MECH 330: APPLIED THERMODYNAMICS II LECTURE 01

MECH 330

APPLIED THERMODYNAMICS II

Course Notes

Queen’s University
Department of Mechanical and Materials Engineering
Kingston, ON, K7L 3N6

Copyright © S. J. Harrison, T. Simko, 2004

Figures and examples in these notes are from the following text and associated materials:
M.J. Moran and H.N. Shapiro. Fundamentals of Engineering Thermodynamics, 5th Ed.
John Wiley & Sons Inc., 2004.

Additional examples are from other sources as noted.

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MECH 330: APPLIED THERMODYNAMICS II LECTURE 01

Course Outline
Classes

Tuesday: 2:30 pm
Wednesday: 4:30 pm
Friday: 3:30 pm

Location: Walter Light Hall 205

Tutorials

Tuesday: 3:30 - 4:30 pm

Location: Walter Light Hall 205

Note: No tutorial for Week 1.

Assignments

Given each week on Thursday and due the following Friday.

Note: No assignment due during Week 1.

Instructor
Dr. Steve Harrison, P.Eng.

Rm. 406 (Solar Lab)

Department of Mechanical and Materials Engineering
McLaughlin Hall
harrison@me.queensu.ca
613 533-2588

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MECH 330: APPLIED THERMODYNAMICS II LECTURE 01

Tutors

Jarrett Carriere
Rm. 406 McLaughlin Hall
carriere@me.queensu.ca

Adam Rysanek
Rm. 406 McLaughlin Hall
rysanek@me.queensu.ca

Markus Piro
115B Jackson Hall
piro@me.queensu.ca

Daniel Lucifora
lucifora@me.queensu.ca

Course Web Site: http://me.queensu.ca/courses/MECH330/

Marks

Final Exam 50%

Mid-Term 40%
Assignments 10%

The final exam and mid-term are open book.

Course notes, formula sheets and solutions to problem sets are not
permitted.

Please check the course web site (assignments page) for

requirements for assignment, mid-term and exam solutions.

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MECH 330: APPLIED THERMODYNAMICS II LECTURE 01

Text

Fundamentals of Engineering Thermodynamics

5th Edition by Moran & Shapiro

Status: Required Material for MECH 330

Available at Campus Bookstore

This is the same textbook that was used for MECH 230 last year.

EES

We will be introducing the program EES which, among other

things, provides property values. You are welcome to use this for
assignments (it will save you much time and it is useful for other
courses). However, you should be familiar with the use of the
tables to obtain property data since you will not be allowed to use
EES during the mid-term and final exam.

Course Outline

1. Review

2. Availability Analysis/Exergy

3. Advanced Vapour Power Cycles – i.e. Rankine cycles with:

- Superheat
- Reheat
- Regeneration (open & closed feedwater heaters)

4. Advanced Gas Cycles

- Brief review of Otto & Diesel Cycles
- Air-Standard Brayton Cycle

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MECH 330: APPLIED THERMODYNAMICS II LECTURE 01

- Gas Turbines with:

i. Regeneration
ii. Reheat
iii. Intercooling
- Combined Gas Turbine Vapour Cycles
- Ericsson & Stirling Cycles

5. Refrigeration & Heat Pumps

- Vapour Compression Refrigeration (VCR) Systems
- VCR Systems with:
i. Multiple stages
ii. Cascades
iii. Intercooling
- Absorption Refrigeration
- Heat Pumps

6. Gas Mixtures & Psychometrics

- Mixtures of Gases and Vapours
- Humidity Ratio, Relative Humidity, Dew Point
Temperature
- Adiabatic Saturation, Wet & Dry Bulb Temperatures
- Psychometric Charts
- Dehumidification and Humidification
- Evaporative Cooling
- Cooling Towers

7. Combustion
- Reaction Equations
- Enthalpy of Combustion & Heating Values
- Adiabatic Flame and Temperature
- Entropy Calculations

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MECH 330: APPLIED THERMODYNAMICS II LECTURE 01

1. REVIEW

Energy balance on a closed system

Gas
ΔE = Q − W
Piston
where,
Control
ΔE = ΔKE + ΔPE + ΔU Volume

1 2 1 2
ΔKE is the Kinetic Energy i.e., mv1 − mv2
2 2

ΔPE is the Potential Energy i.e., mgh1 − mgh2

ΔU is the Internal Energy i.e., U1 − U 2

Sign Convention:

- If control volume receives heat, Q is +ve

- If control volume does work, W is +ve

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MECH 330: APPLIED THERMODYNAMICS II LECTURE 01

Evaluating Properties

For thermodynamic analyses, we use a number of different

diagrams (or, more specifically, charts of data for these diagrams).

e.g. T vs. υ , h or s
P vs. υ , h or s

υ is the specific volume

h is the enthalpy
s is the entropy

These are generally of the same form.

