INDEX

SL TOPIC PAGE NO SIGN

NO

I GRAPHICAL REPRESENTATION
OF DATA
A. FREQUENCY POLYGON 2
B. OGIVE CURVE 4
C. SUB DIVIDED BAR DIAGRAM 6
D. MULTIPLE BAR DIAGRAM 8
E. PIE DIAGRAM 10
F. SIMPLE BAR 12
DIAGRAM(HISTOGRAM)

II MEASURES OF CENTRAL
TENDENCY, DISPERSION, 14
SKEW NESS AND KURTOSIS

III FITTING OF DISCRETE

DISTRIBUTIONS
A. BINOMIAL DISTRIBUTION 18
B. POISSON DISTRIBUTION 20

IV FITTING OF CONTINUOS
DISTRIBUTIONS
A. EXPONENTIAL
DISTRIBUTION 22
B. CAUCHY DISTRIBUTION 24

1
 FREQUENCY POLYGON

PROCEDURE:

Step1: Enter the MS-EXCEL from the program option in the start up Menu.

Step2: Type column headings “Lower Limit”, ”Upper Limit”, ”Mid point” and
“Frequency” in the first four columns of Work sheet.

Step3: Select the Mid points and Frequency columns without headings.

Step 4: Click on the “Chart Wizard” option on tool bar.

Step5: Select Custom type chart option in Chart type option and then select Lines on two
axes in Custom type.

Step6: Click next for chart Data Range (Data range is already selected and will appear in
the slot) click next.

Step 7: In chart option window type Frequency polygon for chart title<Class
intervals/Variable name> for X-axis and Frequency on Y-axis, click next.

Step8: Select “As object sheet#” and click finish.

Step9: Align the chart beside or below the data within the page by dragging the chart
using right mouse button pressed.

2
 FREQUENCY POLYGON CURVE
PROBLEM:-
Daily 220-25 25-30 30-35 35-40 40-45 45-50 50-55 55-60 60-65 65-70 70-75 75-80 80-85 85-90 90-95
Wages
No of 21 29 19 39 43 94 73 68 36 45 27 48 21 12 5
Student

Draw a frequency polygon curve for the following data

Solution :-
Daily wages
Lower Upper Mid No of
limit limit point student
- 20 20 0
20 25 22.5 21
25 30 27.5 29
30 35 32.5 19
35 40 37.5 39
40 45 42.5 43
45 50 47.5 94
50 55 52.5 73
55 60 57.5 68
60 65 62.5 36
65 70 67.5 45
70 75 72.5 27
75 80 77.5 48
80 85 82.5 21
85 90 87.5 12
90 95 92.5 5
95 - 95 0

FREQUENCY POLYGON CURVE

100
NO. OF STUDENTS

80

60
Series1
40

20

0
0 50 100
DAILY WAGES

3
 OGIVE CURVE

PROCEDURE:

Step1:Enter the MS-EXCEL from the program option in the start of menu

Step2:Type column heading “Lower Limit “,”Upper limit “,”Mid Point “and
“Freuency”, ”Less then c.f”,”Grater then c.f “ in the first six columns of Worksheet.

Step3: Select the Less than c.f and Greater than c.f columns without headings.

Step4: Click on the “Chart Wizard” option on tool bar.

Step5: Select custom type chart type option and select lines on 2 axes option.

Step6: Click next for char Data Range (Data range is already selected and will appear in
the slot) click next.

Step7: In chart option window type Frequency curve for chart title<Class
Interval/Variable name >for X-axis and Frequency on Y-axis, ”Less then c.f” for series1
and “Grater than c.f” for series2 click next.

Step8: Select “As object in sheet #” and click finish.

Step9: Align the chart beside or below the data within the page by dragging the chart
using right mouse button pressed.

4
 OGIVE CURVE

PROBLEM:-

Draw a Ogive curve for the following data.

