm hmslrricci hm cls m`idieåls2 lcoudls plrtms hm

cis tmrratirais hm @irml hmc Dirtm y hmc Pur, y itris hm Lcmeldal `umdtld `id ud rmtrlsi
md pcldml`aðd y itris `id udl m`idieål mstlncm`ahl hm emr`lhi, adgudhlhi pir mc
hmslrricci hm cls adstatu`aidms. Q plrl cl mstael`aðd hm cls adstatu`aidms sm
ad`cuymd vlral`aidms mxðomdls. (L`meiocu, Kifdsid, & ^inadsid , >::=).

Mstl prmeasl hm mstuhai ms nlslhl md cl rmcl`aðd qum rmgcmkl mc mgm`ti hm cl eirtlcahlh hm

cis `icidazlhirms qum emhaldtm cis lsmdtleamdtis md mc tmrratirai l`tulrid l trlvás hm
cls adstatu`aidms. Q sm nus`l mstlncm`mr cl rmcl`aðd mxastmdtm mdtrm mstl tlsl hm eirtlcahlh
y mc hmsmepmüi l`tulc hm cls adstatu`aidms. Md msmd`al cl fapðtmsas rlha`l md2 cls tlsls hm
eirtlcahlh hm cis `icidazlhirms `iei gl`tir hmtmreadldtm hm cis lsmdtleamdtis, y mstis
`iei gl`tir hmtmreadldtm hm cls adstatu`aidms ada`alcms.(L`meiocu, Kifdsid,
&
^inadsid , >::=).

>. ¹@ðei usld mc eihmci hm rmormsaðd plrl prinlr mstl fapðtmsas9

Md mc eihmci hm rmormsaðd cis lutirms ada`alcemdtm, utacazld cis hltis hm eirtlcahlh hm

cls gaourls rmprmsmdtltavls hmc tmrratirai2 sichlhis, inaspis y elradmris. Mstlncm`amdhi cl
rmcl`aðd mdtrm mc pan pmr `ìpatl y cl tlsl hm eirtlcahlh, mstls tlsls hlhls md ciolrateis,
lc omdmrlrsm cl rmcl`aðd qum ms hm `lrì`tmr dmoltavl, sm `idtrlstl cl fapðtmsas ada`alc hmc
mgm`ti hm cl eirtlcahlh hm cis `icidazlhirms md mc hmsmepmüi m`idðea`i2 mc `ulc mstì
samdhi emhahi pir mc ZAN hmc tmrratirai, mstl vlralncm ms cl qum eahm mc vlcir eidmtlrai
titlc hm cis namdms y smrva`ais gadlcms qum sid prihu`ahis pir udl m`idieål md ud lüi
hmtmreadlhi, pir ci tldti ms ud numd adha`lhir hm hmsmepmüi hm cis tmrratirais. (@lslrms
& Xmzldis, >::1).
Md cl rmormsaðd sm utacazld cis adha`lhirms hm hmsmepmüi l`tulc `idgridtlhis l cis hltis
hm cls adstatu`aidms l`tulcms, tieldhi `iei adstruemdti cl eirtlcahlh hm
cis
`icidazlhirms. Cl ahml `mdtrlc mstì nlslhl md cis hmrm`fis hm pripamhlh y md
cls
 pisturls grmdtm lc pihmr hmc oinamrdi, ad`cuymdhi mc adha`lhir hm pritm``aðd `idtrl
mc
–ramsoi hm mxpripal`aðd― hm Zicata`lc^asbPmrva`ms, qum eahm cls hagmrmd`als mxastmdtms

mdtrm cls adstatu`aidms qum iraoadls Mstlhis y Zicåta`ls. (L`meiocu, Kifdsid,

&
^inadsid , >::=).

Cl rmormsaðd sm rmlcazl pir emhai hmc eátihi hm eådaeis `ulhrlhis2 md mc `ulc sm

mstlncm`m qum mc vlcir vmrhlhmri hm udl vlralncm mstì md gud`aðd hm cl itrl, pir ci tldti
ms hmpmdhamdtm hm cl gud`aðd y cis hltis hm cl itrl. (Oðemz & @lhmdl, >::=). ^mormsaðd
`id tmdhmd`al dmoltavl, ms hm`ar, cl tlsl hm eirtlcahlh hm cis `icidazlhirms sa lgm`tl mc
hmsmepmüi hm cls adstatu`aidms, l elyir tlsl hm eirtlcahlh emdir mc
hmsmepmüi m`idðea`i.

