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What is Mobile phone?

A •
  (also called •
, 

  , or  ) is an electronic device used to
make mobile telephone callsacross a wide geographic area. Mobile phones differ from cordless telephones,
which only offer telephone service within a limited range of a fixed land line, for example within a home or an
office.

A mobile phone can make and receive telephone calls to and from the public telephone network which includes
other mobiles and fixed-linephones across the world. It does this by connecting to a cellular network owned by
a mobile network operator.

In addition to being a telephone, modern mobile phones also support many additional services,
and accessories, such as SMS (or text) messages, e-mail, Internet access,
gaming, Bluetooth and infrared short range wireless communication, camera, MMS messaging, MP3
player, radio and GPS. Low-end mobile phones are often referred to as feature phones, whereas high-end
mobile phones that offer more advanced computing ability are referred to as smartphones.

The first handheld mobile phone was demonstrated by Dr. Martin Cooper of Motorola in 1973, using a handset
weighing 2 kg.[1] In 1983, theDynaTAC 8000x was the first to be commercially available. In the twenty years
from 1990 to 2010, worldwide mobile phone subscriptions grew from 12.4 million to over 4.6 billion, penetrating
the developing economies and reaching the bottom of the economic pyramid.[
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The   •
  begins with early efforts to develop mobile telephony concepts using two-
way radios and continues through emergence of modern mobile phones andassociated services.

Radiophones have a long and varied history going back to Reginald Fessenden's invention and shore-to-
ship demonstration of radio telephony, through the Second World War with military use of radio telephony
links and civil services in the 1950s, while hand-held mobile radio devices have been available since
1973. Mobile phone history is often divided into’

 (first, second, third and so on) to mark
significant step changes in capabilities as the technology improved over the years.

[edit]Pioneers of radio telephony

In Europe, radio telephony was first used on the first-class passenger trains between Berlin and Hamburg
in 1926. At the same time, radio telephony was introduced on passenger airplanes for air traffic security.
Later radio telephony was introduced on a large scale in German tanks during the Second World War.
After the war German police in the British zone of occupation first used surplus tank telephony equipment
[Ã

]
to run radio patrol cars. In all of these cases the service was confined to specialists that were
trained to use the equipment. In the early 1950s ships on the Rhine were among the first to use radio
telephony with an untrained end customer as a user.

However it was the 1940s onwards that saw the seeds of technological development which would
eventually produce the mobile phone that we know today. Motorola developed a backpacked two-way
radio, the Walkie-Talkie and a large hand-held two-way radio for the US military. This battery powered
"Handie-Talkie" (HT) was about the size of a man's forearm. In 1946 in St. Louis, the Mobile Telephone
Service was introduced. Only three radio channels were available, and call set-up required manual
operation by a mobile operator. Also that year,Soviet engineers G. Shapiro and I. Zaharchenko
successfully tested their version of a radio mobile phone mounted inside a car. This device could connect
[Ã

]
to local telephone network with a range of up to 20 kilometers.

During the 1950s the experiments of the pioneers started to appear as usable services across society,
both commercially and culturally. In the 1954 movie

, the businessman Linus Larrabee (played
by Humphrey Bogart) makes a call from the phone in the back of his limousine. In 1957 a young Soviet
radio engineer Leonid Kupriyanovich from Moscow created a portable mobile phone, and named it the
 [1]
LK-1 after himself. This mobile phone consisted of a relatively small handset equipped with an antenna
and rotary dial, and communicated with a base station. The LK-1 weighed 3 kilograms and could operate
in a range of up to 20 or 30 kilometers. The battery lasted 20 to 30 hours. The LK-1 was depicted in
popular Soviet magazines as X 
. Kupriyanovich patented his mobile phone in the same year.
The base station serving the LK-1 (called ATR, or Automated Telephone Radiostation) could connect to
local telephone network and serve several customers. During 1958, Kupriyanovich produced a "pocket"
version. The weight of improved lighter handset was about 500 grams.

In 1964 Improved Mobile Telephone Service was introduced with additional channels and more automatic
handling of calls to the public switched telephone network. Even the addition of radio channels in three
bands was insufficient to meet demand for vehicle-mounted mobile radio systems.