Marks 0-10 10-20 20-30 30-40 40-50 50-60 60-70 70-80

No. of
students 4 6 14 16 14 8 16 5

Solution:-

MARKS No. of <cf f

Lower Upper students
limit limit
0 10 4 4 83
10 20 6 10 79
20 30 14 24 73
30 40 16 40 59
40 50 14 54 43
50 60 8 62 29
60 70 16 78 21
70 80 5 83 5

OGIVE CURVE

90
80
NO. OF STUDENTS

70
60 LESS THAN
50 CF
40 GREATER
30 THAN CF
20
10
0
0 20 40 60 80
MARKS

5
 SUB DIVIDED BAR DIAGRAM

PROCEDURE:

Step1: Enter the MS-EXCEL from the program option in the start up Menu.

Step2: Enter the name of the components in the first column and the corresponding
values in the second column.

Step3: =(B(k+2)^2/C(k+1)^3)Select the complete data range.

Step4: Click on the Chart Wizard option on the tool bar.

Step5: Select the column and second option in it and click next.

Step6: We will find next as Data range appeared in the slot provided.

Step7: Enter Sub-Divided Bar as chart title<Variable Name> as category X and value as
Category Y click next.

Step8: Select As object in sheet# for chart location click finish.

Step9: Align the chart beside or below the data within the page by dragging the chart
using right mouse button pressed.

6
 SUB DIVIDED BAR DIAGRAM

PROBLEM:-

Draw a Sub-divided bar diagram representing given data.

Product Family income Family income

Rs 1000 Rs1200
Food 30 40
Clothing 250 200
Education 280 360
SOLUTION:- Others 380 300
Savings 20 60

Product Family income Family income

Rs 1000 Rs1200
Food 30 40
Clothing 250 200
Education 280 360
Others 380 300
Savings 20 60
SUB DIVIDED BAR DIAGRAM

1200
1000
Savings
800 Others
INCOME

600 Education
400 Clothing
Food
200
0
Family A(income Family B(income
as Rs 1000) as Rs 1000)

7
 MULTIPLE BAR DIAGRAM

PROCEDURE:

Step1: Enter the MS-EXCEL from the program option in the start menu.

Step2: Enter the names of the sub components in the first column starting from the
second row .Enter each variable name in the first row column wise. Enter the value
correspondingly.

Step3: Select the entire data range.

Step4: Click on the “Chart Wizard” option on the tool bar.

Step5: Select “column” and the first option on the tool bar.

Step6: The data range will appear, as it has been already selected, click next, to make
component wise comparison, select the alternate source of data (column/rows).

Step7: In the chart option windows, enter “Sub divide bar diagram” as to be shown, click
on “data label” and select show value, and click next.

Step8: Select “AS object in sheet#” and click finish.

Step9: Align the chart beside or below the data within the page by dragging the chart
using right mouse button pressed.

8
 MULTIPLE BAR DIAGRAM

PROBLEM:-

The regional rainfall indicates during year 1986 to 1988 are given below. Construct
Multiple Bar Diagram for the given data.

Year West North East South

1986 78.4 88.9 83.7 89.9
1987 75.6 103.6 75.5 77.4
1988 121.2 116.5 107.6 123.9

Solution:-
Year 1986 1987 1988
West 78.4 75.6 121.2
North 88.9 103.6 116.5
East 83.7 75.5 107.6
South 89.9 77.4 123.9

MULTIPLE BAR DIAGRAM

140
120

100
West
RAIN FALL

80 North
60 East
South
40

20
0
1986 year 1987 year 1988 year

9
 PIE DIAGRAM

PROCEDURE:

Step1: Enter the MS-EXCEL from the program option in the start menu.

Step2: Enter the name of the components in the first column and the corresponding
values in the second column.

Step3: Select the complete data range.

Step4: Click on the Chart Wizard option on the tool bar.

Step5: Select Pie and first option in it and click next.

Step6: WE will find next as Data range appeared in the slot provided.

Step7: Enter Pie diagram showing details of<name> in the title bar.

Step8: Click on Data Labels in this window to show values if required, click next.

Step9: Select As object in Sheet# for chart location and click finish.

Step10: Align the chart beside or below the data within the page by dragging the chart
using right mouse button pressed.