Zlrl mvatlr qum sm ieatld vlralncms y gl`tirms hmtmreadldtms md cl rmormsaðd sm utacazlrid

his mstrltmoals plrl prmvmdarci2 praemrl, mstlncm`mr cl rmcl`aðd hm cls adstatu`aidms sinrm
mc adormsi, `idtricldhi cls vlralncms `irrmcl`aidlhls, y smoudhl, utacazl`aðd hm prumnls
hm sinrmahmdtaga`l`aðd, plrl mstlncm`mr sa cl eirtlcahlh hm cis `icidazlhirms tamdm ud
mgm`ti harm`ti sinrm mc hmsmepmüi l`tulc.

0. ¹Zir quá sm flncl hm udl caeatldtm md cis rmsuctlhis `id rmspm`ti l cl `luslcahlh9

Cl `luslcahlh ms eldagmstlhl md cl rmcl`aðd mstlncm`ahl mdtrm cls vlralncms hm mstuhai, md

mstm `lsi, sm insmrvð udl rmcl`aðd dmoltavl mdtrm cl tlsl hm eirtlcahlh hm
cis

`icidazlhirms y mc hmsmepmüi hm cls adstatu`aidms, hm mstl girel sm intamdm hm eldmrl

ocinlc qum mc hmsmepmüi hm cls adstatu`aidms mstì hmtmreadlhi pir cl eirtlcahlh hm cis
`icidazlhirms. Mc caeatldtm md mstm mstuhai, plrl qum sml `amrti, i mc princmel qum
rmsuctl plrl qum mstl rmcl`aðd di sml tld vmråha`l ms qum cl tlsl hm eirtlcahlh hm cis
`icidazlhirms hm fl`m eìs hm <:: lüis, di omdmrm mgm`ti sinrm mc ZAN pmr `ìpatl l`tulc,
md mc `ulc cls mstael`aidms mstlrìd nlslhls md cls `idha`aidms hm slcunrahlh hm cis
`icidazlhirms, y qum mstl satul`aðd adgcuym md cis davmcms hm adormsi hm cl m`idieål.

Cls `idha`aidms hm slcuh hm cis `icidazlhirms hmtmreadlrì mc davmc hm hmsmepmüi hm cls

adstatu`aidms.Di mxastmd `lsis hm mstuhai hm våd`ucis harm`ti mdtrm eirtlcahlh
m
adstatu`aidms pmri sa sm fl mstuhalhi cl adgcumd`al hm cls mdgrmemhlhms md cl fastiral
fueldl. (E`Dmacc, <1?7).

8.L trlvás hm cl nlsm hm hltis sueadastrlhl (LK^.`sv), rmlca`m ud orìga`i hm haspmrsaðd

mdtrm mc ciolratei hmc ZAN pmr `ìpatl (ciopop) y mc adha`lhir hm pritm``aðd `idtrl
cl mxpripal`aðd (lvmxpr) y usm mstl nlsm hm hltis plrl ccmolr l cis easeis rmsuctlhis
qum
 prmsmdtld cis lutirms md cl praemrl `icuedl hmc `ulhri >. Adtmrprmtm mstm rmsuctlhi
(cis vlcirms nmtl y mc r `ulhrlhi).

g(x) 5 :.<:><. x: + =.71

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Ciolratei hm cl eirtlcahlh

Cl rmcl`aðd hm cl eirtlcahlh `id mc ådha`m hm adstatu`aidms, sm utacazl mc ciolratei pir cl

di mxastmd`al hm rlzidms tmðra`ls plrl mc davmc `iei hmtmreadldtm hm cls adstatu`aidms.
Mstl rmcl`aðd advmrsl, mdtrm mc ådha`m hm cls adstatu`aidms y mc ciolratei hm cl eirtlcahlh,

hmkl hmhu`ar qum cls m`idieåls qum eìs lctls tlsls hm eirtlcahlh tamdmd, sid cls qum
rmprmsmdtld pmirms adstatu`aidms.

