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A Project Report on
Rahul S Thombre
Poonam B Wagh
Addala Shashank V Rao
In fulfilment for the award of
Bachelor of Engineering
( Electronics and Tele-communication )
North Maharashtra University,
Jalgaon (M.S).
CERTIFICATE
This to certify that, the dissertation ‘ROLLING DISPLAY USING 89C51’
submitted by
Jayashree N. Sonar
Neha P. Patil
Rupali D. Rane
Is a bonafide work completed under my supervision and guidance in partial fulfillment
for the award of Bachelor of Engineering (Electronics and Telecommunication) Degree of North
Maharashtra university, Jalgaon.
Place: Jalgaon
Date:
Dr.D.S.Chaudhari
Principal
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SYNOPSIS
INTRODUCTION
1.1 PROBLEM STATEMENT
Gas leakage in area such as domestic industrial and etc. creates hazardous
problems .The gas leakage can form a gas clouds and any kind of spark generated
in this clouds will make explosion. This explosion can cause much of damages to
the industry .Suppose the industry is located in the city or area having crowded
population then it is important to inform about gas leakage. So that the people will
take care that no spark are generated in that area .
1.2 SOLUTION
To avoid the above stated problem we have developed project .This is the gas
leakage detection in remote area ,where the presence of human being is rare such
as factory or any gas pipelines. The gas leakage can be detected by smell of gas.
But for detection of gas in industrial areas a sensor is used. This is an inexpensive,
permanently installed system capable of detecting even a minutest of leaks in gas
pipelines.
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HISTORY
In order to detect gas leaks with trasitional methods,The gas itself must either
be in close proximity to the detector or within a pre-defined area.Outdoor
environmental condition such as changing wind direction and quick dispersion of
potential gas cloud, which can be found e.g,. on an offshore platform can result in
undetected gas leaks, leading to extremely dangerous situations.
2. “Soap solution “ bubble tests for gas leaks : a solution of soapy water is
the most common method used to test for gas leaks .
4. Soap solution is applied along gas piping to lengths of piping to test for
pinholes mechanical damage if no leaks are found at threaded or flared
connectors but when gas leaks are evident on the system.
5. Gas leaks at gas valves: We very often find very small gas leaks at the
seamed sides of some gas valves such as those commonly found on gas -fired
domestic water heaters. These leaks can be so miniscule that they do not show
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during a bubble test, and they are often present even on new valves. This may be
a source of some disagreement between a home inspector, building owner and gas
service technician.
LITERATURE SURVEY:
In order to detect gas leaks with traditional methods, the gas itself must
either be in close proximity to the detector or within a pre-defined area. Outdoor
environmental condition such as changing wind directions and quick dispersion of
a potential gas clouds .Which can be found e.g. on a offshore platform, can result
in undetected gas leaks, leading to extremely dangerous situations.
Causes of Leakages:
a) Corrosion:
Corrosion is not only contributing to the leakage problem it also affect quality of
gas being transmitted. Corrosion can occur inside or outside a pipe and causes a
pipe to become weaker in supporting the outer force exerted on it. Corrosion
which happens outside the pipe is mainly due to the environmental effect, while
gas quality and corrosion protection layer are the factors affecting corrosion
happening inside the pipe.
b) Material Defect:
Material of the pipeline used may not comply with the standard requirement. This
means that it may not be able to sustain the designed gas pressure and designed
traffic load so it stands a high potential to get burst and causes leakages problem.
c) Faulty Installations:
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Every pipe needs to be installed properly so that they can take up gas pressure and
traffic load designed. Poor workmanship on the pipes installation will greatly
reduce the capability of pipes to take up load exerted on it and eventually causes
leakage problem.
Excessive gas resulting pipes with small thickness to be easily burst and causes
leakage problem .
e) Old & poorly constructed pipelines this is due to long term usage of
pipelines which is no longer sufficient in providing its service to gas supply. The
project relates to a method and system for detecting leaks from gas pipelines or
tankers .Gas pipeline leak detection can be sensed by smell (if an odourous
additive is present),detection by smell requires the presence of a person. It is
therefore an object of present invention to provide an inexpensive, permanently
installed system, capable of detecting even the minutest of leaks in gas
pipelines .A further object is to provide a method for detecting leaks from holes in
pressurized gas pipelines an indicating the vicinity of such leak…..