10
 PIE DIAGRAM
PROBLEM:-

Draw a pie diagram for the following data which gives birth rate per thousand of
different countries.

Countries India Germany UK China Sweden

Birth Rate 33 16 20 40 15

Solution:-

Countries Birth Rate

India 33
Germany 16
UK 20
China 40
Sweden 15

PIE DIAGRAM

Sweden,
15, 12% India,
33, 27% India
Germany
China, UK
40, 32% Germany, China
16, 13%
Sweden
UK,
20, 16%

11
 SIMPLE BAR DIAGRAM
(HISTOGRAM)

PROCEDURE:

Step1: Enter the MS-EXCEL from the program option in the start menu.

Step2: Enter the name of the components in the first column and the corresponding
values in second column.

Step3: Select the complete data range.

Step4: Click on the “Chart Wizard” option on the tool bar.

Step5: Select column and first option in it and click next.

Step6: We will find next as Data range appeared in the slot provided.

Step7: Enter Bar diagram as chart title<Variable name> as category X and value as
Category Y and click next.

Step8: Select As object in Sheet# for chart location and click finish.

Step9: Align the chart beside or below the data within the page by dragging the chart
using right mouse button pressed.

12
 SIMPLE BAR DIAGRAM
(HISTOGRAM)

Problem:-

Construct the simple bar diagram for data of expenditure of an average working class
family.

Item Food Cloth Travel Education Lighting

Expenditure 200 100 80 100 40

Solution:-

Item Expenditure
Food 200
Cloth 100
Travel 80
Education 100
Lighting 40

SIMPLE BAR DIAGRAM

250
200
EXPENDITURE

200
150
100 100 Expenditure
100 80
40
50
0
l
od o th
a ve tio
n
tin
g
Fo Cl Tr a h
uc Li
g
Ed
ITEM

13
 MEASURES OF CENTRAL TENDENCY
(Mean, Variance, Skew ness and Kurtosis)
(Ungrouped Data)
PROCEDURE:

Step1: Enter n values in the second column i.e B.

Step2: Type Mean in the n+1th cell of Column B.

Step3: Move to column B of the same row and click on fx tool on the tool bar.

Step4: Click on the Statistical functions in function category and Average in function
name, click ok.

Step5: The next screen will show the reference to the data range click ok.

Step6: Type Variance in the next row of column A and move cursor to column B.

Step7: Click fx on tool bar, Click on the Statistical functions in function category and
VAR in function name, click ok.

Step8: The next screen will show the reference to data range. Correct the last cell value
to the nth cell. Click ok.

Step9: Type Skew ness in the next row of column A, move cursor to Column B.

Step10: Click fx on tool bar , click on the Statistical functions in function category and
SKEW in the function name and click ok.

Step11: The next screen will show the reference to data range. Correct the last cell value
to the nth cell. Click ok.

Step12: Type Kurtosis in the next row of column A, move the cursor to column B.

Step13: Click fx on tool bar, click on the Statistical functions in function category and
KURT in the function name and click ok

Step14: Click ok. (The value will appear in the n+4th cell of the column B.

14
 MEASURES OF CENTRAL TENDENCY
(Ungrouped Data)

Problem:-

Calculate the mean, variance, skew ness and kurtosis for the following data.

24, 43, 53, 46, 23, 37, 56, 87, 25, 36, 75, 45, 36, 5

Also comment on the nature of the distribution.

Solution:-
X
24
43 Mean(µ) = 41.13333
53 Variance(σ2) = 438.6952
46 Skew ness (γ1) = 0.666421
23 Kurtosis (γ2) = 0.70255
26
37
56
87
25
36
75
45
36
5

Result:-

Mean(µ) = 41.13333
Variance(σ2) = 438.6
Skew ness (γ1) = 0.66642
Kurtosis (γ2) = 0.70255

The distribution is positively skewed and the curve is leptokurtic.

15
 MEASURES OF CENTRAL TENDENCY
(Mean, Variance, Skew ness and Kurtosis)
(Grouped Data)

PROCEDURE:

Step1: Enter the MS-EXCEL from the program option in the start menu.