In 1969, a patent for a wireless phone using an acoustic coupler for incoming calls was issued in US
Patent Number 3,449,750 to George Sweigert of Euclid, Ohio on June 10, 1969, but did not include
dialing a number for outgoing calls.
[edit]ë
   
In December 1947, Douglas H. Ring and W. Rae Young, Bell Labs engineers, proposed hexagonal
cells for mobile phones in vehicles.[2] Philip T. Porter, also of Bell Labs, proposed that the cell towers be
at the corners of the hexagons rather than the centers and have directional antennas that would
transmit/receive in three directions (see picture at right) into three adjacent hexagon cells.[3] At this stage
the technology to implement the ideas did not exist nor had the frequencies had been allocated and it
would be some years until Richard H. Frenkiel and Joel S. Engel of Bell Labs developed the electronics to
achieve this in the 1960s.

In all these early examples, a mobile phone had to stay within the coverage area serviced by one base
station throughout the phone call, i.e. there was no continuity of service as the phones moved through
several cell areas. The concepts of frequency reuse and handoff, as well as a number of other concepts
that formed the basis of modern cell phone technology, were described in the 1970s. In 1970 Amos E.
Joel, Jr., a Bell Labs engineer,[4] invented an automatic "call handoff" system to allow mobile phones to
move through several cell areas during a single conversation without interruption.

In December 1971, AT&T submitted a proposal for cellular service to the Federal Communications
Commission (FCC). After years of hearings, the FCC approved the proposal in 1982 forAdvanced Mobile
Phone System (AMPS) and allocated frequencies in the 824±894 MHz band.[5] Analog AMPS was
eventually superseded by Digital AMPS in 1990.

A cellular telephone switching plan was described by Fluhr and Nussbaum in 1973,[6] and a cellular
telephone data signaling system was described in 1977 by Hachenburg et al.[7] In 1979 a U.S. Patent
4,152,647 was issued to Charles A. Gladden and Martin H. Parelman, of Las Vegas for an emergency
cellular system for rapid deployment in areas where there was no cellular service.

In December 1947, Douglas H. Ring and W. Rae Young, Bell Labs engineers, proposed hexagonal
[2]
cells for mobile phones in vehicles. Philip T. Porter, also of Bell Labs, proposed that the cell towers be
at the corners of the hexagons rather than the centers and have directional antennas that would
[3]
transmit/receive in three directions (see picture at right) into three adjacent hexagon cells. At this stage
the technology to implement the ideas did not exist nor had the frequencies had been allocated and it
would be some years until Richard H. Frenkiel and Joel S. Engel of Bell Labs developed the electronics to
achieve this in the 1960s.

In all these early examples, a mobile phone had to stay within the coverage area serviced by one base
station throughout the phone call, i.e. there was no continuity of service as the phones moved through
several cell areas. The concepts of frequency reuse and handoff, as well as a number of other concepts
that formed the basis of modern cell phone technology, were described in the 1970s. In 1970 Amos E.
Joel, Jr., a Bell Labs engineer,[4] invented an automatic "call handoff" system to allow mobile phones to
move through several cell areas during a single conversation without interruption.

In December 1971, AT&T submitted a proposal for cellular service to the Federal Communications
Commission (FCC). After years of hearings, the FCC approved the proposal in 1982 forAdvanced Mobile
Phone System (AMPS) and allocated frequencies in the 824±894 MHz band.[5] Analog AMPS was
eventually superseded by Digital AMPS in 1990.

A cellular telephone switching plan was described by Fluhr and Nussbaum in 1973,[6] and a cellular
telephone data signaling system was described in 1977 by Hachenburg et al.[7] In 1979 a U.S. Patent
4,152,647 was issued to Charles A. Gladden and Martin H. Parelman, of Las Vegas for an emergency
cellular system for rapid deployment in areas where there was no cellular service.
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Features
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A printed circuit board inside a Nokia 3210

All mobile phones have a number of features in common, but manufacturers also try to differentiate their
own products by implementing additional functions to make them more attractive to consumers. This has
led to great innovation in mobile phone development over the last 20 years.

The common components found on all phones are:

V A rechargeable battery providing the power source for the phone functions
V An input mechanism and display to allow the user to interact with the phone. The most common input
mechanism is a keypad, but touch screens are also found in some high-end smartphones.
V Basic mobile phone services to allow users to make calls and send text messages.
V All GSM phones use a SIM card to allow an account to be swapped among devices.
Some CDMA devices also have a similar card called a R-UIM.
V Individual GSM, WCDMA, iDEN and some satellite phone devices are uniquely identified by
an International Mobile Equipment Identity (IMEI) number.