Future Development:
BLOCK DIAGRAM
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Figure shows basic Block Diagram of Gas and smoke detection and SMS
alert system. In this project there are following blocks .
1) Gas sensor
2) Smoke sensor
3) Micro controller
4) Display
5) Buzzer
1. Gas Sensor
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The gas leakage is out put is zero to one, which is detected by directly to
microcontroller 89C52.
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2.Smoke sensor
When smoke is raises near ceiling and ventilation of the room. To detect
the smoke, we use smoke detection sensor. When smoke passes through infrared
trins-receiver sensor conductivity between them. Ir receiver is detected change
pulse (zero to one). This pulse is sensed by micro controller unit directly.
3. Micro controller
This is the heart of our project so we select micro controller IC 89C52, due to
its number of advantages over other micro controller and microprocessor such as
inbuilt 4K electrical erasable programmable memory, 128 byte of RAM, four
external and three internal interrupts source, inbuilt two 16 bit timer and it is full
software and hardware compatible with industrial stander MCS51 family. The
software for this project is stored in its EEPROM and sensor; output devices are
connected to its input and output port.
5.LCD display
6. Buzzer Unit
8. Power Supply
For our all IC we require 5 v d.c. Supply, which can be generated by step
down transformer, full wave bridge rectifier, and filter condenser and voltage
regulator IC 7805.
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CIRCUIT DIAGRAM
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CIRCUIT OPERATION
Figure shows complete circuit Diagram of our project Gas and smoke
detection and SMS alert system, in this project we can monitor leakage of Gas
and detection of smoke for that purpose we use two type of sensor
For Smoke detection, we use infrared transmitter and receiver model. This
infrared sensor is operated at 36 KHz frequency. We use IC 555 as oscillator in
A-stable Multi-vibrator mode. At pin 3, i.e. output pin of this IC, we connect
infrared diode and by using variable resistance VR1 we can adjust 36 kHz
frequency of IC 555. Infrared diode emits infrared signal beam of 36 kHz
frequency, which is invisible to human eye. This beam falls on I.R. receiver. The
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receiver has three pins, +Vcc, GND & output. In normal condition i.e. when there
is beam, output of this sensor is zero i.e. logically low and when no beam falls on
sensor its output becomes +5V i.e. logically high. The output of sensor is
connected to ADC. This infrared transmitter and receiver are connected in front of
each other in closed box, so that in normal condition when there is no smoke, I.R.
beam falls on receiver and its output is logically low. When smoke occurs smoke
enters in the box through hole and gets collected in it. When density of smoke
increases, it cuts off the beam of I.R. and output of sensor changes from logically
low to high. This change of state is directly connected to pin no P1.2 of
microcontroller IC 89C52.
micro controller can read this status of signal and shown which system is detected
and shown on display 16x2 LCD,. This display has 8 data line D0 to D7 three
control line R/W, EN, RS and two supply line VCC and ground 1 contrast control
line and two line for backlight supply interfacing of display. At the same time
which system (gas leakage or smoke detect send message at remote location we
use SMS technology. The GSM network offers a wireless system, which extends
your reach to anywhere in the world. There are several means to tap onto this
SMS as a communication medium. One way is to use a direct data call to connect
a point-to-point data link from one place to another. Or, to log into the World-
Wide-Web via. GPRS. A simple method is also via Short Message System
(SMS). a system wants to exchange or send data or information from one point to
another.
Bits (8), Parity (None), With that, you are all set to test out the AT command with
the mobile decoder.
Call Control
AT Attention
ATA Answer Command
ATD Dial Command
ATH Hang Up Call
Send "AT" on serial port. The GSM mobile decoders will respond with an "OK".
SMS Commands
This mobile decoders circuit connects to the serial port of micro controller
through MAX 232 IC. Its function is to provide an input and an output port
capable of being remotely controlled using another mobile.
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Buzzer is used for audio indication for gas leakage and smoke detect, for
that purpose at microcontroller pin P1.7 is use, we use for driving buzzer driver
circuit is use which is detail of design folder control takes place by means of
sending SMS (Short text Messages Service). When the micro controller receives a
predefined of sensor(gas leakage or smoke detect) text message, like "gas is
leakage" or "smoke is detected", is send In this way we can receive massage at
remote station through SMS.