Step2: Type column headings “Lower Limit”,” Upper Limit”,” Mid point” and
“Frequency”, fx, f(x-M)2, f(x-M)3, f(x-M)4 in the first eight columns of work sheet.

Step3: Enter the n lower limits in column A, upper limits in column B and frequency
values in column C of work sheet.

Step4: To generate Mid points in column D move the cursor to 2nd row of the column and
type <=(A2+B2)/2>. Copy the formula for the complete column.

Step5: For the fx column(column E) type<=C1*D1>. Copy the formula for entire
column.

Step6: Select column C & E and click on Σ on tool bar to obtain the total in next row.

Step7: Type Mean in a row below say(kth) row of column A. Type <=E(n+1)/C(n+1)>
in column B of the same row.

Step8: For f(x-M)2 column(column F) type<=C1*(D1-M)^2>.Copy formula for complete

column.

Step9: For f(x-M)3 column(column G) type<=C1*(D1-M)^3>.Copy formula for

complete column.

Step10: For f(x-M)4 column(column F) type<=C1*(D1-M)^4>.Copy formula for

complete column.

Step11: Select Column F,G&H and click on Σ on tool bar to obtain the total in the next
row.

Step12: Type µ2,µ3,µ4 Skew ness and Kurtosis after row k of column A.

Step13: In column B of the same row type<=F(n+1)/C(n+1)>,<=G(n+1)/C(n+1)>,

<=H(n+1)/C(n+1)>,<=(B(k+2)^2/C(k+1)^3)>,< =(B(k+3)/C(k+1)^2).

16
 MEASURES OF CENTRAL TENDENCY
(Mean, Variance, Skew ness and Kurtosis)
(Grouped Data)

Problem:-

Calculate the mean ,variance, Skew ness, Kurtosis, Coefficient of Kurtosis for the
following data and comment on the nature of the distribution.

Class Interval 10-12 12-14 14-16 16-18 18-20 20-22 22-24 24-26

Frequency 11 23 39 48 65 72 46 24

Solution:-

Lower Upper Mid fd3 fd4

Limit Limit f x fx d= x-µ fd2
10 12 11 11 121 -7.9817 700.7829 -5593.439 44645.15
12 14 23 13 299 -5.9817 822.9569 -4922.681 29446.0028
14 16 39 15 585 -3.9817 618.3035 -2461.899 9802.54281
16 18 48 17 816 -1.9817 188.5025 -373.5554 740.274645
18 20 65 19 1235 0.0183 0.021768 0.0003984 0
20 22 72 21 1512 2.0183 293.2945 591.95631 1194.74543
22 24 46 23 1058 4.0183 742.7498 2984.5915 11992.9842
24 26 24 25 600 6.0183 869.2784 5231.5784 31485.2084
328 6226 4235.89 -4543.448 129306.908

Mean(µ) = 18.9817 β1 = 0.0890863

2
Variance(σ ) = 12.9143 β2 = 2.3637752
µ3 = -13.852 γ1 = -0.298473
µ4 = 394.228 γ2 = -0.636225

Result:-

The distribution is negatively skewed and the curve is platy kurtic.

17
 BINOMIAL DISTRIBUTION

PROCEDURE:

Step1: Enter the MS-EXCEL from the program option in the start menu.

Step2: In the first row of the work sheet enter the name X, Obs-Freq ,fx,P(x),Exp-Freq in
the columns A,B,C,D&E.

Step3: Enter the X and frequency values in column A and B.

Step4: Move cursor to C2 and type<=A2*B2> copy the formula for complete columns.

Step5: Select column B and C without it’s headings and using Σ on the tool bar to obtain
total.

Step6: Type p in one of the rows below the data in column A

type<=(C(n+1)/B(n+1))/An>, in Bk.

Step7: Type q in the row k+1 of column A and type<=1-Bk> in B(k+1).

Step8: Move cursor to the P(x) column; double click on the fx tool on the tool bar. Select
Statistical in function category and BINOMDIST in function name. Click ok.