Low-end mobile phones are often referred to as feature phones, and offer basic telephony, as well as
functions such as playing music and taking photos, and sometimes simple applications based on
generic managed platforms such as Java ME or BREW. Handsets with more advanced computing ability
through the use of native software applications became known as smartphones. The first smartphone
was the Nokia 9000 Communicator in 1996 which added PDA functionality to the basic mobile phone at
the time. As miniaturization and increased processing power of microchips has enabled ever more
features to be added to phones, the concept of the smartphone has evolved, and what was a high-end
smartphone five years ago, is a standard phone today.

Several phone series have been introduced to address a given market segment, such as the
RIM BlackBerry focusing on enterprise/corporate customer email needs; the SonyEricsson Walkman
series of musicphones and Cybershot series of cameraphones; the Nokia Nseries of multimedia phones,
the Palm Pre the HTC Dream and the Apple iPhone.

Other features that may be found on mobile phones include GPS navigation, music (MP3) and video
(MP4) playback, RDS radio receiver, alarms, memo recording, personal digital assistant functions, ability
to watch streaming video, video download, video calling, built-in cameras (1.0+ Mpx)
and camcorders (video recording), with autofocus and flash, ringtones, games, PTT, memory card
reader (SD), USB (2.0), dual line support, infrared, Bluetooth (2.0) and WiFi connectivity, instant
messaging, Internet e-mail and browsing and serving as awireless modem. Nokia and the University of
[10]
Cambridge demonstrated a bendable cell phone called the Morph.
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[edit]Mobile phones in society

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[edit]? 

Mobile phone subscribers per 100 inhabitants 1997±2007

The world's largest individual mobile operator by subscribers is China Mobile with over 500 million mobile
phone subscribers.[31] Over 50 mobile operators have over 10 million subscribers each, and over 150
mobile operators have at least one million subscribers by the end of 2009 (source wireless intelligence).

3
 
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Other manufacturers include Apple Inc., Audiovox (now UTStarcom), CECT, HTC
Corporation, Fujitsu, Kyocera, Mitsubishi Electric, NEC, Panasonic, Palm, Pantech Wireless
Inc.,Philips, Qualcomm Inc., Research In Motion Ltd. (RIM), Sagem, Sanyo, Sharp, Sierra Wireless, SK
Teletech, T&A Alcatel, Huawei, Trium, Toshiba and Vidalco. There are also specialist communication
systems related to (but distinct from) mobile phones.

· •
Mobile phones are used for a variety of purposes, including keeping in touch with family members,
conducting business, and having access to a telephone in the event of an emergency. Some people carry
more than one cell phone for different purposes, such as for business and personal use. Multiple SIM
cards may also be used to take advantage of the benefits of different calling plans²a particular plan
might provide cheaper local calls, long-distance calls, international calls, or roaming. A study
by Motorola found that one in ten cell phone subscribers have a second phone that often is kept secret
from other family members. These phones may be used to engage in activities including extramarital
affairs or clandestine business dealings.[38] The mobile phone has also been used in a variety of diverse
contexts in society, for example:

V Organizations that aid victims of domestic violence may offer a cell phone to potential victims without
the abuser's knowledge. These devices are often old phones that are donated and refurbished to
[39]
meet the victim's emergency needs.
V Child predators have taken advantage of cell phones to communicate secretly with children without
the knowledge of their parents or teachers.[40]
V The advent of widespread text messaging has resulted in the cell phone novel; the first literary genre
to emerge from the cellular age via text messaging to a website that collects the novels as a
whole.[41] Paul Levinson, in Information on the Move (2004), says "...nowadays, a writer can write just
about as easily, anywhere, as a reader can read" and they are "not only personal but portable."
V Mobile telephony also facilitates activism and public journalism being explored
[42]
by Reuters and Yahoo! and small independent news companies such as Jasmine News in Sri
Lanka.
V Mobile phones help lift poor out of poverty. The United Nations report that mobile phones²spreading
faster than any other information technology²can improve the livehoods of the poorest people in
developing countries. The economic benefits of mobile phones are go well beyond access to
information where fixed-line or Internet are not yet available in rural areas, mostly in Least Developed
Countries. Mobile phones have spawned a wealth of micro-enterprises, offering work to people with
little education and few resources, such as selling airtime on the streets and repair or refurbishing
handsets.[43]
V In Mali and some of African countries, villagers sometimes had to go from village to village all day,
covering up to 20 villages, to let friends and relatives know about a wedding, a birth or a death - but it
is no longer necessary anymore since signal of mobile phone cover them. Like many African
countries, the coverage has better than landline networks, and most people own a mobile phone.
However, small villages has no electricity, leaving mobile phone owners to have to charge their phone
[44]
batteries with accu from motorcycle.
[edit]3