DESIGNING
Power supply is the first and the most important part of our project. For our
project we require +5V regulated power supply with maximum current rating
500mA
Following basic building blocks are required to generate regulated power supply.
Step down transformer is the first part of regulated power supply. To step down
the mains 230V A.C. we require step down transformer. Following are the main characteristic of
electronic transformer.
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1) Power transformers are usually designed to operate from source of low impedance
at a single freq.
2) It is required to construct with sufficient insulation of necessary dielectric
strength.
3) Transformer ratings are expressed in volt–amp. The volt-amp of each secondary
winding or windings are added for the total secondary VA. To this are added the load
losses.
4) Temperature rise of a transformer is decided on two well-known factors i.e. losses
on transformer and heat dissipating or cooling facility provided unit.
Rectifier Unit
Rectifier unit is a ckt. which converts A.C. into pulsating D.C. Generally semi-
conducting diode is used as rectifying element due to its property of conducting current in one
direction only. Generally there are two types of rectifier.
Following are the main advantages and disadvantages of a full-wave bridge type
rectifier ckt.
Advantages:
Disadvantages:
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Filter Circuit
Generally a rectifier is required to produce pure D.C. supply for using at various
places in the electronic circuit. However, the o/p of rectifier has pulsating character i.e. if such a
D.C. is applied to electronic circuit it will produce a hum i.e. it will contain A.C. and D.C.
components. The A.C. components are undesirable and must be kept away from the load. To do
so a filter circuit is used which removes (or filters out) the A.C. components reaching the load.
Obviously a filter circuit is installed between rectifier and voltage regulator. In our project we
use capacitor filter because of its low cost, small size and little weight and good characteristic.
Capacitors are connected in parallel to the rectifier o/p because it passes A.C. but does not pass
D.C. at all.
1) Power Output.
2) Operating Voltage.
3) Frequency Range.
4) Efficiency and Regulation.
Size of core
Size of core is one of the first considerations in regard of weight and volume of
transformer. This depends on type of core and winding configuration used. Generally following
formula is used to find area or size of core.
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P1
Ai = -----------
0.87
P1 = Primary voltage.
In transformer P1 = P2
-3
P2 = 12 x 500 x 10 w.
= 6w.
So Ai = 0.87
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= 2.62
Generally 10% of area should be added to core to accommodate all turns for low
So Ai = 2.88.
10,000
4.44 f Bm Ai
Here,
f is the frequency in Hz
Following table gives the value of turns per volt for 50 Hz frequency.
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For project for 50 Hz the turns per Volt for 0.91 Wb/m2 from above table.
50
2.88
≅ 17
Wire size
As stated above size depends upon the current to be carried out by the winding,
which depends upon current density of 3.1 A/mm2. For less copper losses 1.6 A/mm2 or 2.4
A/mm2 may be used. Generally even size guage of wire are used.
Rectifier Design
R.M.S. Secondary voltage at secondary of transformer is 12V.
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= Rms. Voltage x √2
= 12 x √2
= 16.97
2 Vm
Vdc = ----------
2 x 16.97
= -----------------------
= 10.80 V
PIV = 2 Vm.
= 2 x 16.97
= 34 V
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& maximum forward current which flow from each diode is 500mA.
So from above parameter we select diode IN 4007 from diode selection manual.
C = ----------------------
4√3 r f RL.
C = ------------------------------
4√3 x 0.1 x 50 x 28
= 1030 µ f
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≅ 1000 µ f.
And voltage rating of filter capacitor is double of Vdc i.e. rectifier o/p which is
20V. So we choose 1000 µ f / 25V filter capacitor.
12 3 Specifications :
Vin maximum = 35 V
During charging period 0 < t < TC the voltage across capacitor will given
by
TC = (RA + RB ) C1 Ln 2
At time t1 = TD the voltage across the capacitor reaches the trigger level
of VCC/3 50 we have that Vx ( t = TD)
TD = RBC1 ln2
= 0.693 RBC1
where,
T = TD + TC
F0 = 1/T
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F0 = 1.44
(RA + 2RB) C1
We assume C1 = 0.001 uf
So 36 K Hz = 1.44
( RA + 2RB ) 0.001uf
36 x 103 x 0.001 x 10 -6
= 1.44
x 10-05
( RA + 2RB ) = 40 k ohm
i.e. RB = 20 k ohm
Specification of buzzer is
Current consumption<20mA
So IC max =20 mA
Again we select transistor BC 547 for buzzer driver because its ic max is 80 mA
and it is low cost, easily available in market.