Step9: Enter A1 in the number n-values in the trials p-values in Probability and False in
the cumulative bar of the next window. Copy the formula for the complete column. Select
the column and click Σ on the tool bar to display sum in next row.

Step10: Move cursor to the Exp-Freq and type<=D2*Value ofN{FromB(n+1)}>.

Step11: Select E2 Fn click Format  Cells  Number. In Number  Type ‘0’ in the
Decimal Places slot. Click Σ on the tool bar to the values and they will be displayed in
next row.

18
 FITTING OF BINOMIAL DISTRIBUTION
Problem:-

In a certain training academy batches of 8 training pilots were sent on certain exercise the
number of safe landing and the number of batches were observed and recorded as
follows.
No.of
safe 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8
landing
No. of
batches 39 50 95 72 61 45 30 12 6

Solution:-

x f fx P(x) Exp.Freq
N*P(x)
0 39 0 0.02266 9
1 50 50 0.10977 45
2 95 190 0.23258 95
3 72 216 0.28161 115
4 61 244 0.21311 87
5 45 225 0.10321 42
6 30 180 0.03124 13
7 12 84 0.00540 2
8 6 48 0.00041 0

410 1237 410

Mean = 3.0171
p= 0.3771

Result:-

By the given data the expected frequencies are

No.of
safe 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8
landing
No. of
batches 9 45 95 115 87 42 13 2 0
19
 POISSON DISTRIBUTION
PROCEDURE:

Step1: Enter the MS-EXCEL from the program option in the start menu.

Step2: In the first row of the work sheet enter the name X, Obs-Freq ,fx,P(x),Exp-Freq in
the columns A,B,C,D&E.

Step3: Enter the X and frequency values in column A and B.

Step4: Move cursor to C2 and type<=A2*B2> copy the formula for complete columns.

Step5: Select column B and C without it’s headings and using Σ on the tool bar to obtain
total

Step6: Type λ in one of the rows below the data in column A type<=C(n+1)/B(n+1)> in
Bk.

Step7: Move the cursor to the P(x) column; double click on the fx tool on the tool bar.
Select Statistical in function category and POISSON in function name. Click ok.

Step8: Enter A1 in the number λ-values in Probability and False in the cumulative bar of
the next window. Copy the formula for the complete column. Select the column and click
Σ on the tool bar to display sum in next row.

Step9: Move cursor to the Exp-Freq and type<=D2*Value ofN{FromB(n+1)}>.

Step10: Select E2 Fn click Format  Cells  Number. In Number  Type ‘0’ in the
Decimal Places slot. Click Σ on the tool bar to the values and they will be displayed in
next row.

20
 FITTING OF POISSON DISTRIBUTION

Problem:-

Fit a Poisson distribution to the following data and calculate the expected frequencies.

x 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7
f 10 17 31 40 23 15 7 4

Calculation:-

x f fx P(x) Exp Freq

N*P(x)
0 10 0 0.05151 8
1 17 17 0.152777 23
2 31 62 0.226567 33
3 40 120 0.223998 33
4 23 92 0.166094 25
5 15 75 0.098526 15
6 7 42 0.048705 7
7 4 28 0.020637 3
147 436 147

Mean (λ) = 2.965986

Result:-

By the given data the expected frequencies are

x 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7
f 8 23 33 33 25 15 7 3

21
 EXPONENTIAL DISTRIBUTION

PROCEDURE:

Step1: Enter the MS-EXCEL from the program option in the start menu.

Step2: Type column headings Lower Limit, Upper Limit, Frequency, Mid Points, fx,
F(x), ΔF(x) and Exp-Freq in the first row of work sheet.

Step3: Enter the n lower limits in column A, upper limits in column B and frequencies in
column C of the work sheet.

Step4: To generate mid points in column D move the cursor to 2nd row of the column and
type<=(A2+B2)/2>. Copy the formula over entire column of data.

Step5: For the fx column and type <=C1*D1> copy the formula for complete columns.
Select column C and D without its headings and using Σ on the tool bar to obtain total.

Step6: Type λ in one of the rows below the data in column A type<=E(n+1)/C(n+1)> in
Bk.