In some parts of the world, mobile phone sharing is common. It is prevalent in urban India, as families
and groups of friends often share one or more mobiles among their members. There are
obvious economic benefits, but often familial customs and traditional gender roles play a part.[45] For
example, in Burkina Faso, it is not uncommon for a village to have access to only one mobile phone. The
phone is typically owned by a person who is not natively from the village, such as a teacher or
missionary, but it is the expected that other members of the village are allowed to use the cell phone to
make necessary calls.[46]
[edit]   
- 

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Ã

There exists a community that believes mobile phone use represents a long-term health risk, although
this is currently disputed by the World Health Organization, with forthcoming mobile phone usage
recommendations in 2010.[47] Certain countries, including France, have warned against the use of cell
phones especially by minors due to health risk uncertainties.[48] Groups of scientists, such as the U.S.-
based group Bioinitiative, argue that because mobile phone use is recently introduced technology, long-
term "proof" has been impossible and that use should be restricted, or monitored closely, while the
technology is still new.

ü

Mobile phone use while driving is common but controversial. Being distracted while operating a motor
vehicle has been shown to increase the risk of accident. Because of this, many jurisdictions prohibit the
use of mobile phones while driving. Egypt, Israel, Japan, Portugal and Singapore ban both handheld and
hands-free use of a mobile phone whilst many other countries ±including the UK, France, and many U.S.
states± ban handheld phone use only, allowing hands-free use.

Due to the increasing complexity of mobile phones ±often more like mobile computers in their available
uses± it has introduced additional difficulties for law enforcement officials in being able to tell one usage
from another as drivers use their devices. This is more apparent in those countries who ban both
handheld and hands-free usage, rather those who have banned handheld use only, as officials cannot
easily tell which function of the mobile phone is being used simply by visually looking at the driver. This
can mean that drivers may be stopped for using their device illegally on a phone call when, in fact, they
were not; instead using the device for a legal purpose such as the phone's incorporated controls for car
stereo or satnavusage ± either as part of the cars' own device or directly on the mobile phone itself.
Cases like these can often only be proved otherwise by a check of the mobile operators phone call
records to see if a call was taking place during the journey concerned. Although, in many countries, the
law enforcement official may have stopped the driver for a differing offence, for example, for lack of due
care and attention in relation to their driving.
[edit]3  

Some schools limit or restrict the use of mobile phones. Schools set restrictions on the use of mobile
phones because of the use of cell phones for cheating on tests, harassment and bullying, causing threats
to the schools security, distractions to the students and facilitating gossip and other social activity in
school. Many mobile phones are banned in school locker room facilities, public restrooms and swimming
pools due to the built-in cameras that most phones now feature.

A recently published study has reviewed the incidence of mobile phone use while cycling and its effects
on behaviour and safety.[49]
[edit] 

Cell phones have numerous privacy issues.

Governments, law enforcement and intelligence services use mobiles to perform surveillance in
the UK and the U.S. They possess technology to activate the microphones in cell phones remotely in
order to listen to conversations that take place near to the person who holds the phone.[50][51]

Mobile phones are also commonly used to collect location data. While the phone is turned on, the
geographical location of a mobile phone can be determined easily (whether it is being used or not), using
a technique known multilateration to calculate the differences in time for a signal to travel from the cell
[52][53]
phone to each of several cell towers near the owner of the phone.

[edit]Health effects
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à ? 
 

  

The effect mobile phone radiation has on human health is the subject of recent interest and study, as a
result of the enormous increase in mobile phone usage throughout the world (as of June 2009, there were
more than 4.3 billion users worldwide[54]). Mobile phones use electromagnetic radiation in
the microwave range, which some believe may be harmful to human health. A large body of research
exists, both epidemiological and experimental, in non-human animals and in humans, of which the
majority shows no definite causative relationship between exposure to mobile phones and harmful
biological effects in humans. This is often paraphrased simply as the balance of evidence showing no
harm to humans from mobile phones, although a significant number of individual studies do suggest such
a relationship, or are inconclusive. Other digital wireless systems, such as data communication networks,
produce similar radiation.

The World Health Organization, based upon the majority view of scientific and medical communities, has
stated that cancer is unlikely to be caused by cellular phones or their base stations and that reviews have
[47][55]
found no convincing evidence for other health effects. The WHO expects to make recommendations
[56] [57]
about mobile phones in 2010. Some national radiation advisory authorities have recommended
measures to minimize exposure to their citizens as a precautionary approach.