Consider the T vs. υ diagram.

Liquid (or Critical Point Tc

subcooled or
compressed
liquid). Use
compressed Vapour (or superheated
liquid table vapour). Use superheated
T A5 vapour tables A4

Liquid-vapour mix.
Use saturation tables
A2 + A3

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MECH 330: APPLIED THERMODYNAMICS II LECTURE 01

Consider a process in which water is heated from a liquid to a

vapour at P = constant.

P = 1 bar (105 Pa)

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T 2 3
4
1

υ
Point State Table to Use

1 fluid (compressed fluid) A5

2 saturated fluid A2/A3
3 fluid-vapour mix A2/A3
4 saturated vapour A2/A3
5 vapour (superheated vapour) A4

For fluids, υ is generally not strongly dependent upon T. Thus, for

most of the analyses, we can set υ1 = υ2 (i.e., υ f for the given P)

We will make other similar approximations for compressed liquid

properties in this course.

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MECH 330: APPLIED THERMODYNAMICS II LECTURE 01

Quality

Inside the vapour dome, the substance is a mixture of liquid and

vapour.

Quality (x) denotes the vapour fraction of this mixture,

mvapour
x=
mtotal

x is used to calculate the υ , h, or s of the mixture.

Tables A2 and A3 give υ for fluids and gases (the saturated fluid
and saturated vapour states).

Saturated
T Liquid
3
Saturated
Vapour

υf υg
υ
The specific volume at point 3 is,

υ3 = υ f + x(υ g − υ f )

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MECH 330: APPLIED THERMODYNAMICS II LECTURE 01

Example

e.g. Consider a 2-phase mix at 100oC with x3 = 0.9. Determine the

specific volume.

Solution
−3
From Table A2, υ f = 1.0435 x10 m3 / kg
υ g = 1.673 m3 / kg

υ3 = υ f + x(υ g − υ f )

υ3 = 1.0435 x10−3 m3 / kg + 0.9(1.673 − 1.0435 x10−3 ) m3 / kg

υ3 = 1.506 m3 / kg

Note: Once the quality, x, is known, it can be applied to calculate

υ , h or s in the same manner as above.

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MECH 330: APPLIED THERMODYNAMICS II LECTURE 01

Enthalpy

In many thermodynamic analyses, the following appears:

U + PV

U being the internal energy

P being the pressure
V being the volume

For convenience, this combination is called enthalpy, H, which on

a per-unit-mass basis is:

h = u + pυ

For flow through a throttling device, e.g. a partially open valve or a

porous plug, mass and energy balances (the latter being taken far
from restriction) show that

h1 = h2 (throttling device/process)

Flow
1 2

Porous Plug

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MECH 330: APPLIED THERMODYNAMICS II LECTURE 01

Specific Heat

Specific heat, c, represents the amount of heat, Q, that must be

added to 1 kg of material to raise its temperature by 1 K. i.e.

dQ kJ
c= , units of
mdT kg ⋅ K

The value of c depends on the process of heat addition:

cv – for constant volume heat addition

cp – for constant pressure heat addition

In general cv and cp depend upon P and T. For an ideal gas (our

usual assumption in this course), cv and cp depend only on T.
2
u2 − u1 = ∫ cv (T )dT
1
2
h2 − h1 = ∫ c p (T )dT
1

Set Tref = 0 at which h = 0:

T
u (T ) = ∫ cv (T )dT − RT
0
T
h(T ) = ∫ c p (T )dT
0

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MECH 330: APPLIED THERMODYNAMICS II LECTURE 01

The specific heat ratio, k, is defined as:

c p (T )
k (T ) =
cv (T )

Note: c p > cv ∴ k > 1

Since:
R
c p (T ) = cv (T ) + R R=
Mx
kJ
R where R = 8.314
cv (T ) = kmol ⋅ K
k (T ) − 1
M x = molar mass (tabulated
k (T ) R
c p (T ) = in Table A1)
k (T ) − 1

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MECH 330: APPLIED THERMODYNAMICS II LECTURE 01

Polytropic Process of an Ideal Gas

A polytropic process of a closed system is described by a pressure-

volume relationship of the form:

PV n = constant

For a gas or liquid undergoing such a process:

( n −1) / n n −1
T2 ⎛ P2 ⎞ ⎛V ⎞
=⎜ ⎟ =⎜ 1 ⎟ (ideal gas)
T1 ⎝ P1 ⎠ ⎝ V2 ⎠

mR(T2 − T1 )
2

∫ PdV =
1
1− n
(ideal gas n ≠ 1)

2
⎛ V2 ⎞
∫1 PdV = mRT ln ⎜ ⎟
⎝ V1 ⎠
(ideal gas n = 1 )

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