Zlåsms
Zritm``aðd hm ramsoi
^> :.::>
 D» insmrvl`aidms<78

Nmtl; pir `lhl udahlh pir`mdtulc qum vlråm mc ciolratei dlturlc hm cl tlsl hm eirtlcahlh
mc adha`lhir hm ramsoi hm cls adstatu`aidms `lenalrì md :.::?0 udahlhms pir`mdtulcms.
^> 5 Els hmc =:% hm cl vlral`aðd hmc adormsi pmr `ìpatl sm md`umdtrl lsi`alhl l cl
vlral`aðd hmc adha`lhir hm ramsoi hm cls adstatu`aidms.

=. @idsuctm qum sid cls vlralncms ha`itðea`ls i vlralncms hueey. Mxpcaqum `ðei sm

usld hmdtri hm cl rmormsaðd cadmlc y l trlvás hm ud mkmepci eumstrm `uìc ms

cl adtmrprmtl`aðd hmc `imga`amdtm hm mstls vlralncms md ud eihmci hm rmormsaðd.

Wlralncms hueey i ha`itðea`ls;

Pid cls vlralncms qum pir ci omdmrlc mxprmsld vlralncms `ulcatltavls, sid utacazlhls plrl
ahmdtaga`lr `lrl`tmråsta`ls2 fienrm/eukmr, udahi/di udahi, kmgm/di kmgm. Md
cls rmormsaidms cadmlcmsdi siclemdtm sm prmsmdtld cls vlralncms `uldtatltavls, sadi
tlenaád cl `ienadl`aðd hm mstls `id cls `ulcatltavls, ms lfå hidhm cls vlralncms
hueey sm mstlncm`md plrl hagmrmd`alr mstls `lrl`tmråsta`ls, y vld l rmprmsmdtlr
cl lusmd`al i
 prmsmd`al hm mstis ltranutis, direlcemdtm sm utacazlrì mc dûemri –<― plrl ahmdtaga`lr udl
suneumstrl hm cl pincl`aðd y mc dûemri –:― plrl rmprmsmdtlr mc rmsti. @uldhi
sm ad`cuymd cls vlralncms hueey md ud eihmci hm rmormsaðd, sm mstaeld sus `imga`amdtms
y sm ccmvld l `lni cis `idtrlstms hm saodaga`ld`al hm mstls vlralncms. (Ms`lcldtm, <110).

Mkmepci;

^mcl`aðd hm cl prmsaðd lrtmralc hm ud guelhir y hm ud di guelhir.

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Eihmci sad hueey. Pm prmsmdtl udl rmcl`aðd harm`tl mdtrm prmsaðd lrtmralc y
cl
`idha`aðd hm guelhir, mdtrm eìs guelhir sml cl pmrsidl, tamdm udl pmir prmsaðd lrtmralc.
Eihmci `id hueey; Halorlel hm haspmrsaðd y lkustm hm cl cådml hm prmsaðd lrtmralc

Guelhir
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Zrmsmdtl ud ^>   emdir pirqum ms lkustlhi, l cis vlcirms hm : y <, pir cis ltranutis
eldmklhis, hm cl pincl`aðd hm mstuhai, eìs hmc <1% hm cl prmsaðd lrtmralc
mstì

hmtmreadlhl pir cl `idha`aðd hm cis pl`amdtms.

 Nancaiorlgål
L`meiocu, H., Kifdsid, P., & ^inadsid , K. (>::=). Cis Iråomdms @icidalcms
hmc Hmslrricci @ieplrltavi; ]dl advmstaol`aðd mepåra`l.  ^mvastl hm
M`idieål
 Adstatu`aidlc, ?(  <0).

@lslrms, Z., & Xmzldis, P. (>::1). Zrad`apai hm M`idieål.

Lormolhis El`rim`idðea`is. ]davmrsahlh hm @ldtlnral.

Ms`lcldtm, ^. (<110). Eldulc hm Lpca`l`aðd hmc eihmci hm rmormsaðd cadmlc euctapcm

`id
`irrm``aidms hm mspm`aga`l`aðd.  Intmdahi hm Nancaitm`l Wartulc hm
Hmrm`fi, M`idieål y `amd`als Pi`alcms; www.muemh.dmt/canris.

Oðemz, K., & @lhmdl, K. (>::=). Mc Eátihi hm Eådaeis @ulhrlhis. `ursi

hm Mstlhåsta`l.

E`Dmacc, _. (<1?7). Zcloums ldh pmipcms. Dmw Kmrsmy. ld`fir Zrmss.