At least some recent studies, however, have found an association between cell phone use and certain
kinds of brain and salivary gland tumors. Lennart Hardell and other authors of a 2009 meta-analysis of 11
studies from peer-reviewed journals concluded that cell phone usage for at least ten years ³approximately
doubles the risk of being diagnosed with a brain tumor on the same ("ipsilateral") side of the head as that
preferred for cell phone use.´[58]

[edit]Environmental effects

 ? 
 ÃÃ 
’

The ubiquitousness and rapid technological change has led to mobile phones becoming a component of
the waste stream. Electronic waste such as mobile phones contain materials that are toxic when they
enter into ecosystems and recycling is now carried out to some extent.

[edit]Future evolution: Broadband Fourth generation (4G)

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à 

The recently released 4th generation, also known as  
, aims to provide broadband wireless
access with nominal data rates of 100 Mbit/s to fast moving devices, and 1 Gbit/s to stationary devices
[59]
defined by the ITU-R 4G systems may be based on the 3GPP LTE (Long Term Evolution) cellular
standard, offering peak bit rates of 326.4 Mbit/s. It may perhaps also be based on WiMax or Flash-
OFDM wireless metropolitan area network technologies that promise broadband wireless access with
speeds that reaches 233 Mbit/s for mobile users. The radio interface in these systems is based on all-
IP packet switching, MIMO diversity, multi-carrier modulation schemes, Dynamic Channel
Assignment (DCA) and channel-dependent scheduling. A 4G system should be a complete replacement
for current network infrastructure and is expected to be able to provide a comprehensive and secure IP
solution where voice, data, and streamed multimedia can be given to users on a "Anytime, Anywhere"
basis, and at much higher data rates than previous generations. Sprint in the US has claimed its WiMax
network to be "4G network" which most cellular telecoms standardization experts dispute repeatedly
around the world. Sprint's 4G is seen as a marketing gimmick as WiMax itself is part of the 3G air
interface. The officially accepted, ITU ratified standards-based 4G networks are not expected to be
commercially launched until 2011.

[edit]Comparison to similar systems

ë 
A type of telephone permanently mounted in a vehicle, these often have more powerful
transmitters, an external antenna and loudspeaker for hands free use. They usually connect to
the same networks as regular mobile phones.
ë     
 
Cordless phones are telephones which use one or more radio handsets in place of a wired
handset. The handsets connect wirelessly to a base station, which in turn connects to a
conventional land line for calling. Unlike mobile phones, cordless phones use private base
stations (belonging to the land-line subscriber), which are not shared.
  ?
 
Advanced professional mobile radio systems can be very similar to mobile phone systems.
Notably, the IDEN standard has been used as both a private trunked radio system as well as the
technology for several large public providers. Similar attempts have even been made to
use TETRA, the European digital PMR standard, to implement public mobile networks.
  
This is a term which covers radios which could connect into the telephone network. These
phones may not be mobile; for example, they may require a mains power supply, or they may
require the assistance of a human operator to set up a PSTN phone call.
3   
This type of phone communicates directly with an artificial satellite, which in turn relays calls to a
base station or another satellite phone. A single satellite can provide coverage to a much greater
area than terrestrial base stations. Since satellite phones are costly, their use is typically limited to
people in remote areas where no mobile phone coverage exists, such as mountain climbers,
mariners in the open sea, and news reporters at disaster sites.
 
This type of phone delivers or receives calls over internet, LAN or WAN networks using VoIP as
opposed to traditional CDMA and GSM networks. In business, the majority of these IP Phones
tend to be connected via wired Ethernet, however wireless varieties do exist. Several vendors
have developed standalone WiFi phones. Additionally, some cellular mobile phones include the
[60]
ability to place VoIP calls over cellular high speed data networks and/or wireless internet.
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We have collected information trough interview from Local

Market. We have taken interviews of minimum 30 person.
During the taking interview we experienced about their nature.
We had asked them at least 10 question about there usages of
mobile. Some person were not ready to give interview, we made
them ready to give. We asked some questions such as factors
affecting on their usages habit like usages of mobile, price,
about new brand . 24 out of 30 person prefer improtant ,
advertisement can divert the 18 persons mind and remaining 6
persons do not affected by advertisement. Price factor affect the
usages of 20 persons only, remaining pesons use instead of
increasing in price also. 20 no of persons prefer new brand
.most of the persons are aware of the side effects from mobile.
All persons use mobile whole day . From the analyzing data
weassumed that 80% of people use mobile.
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