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Network Parameters
From Queen's Learning Wiki
ELEC-483 Wiki
ELEC-483 Information
Contents ELEC-483 Notes
ELEC-483 Project
1 Outcomes
2 Motivation ELEC-483 Project FAQ
3 Z, Y, ABCD Network parameters ELEC-483 Assignments
4 Scattering Parameters - Why? CAD tool tips
4.1 S-parameter analogy
5 S-Parameters
5.1 S-Parameters-Simplified
5.2 Relating S-parameters to total voltages and currents
5.3 S-Parameters - Names and Examples
5.4 S-Parameters and Power
5.5 S-Parameters and Special Networks
5.6 Examples
6 Conversion between network parameters
7 Reference Plane Shifting
8 Measuring S-Parameters
Outcomes
Be able to define Z,Y, and S-parameters
Be able to read and use S-parameter data from product data sheets
Be able to find the S-parameters of a simple network
Motivation
A system is usually broken into small blocks that are characterized individually.
We prefer to break large complex designs, like a wireless receiver or transmitter, into smaller blocks (e.g.
amplifier, mixer, filter)
We prefer to treat linear circuits like a black box using network parameters to characterize a system from the
outside, so we can ignore details of what is inside
Each input or output is a port - a transmission line or waveguide that passes a single mode in and out
Best way to deal with "black box" components is using network parameters
We will glance at Z, Y, and ABCD parameters, but will find that they are not the most appropriate for high
frequency measurement
Scattering parameters (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scattering_parameters) , or S-parameters are the most
common for microwave/RF circuits, so we will look at how they are defined and measured, and then use them
for the rest of the course.
Two-port network.
We can use these definitions to determine how we can measure the Z- or Y-parameters of a network. Let's
determine how to measure Z11 of a two port network. We know that V1 = Z11I1 + Z12I2 from the definition
measure Z11 we find the ratio of V1 to I1 when port 2 is open circuited, which ensures that I2 = 0.
ABCD-parameters are often used when cascading multiple devices in series, as we will see later, because the
overall ABCD matrix is simply the product of the original matrices. ABCD parameters are defined as:
It is difficult to define voltages and currents at high frequencies for non-TEM transmission lines (e.g.
waveguides)
It is necessary to use open and short circuits in order to find Z- and Y-parameters (as we found above for
the case of measuring Z11), which at microwave frequencies may cause instability when active elements
are involved, as we will see later
Best to use parameters closely related to power, which can be easily measured at high frequencies - scattering
parameters (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scattering_parameters) , or S-parameters
An N-port device will have N2 S-parameters that are generally complex, and defined for a range of frequencies.
E.g. the S-parameters of the NE34018 HJFET (http://www.cel.com/pdf/datasheets/ne34018.pdf) are listed (see
page 3).
S-parameter analogy
S-Parameters
For most practical purposes S-parameters
(http://en.wikipedia.org
/wiki/Scattering_parameters) can be thought of
as reflection and transmission parameters of a
network. More accuately, they relate forward
and reverse traveling normalized voltage
waves which are directly related to power.
Define a normalized forward traveling voltage
S-parameters characterize the response of a network to incoming and
wave into port n as an
outgoing waves.
forward moving wave into port n, and Zon is the characteristic impedance of the transmission line at port n
The normalized waves are measured at the reference plane of each port, which in practice is often a coaxial
connector or probe.
These an and bn can be thought of as equivalent to the forward and reverse voltage waves on a
transmission line, except normalized with respect to Zon
We relate these normalized waves by the scattering matrix, which for a two-port network is
S-Parameters-Simplified
Let's use the definition for an and bn to show that we can often use a simpler definition for S-parameters
Use S21 as an example. Provided that port 2 is terminated in a matched load, we have that:
If the characteristic impedances of ports 1 and 2 are equal, then Zo1 = Zo2, and we can cancel them off, leaving
or simply the ratio of the incident voltage at port 1 to the outgoing voltage wave at port 2, provided that
The same is true for all other S-parameters. General rule: if all port impedances are the same, we can use
forward and reverse voltage waves V + and V − in calculating S-parameters instead of the normalized
voltage waves.
This is very helpful when we are trying to find S-parameters of small signal transistor models
In most cases we deal with networks that have 50 Ω ports, so we can use this simpler method.
S11 is simply the input reflection coefficient when the output port is terminated in a matched load.
S22 describes the reflection at the output, and can be calculated the same way as S11 to be
S21 is the forward gain of the device, or insertion loss if it is a lossy network. It is equal to the forward
transmission coefficient when the output port is terminated in a matched load. We can calculate it using the
relationship between voltage, current, and S-parameters that we discussed previously:
Note that S21 is not the same as the voltage gain of a network.
S12 measures reverse transmission, and can be calculated the same way as S21 to be when the
because is
is proportional to
There are certain special networks that show up frequently in microwave circuits. Some of these include:
The same would apply if a signal were applied at port 2 rather than port 1, so the second condition for a two-port to be
lossless is that
[S][S] * = [I]
Examples
For examples and more background, see Deficiencies in the Way Scattering Parameters Are Taught
(http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/iel5/13/27429/01220742.pdf) , M. Sadiku. We will see that the S-parameters of a transistor
can be calculated from the small signal model (http://bmf.ece.queensu.ca/mediawiki/images
/a/a1/Derive_S11_S21_MOSFET_ssm.pdf) , and that we can calculate reflection coefficients of terminated networks
(http://bmf.ece.queensu.ca/mediawiki/images/8/86/Derive_gamma_in_2port.pdf) .
Measuring S-Parameters
S-parameters are usually measured using a network analyzer (http://en.wikipedia.org
/wiki/Network_analyzer_%28electrical%29) . Agilent has written Network Analyzer Basics
(http://cp.literature.agilent.com/litweb/pdf/5965-7917E.pdf) to present the operation of network analyzers.