COMPLETE THE FOLLOWING EQUATIONS:

1 H2SO4 + 2NaOH Na2SO4 + 2H2O

2 Ba(OH)2 + 2HCl BaCl2 + 2H2O

3 KOH + HNO3 KNO3 + H2O

4 Ca(OH)2 + H2SO4 CaSO4 + 2H2O

5 CuO + 2HCl CuCl2 + 2H2O

6 Al2O3 + 3H2SO4 Al2(SO4)3 + 3H2O

7 ZnO + H2SO4 ZnSO4 + H2O

8 CuCO3 + 2HNO3 Cu(NO3)2 + H2O + CO2

9 MgCO3 + H2SO4 MgSO4 + H2O + CO2

10 Fe2(CO3)3 + 6HCl 2FeCl3 + 3H2O + 3CO2

11 Zn + 2HCl ZnCl2 + H2

12 Mg + H2SO4 MgSO4 + H2

BALANCE THE FOLLOWING EQUATIONS:

1 CH4 + 2O2 CO2 + 2H2O

7
2 C2H6 + 2 O2 2CO2 + 3H2O

3 C5H12 + 8O2 5CO2 + 6H2O

4 C2H4 + 3O2 2CO2 + 2H2O

5 C4H8 + 6O2 4CO2 + 4H2O

6 C7H14 + 21O 7CO2 + 7H2O

2
2

3
7 CH3OH + 2O2 CO2 + 2H2O

8 C2H5OH + 3O2 2CO2 + 3H2O

9
9 C3H7OH + 2O2 3CO2 + 4H2O

10 C4H9OH + 6O2 4CO2 + 5H2O

1
WRITE HALF EQUATIONS FOR THE REACTIONS INVOLVING THE
FOLLOWING REACTANTS:

1 Zinc: Zn Zn2+ + 2e

2 Magnesium: Mg Mg2+ + 2e

3 Aluminium: Al Al3+ + 3e

4 Copper: Cu Cu2+ + 2e

5 Iron: Fe Fe2+ + 2e

6 Chlorine, Cl2: Cl2 + 2e 2Cl-

7 Bromine, Br2: Br2 + 2e 2Br-

8 Oxygen, O2: O2 + 4e 2O2-

9 Zinc ion: Zn2+ + 2e Zn

10 Copper(II) ion: Cu2+ + 2e Cu

11 Silver ion: Ag+ + e Ag

12 Aluminium ion: Al3+ + 3e Al

13 Chloride ion, Cl- : 2Cl- Cl2 + 2e

14 Bromide ion, Br- : 2Br- Br2 + 2e

15 Iodide ion, I- : 2I- I2 + 2e

16 Oxide ion, O2- : 2O2- O2 + 4e

17 Hydroxide ion, OH- : 4OH- 2H2O + O2 + 4e

[ Most of the half equations will only have atom( or molecule of an element),
ion( negative or positive) and electron]

[Half equation involves either OXIDATION OR REDUCTION reaction. If it is

oxidation, electron should be added to the right side of the equation
If it is reduction, electron should be added to the left side of the equation]

[ Persamaan setengah hanya melibatkan tindak balas PENGOKSIDAAN ATAU

PENURUNAN SAHAJA. Jika tindak balas pengoksidaan, elektron ditambah
disebelah kanan persamaan. Jika tindak balas penurunan, elektron ditambah
disebelah kiri persamaan.]

2
COLOUR CHANGE OF SOLUTION:

1 Fe2+ is converted to Fe3+.

 Green solution turns brown.

2 Acidified potassium manganate(VII) solution.

 Purple solution decolourises( turns colourless)

3 Acidified potassium dichromate(VI) solution.

 Orange solution turns green

4 Bromine water.

 Brown solution turns colourless

5 Fe3+ is converted Fe2+

 Brown solution turns green

FORMATION OF PRECIPITATE:

1 Green precipitate: Insoluble Fe2+ and CuCO3

2 Blue precipitate: Insoluble Cu2+

3 Yellow precipitate: PbI2

4 Brown precipitate: Insoluble Fe3+

Effervescence:

1 The reaction of metal carbonate with acid.

2 The reaction of metal with acid.

3 Electrolysis of acid, sulphate, nitrate, hydroxide solution using carbon electrode.

4 Reaction in voltaic cell using acid, solutions of Na+, K+, Mg2+, Zn2+ as electrolyte.

3
CHEMICAL TEST TO IDENTIFY:

1 Iodine: (i) Add starch solution. Dark blue precipitate is formed.

(ii) Add tetrachloromethane and shake. Purple colour is formed in the

tetrachloromethane layer.

2 Oxygen gas: Put a glowing splinter into the test tube. The
splinter rekindles.

3 Hydrogen gas: Put a burning splinter into the test tube. ‘Pop’
sound is produced.

4 Carbon dioxide: Pass the gas into lime water. The lime water turns
cloudy.

5 Lead(II) ion, Pb2+ : Add potassium iodide solution. Yellow precipitate

is formed.

6 Iron(II) ion, Fe2+

(i) Add sodium hydroxide solution until excess. Green precipitate is formed.

(ii) Add ammonium hydroxide solution until excess. Green precipitate is formed.

(iii) Add potassium hexacyanoferrate(II) solution. Light blue precipitate is

formed.

(iv) Add potassium hexacyanoferrate(III) solution. Dark blue precipitate is

formed.

7 Iron(III) ion Fe3+ :

(i) Add sodium hydroxide solution until excess. Brown precipitate is formed.

(ii) Add ammonium hydroxide solution until excess. Brown precipitate is

formed.

(iii) Add potassium hexacyanoferrate(II) solution. Dark blue precipitate is

formed.

(iv) Add potassium hexacyanoferrate(III) solution. Greenish brown solution is

produced.

(v) Add potassium thiocyanate solution. Blood red solution is produced.

4
8 Carbonate ion, CO32- :

 Add hydrochloric acid. Effervescence occurs. The gas produced turns

lime water cloudy.

9 Chloride ion, Cl-

 Add silver nitrate solution and nitric acid. White precipitate is formed.

8 Sulphate ion, SO42- :

 Add barium chloride solution and hydrochloric acid. White precipitate is

formed.

9 Nitrate ion, NO3- :

 Add iron(II) sulphate solution and dilute sulphuric acid. Add a few drops
of concentrated sulphuric acid slowly. Brown ring is formed.

TYPES OF REACTIONS EXAMPLE AND EQUATION

COMBUSTION Burning of ethanol with oxygen.
C2H5OH + 3O2 2CO2 + 3H2O
DEHYDRATION The conversion of ethanol to ethene.
C2H5OH C2H4 + H2O
HYDRATION The conversion of ethene to ethanol.
C2H4 + H2O C2H5OH
NEUTRALISATION The reaction of acid and base to produce salt
and water.
NaOH + HCl NaCl + H2O
ESTERIFICATION The reaction of alcohol and carboxylic acid to
produce ester and water.
CH3COOH + C2H5OH CH3COOC2H5 + H2O
POLYMERISATION The combination of monomers repeatedly to
form a large molecule.
nC2H4 (C2H4)n
DOUBLE DECOMPOSITION The formation of precipitate from two salt
solution.
AgNO3 + NaCl AgCl + NaNO3
DISPLACEMENT OF METAL Formation of metal from its salt solution by
adding a more electropositive metal.
Zn + CuSO4 ZnSO4 + Cu
DISPLACEMENT OF HALOGEN Formation of halogen from its salt solution by
adding a more reactive halogen.
Cl2 + 2KBr Br2 + 2KCl