Step7: Move the cursor to the F2 column Double click on the fx tool on the tool bar.
Select Statistical in function category and EXPONDIST in function name. Click ok.

Step8: Enter A2 for “X-value”, λ value “Lambda” True for “cumulative bar” of the next
window. Copy the formula for the complete column. Select the column and click Σ on the
tool bar to display sum in next row.

Step9: Move cursor to H2. Type <=F3-F2>. Copy the formula for the complete column.

Step10: Move the cursor to I2. Type<=G2*(value in C(n+1))>.Using Σ on the tool bar to
obtain total for column.

Step11: Select I2 to Fn click Format  Cells  Number. In Number  Type ‘0’ in the
Decimal Places slot. Click Σ on the tool bar to the values and they will be displayed in
next row.

22
 FITTING OF EXPONENTIAL DISTRIBUTION

Problem:-

The following data is obtained from the life testing experiment of 230 electronic
components.

Life in
hours 0-3 3-6 6-9 9-12 12-15 >15
No. of
components 105 56 32 20 12 5

Fit an Exponential distribution to this data.

Solution:-

Lower Upper Freq f Mid fx F(x)= Δ F(x) Exp Freq

limit limit point x P(X<=Lower N* Δ
limit) F(x)
0 3 105 1.5 158 0 0.46474 107
3 6 56 4.5 252 0.464739 0.24876 57
6 9 32 7.5 240 0.713495 0.13315 31
9 12 20 10.5 210 0.846645 0.07127 16
12 15 12 13.5 162 0.917915 0.03815 9
15 18 5 16.5 83 0.956063 0.04394 10
18 α 1 0
230 1104 230

Mean = 4.8 λ = 0.208333

Result:-

By the given data the expected frequencies are

Life in
hours 0-3 3-6 6-9 9-12 12-15 >15
No. of
components 107 57 31 16 9 10

23
 CAUCHY DISTRIBUTION

PROCEURE:

Step1: Enter the MS-EXCELL from the program option in the start up Menu.

Step2: Type column headings Lower limit,Upper limit Frequency,F(X),ΔF(X) and Exp-
Freq in the first row of work sheet.

Step3: Enter the n lower limits in Column A, upper limit in Column B and Frequencies
column C of the work sheet.

Step4: Move the cursor to D2. Type <=(ATAN(A2)/PI()+0.5>. Ensure that the last
values in this column in 1.

Step5: Move the cursor to E2 and type<=D3-D2>. Copy the formula for complete
columns. Select column C and D without its headings and using Σ on the tool bar to
obtain total.

Step6: Move the cursor to F2. Type<=E2*(value in C(n+1))>.Using Σ on the tool bar to
obtain total for column.

Step7: Select F2 to Fn click Format  Cells  Number. In Number  Type ‘0’ in the
Decimal Places slot. Click Σ on the tool bar to the values and they will be displayed in
next row.

24
 FITTING OF CAUCHY DISTRIBUTION

Problem:-
Fit a Cauchy distribution based on the given data.

Class -59to-42 -42 to -25 -25 to -8 -8 to 9 9 to 26 26 to 43 43 to 60 60 to 77 77 to 94

Interval
f 3 12 20 148 93 18 14 7 2

Solution:-

Lower limit Upper limit Freq F(x)=

P(X<=Lower ΔF(x) Exp Freq
limit) =Ei
-α -59 0 0 0.0054 2
-59 -42 3 0.0054 0.0022 1
-42 -25 12 0.0076 0.0051 2
-25 -8 20 0.0127 0.0269 9
-8 9 148 0.0396 0.9252 293
9 26 93 0.9648 0.023 7
26 43 18 0.9878 0.0048 2
43 60 14 0.9926 0.0021 1
60 77 7 0.9947 0.0012 0
77 94 2 09959 0.0041 1
94 α 1
317 317

Result:-

By the given data the expected frequencies are

Class - α to -59to- -42 to -25 to -8 to 9 9 to 26 26 to 43 43 to 60 60 to 77 77 to 94

Interval -59 42 -25 -8
f 2 1 2 9 293 7 2 1 0 1

25