IB = Ic/β
= 20 mA / 110
= 0.18mA
Vcc1 = IB RB + VBE
RB = 5 - 0.7 / IB
RB = 4.3 / 0.18mA
RB = 23KΩ
If we directly connected LED to micro controller then very high current flowing
through it because internal resistance of led is very small about 5 to 8 ohm so it is
possibility to damage LED so we place current limiting resistance R in series with diode
the value of this resistance is calculated
V = RI
where
∴ 5 = R x 8mA
∴ R = 625 Ω
PCB DESIGNING
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the component side have to be kept minimum in number of solder joints because
the replacing of such components is fairly difficult. A typical strategy is therefore
to realize the conductor as much as possible on the non- component side i.e.
trackside. These boards may be without or with masking i.e. green masking,
yellow masking, blue masking or red masking. Masking is done in order to avoid
the shorting of tracks and components, it also makes soldering easy, even amateur
mechanic or an inexperienced person can also do soldering on masked PCB. The
problem of signal interference due to close placement of tracks can be avoided by
masking he PCB.
10) In power systems i.e. high current, the track width and the track spacing should
be as maximum as possible.
11) While placing the components on the PCB preferably the load on PCB, should be
evenly distributed to avoid the problems at completion stage during wave- soldering i.e.
warping of PCB etc.
12) To avoid weakening of the Pub tool, the perforation length should be kept
minimum i.e. < 40 mm.
13) For manually shouldered components vent i.e. cut pads should be provided to
avoid the blocking of holes during shouldering.
Component Placement:
14) Preferably, place the component in X-Y direction subjected to mechanical
construction.
15) All Components should be flat mounted i.e. flat placed to avoid of leads and for
easy requirements. However in case of space limitation the components such as resistors,
diodes, etc. may be mounted vertically which doesn’t affect the performance.
16) In case of separate analog and digital ground; a capacitor should be connected in
between the analog and digital ground.
17) Orientation of multi-lead components (e.g. switches, ICs) should be such that axis
of component is perpendicular to the direction of solder wave.
18) Sufficient clearance is provided around component so that inversion or
replacement ands repair is easy.
19) The design should such that minimum jumpers are allowed.
20) It is preferable that, components like presets, coils, and trim pots, etc. which
alignment or calibration are placed in such that, they are accessible after the assembly of
the PCB on cabinet also.
21) If the components are not flush mounted, provide the sleeve for leads.
PCB Tracks:
1.General tracks thickness should be 1.00 mm preferred.
2.For ground tracks thickness should be maximum.
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3.In case of space limitation, track thickness of 0.5 mm can be used except for
power tracks.
Always, ground > 2 Supply > 2 Signal
4.Generally, track length as short as possible; subjected to component placement.
5.Use copper patches, wherever possible to add strength of PCB.
6.Provide minimum 0.8 mm gap may be 0.5 mm except power tracks.
7.High frequency or high current or high voltage tracks should be away from each
other.
PCB LAYOUT
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Gas PCB :-
Flow chart
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PROGRAM
Reset Buzzer
Cls
Lowerline
Wait 3
Cls
Do
Lowerline
If Gas_sensor = 0 Then
Gas
Smoke
Loop
Sub Gas
Cls
Set Buzzer
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Wait 2
Lowerline
Send_sms_gas
Wait 2
Send_sms_gas
End Sub
Sub Smoke
Cls
Set Buzzer
Wait 2
Lowerline
Send_sms_smoke
Wait 2
Send_sms_smoke
End Sub
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Sub Send_sms_gas
Print "AT+CMGF=1"
Print "AT+CMGS="9823264825"
Waitms 100
End Sub
Sub Send_sms_smoke
Print "AT+CMGF=1"
Print "AT+CMGS="9823264825"
End Sub
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GSM
ADVANTAGES
APPLICATIONS
1) In hazardous area SMS alert system.
4) In Rural area .
LIMITATIONS
2) The set point value is fix in program in case of change this value we can change
4) We does not provide any type of battery back up to our system so in case of
power fail it does not work.
CONCLUSION
From this system ,we can alert the people at service station , at nearby
places and also at remote places through GSM technology.
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TROUBLESHOOTING
1) After etching of P.C.B. make sure all P.C.B. track is connected to each other
using continuity test. If any one track damage then connect wire to it.
2) Connect project to mains 230v ac supply and turn on power and see status of
power on led of power supply if LED does not glow check mains quad, output of
step down transformer, out put of bridge rectifier and voltage regulator Ic.
3) Give supply to mobile decoder and check its output on TXD and RXD pin of
micro controller.
4) Give external volt to relay and check the o/p at relay contact by continuity.
GSM
GSM GPRS modem for GSM 900 / GSM 1800 / GSM 1900
We are pleased to present the new fully featured SIMCOM GSM based Modem
with most of the functions taken care on board .This PCB is thoroughly tested and
qualified at Pulraj Electronics-Mumbai and ready to serve the customers.
This GSM modem is a highly flexible plug and play GSM 900 / GSM 1800 / GSM 1900
modem for direct and easy integration RS232, voltage range for the power supply
and audio interface make this device perfect solution for system integrators and
single user. Voice, Data/Fax, SMS,GPRS, integrated TCP/IP stack,RTC and other
features like the GSM / GPRS.
ii. Designed for GPRS, data, fax, SMS and voice applications
iii. GPRS multi-slot class 10
iv. GPRS mobile station class B
v. Designed for GPRS, data, fax, SMS and voice applications
vi. Fully compliant with GSM Phase 2/2+ specifications
vii. Built-in TCP/IP Protocol
viii. Built-in RTC in the module.
ix. AT Command based
Power Supply:
Use AC – DC Power Adaptor with following ratings
i. Input AC Voltage: 230V
ii. Output DC Voltage : 12V
iii. Output DC Current : 2A
iv. Polarity : Centre +ve & Outside –ve
General characteristics
i. Input voltage: 9V-12V
ii. Input current: 15mA in idle mode, 110mA in communication
iii. Temperature range: Operating -20 to +55 degree Celsius; Storage -25 to
+70 degree Celsius
Interfaces
i. RS-232 through D-TYPE 9 pin connector
ii. Serial port baud rate 1200 to 115200 bps
iii. RJ11 voice connector
iv. Power supply through DC jacket
v. SMA antenna connector
vi. Toggle spring/Flap Opening type SIM holder
vii. LED status of GSM / GPRS module
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LIST OF COMPONENTS
SEMICONDUCTOR IC’s
Table :IC Components
1 R1 22K Rs.25paisa 1
2 R2 680 Rs.25paisa 1
3 R3 10K Rs.25paisa 1
4 RA 4.7K Rs.25paisa 1
5 RB 10K Rs.25paisa 1
6 R6
7 R7
8 R8
9 R9
10 R10
R11
2) Variable Resistances:
Table: Variable resistances of different values
3 VR3
4 VR4
5 VR5
6 VR6
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CAPACITORS
12 C
DIODES
5 Zener diode 1
6 Zener diode 2
TRANSISTORS
Table of Transistors
1 T1 BC547 Rs.4/- 1
2 T2
CRYSTALS
1 X1 11.0592MHz Rs.22/- 1
SWITHES:
BUZZER :
GAS SENSOR:-Rs.550/-
SMOKE SENSOR
IR TRANSMITTER-RECEIVER PAIR:-Rs.125/-
GSM MODEM:-Rs.5000/-
MISCELANIOUS:-Rs.1000/-
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BIBLIOGRAPHY
Author---Myke Predko
Publications---TATA McGraw-HILL
Author---Kenneth J.Ayala
Author---R.M. Marston
Publication---B.P.B. publication
B.P.B. Publication
B.P.B. Publication
publication
Author---Ramakant Gayakwad
8)Elecktor-Electronics (magazine)
http://www.etsi.org/
http://www.ericsson.com/mobilityworld/
http://www.lancos.com/
http://gatling.ikk.sztaki.hu/~kissg/gsm/at+c.html
WWW.ATMEL.com