CALCULUS VOCABULARY & SUMMARY SHEET
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Calculus Mathematics
The Mathematics of Change
Differentiation dy/dx or dy/dt
The process of finding instantaneous rate of change
Instantaneous Slope [rather than Average Slope]
The slope of the line tangent to a function
Antiderivative F(x)
A function, F(x), which gives the integral for any x value
F(b) - F(a) is the value of the definite integral of f(x)
between x = b and x = a ; d/dx [ F (x) ] = f(x)
Derivative of the Antiderivative = original function f (x)
Integration Techniques
Analytic Methods for finding the Antiderivative F(x)
U Substitution, Integration By Parts, Trig Substitution
Partial Fractions, Complete the Square, etc
Fundamental Theorem of Calculus
Integration and Differentiation are Inverse Functions
Integral of d/dx f(x) = f(x) AND
d/dx of the Integral of f(x) = f(x)
2nd Fundamental Theorem of Calculus
Integral of f(x) dx over the interval (a,b) = F(b) - F(a)
Integrand
The function being integrated
Interval
The upper and lower limits of a definite integration
The numbers above and below the Integration S.
Average Slope
Slope of the line connecting 2 points on a function
This line is often called a Secant Line
Instantaneous Slope
The Average Slope in the limit when the 2 points
on the function move infintely close together
The Secant line becomes a Tangent line
Power Rule of Differentiation
The Derivative of x to the power n equals
n times x to the power (n - 1)
Dx xn = n xn–1
Power Rule for Integration
The Integral of x to the power n equals
1/(n+1) times x to the power n+1
Integral x n dx = x n +1 / n + 1
Summation Rule for Integration & Differentiation
The Integral OR Deritavitve of a sum of functions =
the sum of the Integrals OR Derivatives of the functions
Constant Rule for Integration or Differentiation
The Integral OR Derivative of a constant times f(x) =
the constant times the Integral OR Derivative of f(x)
Limit of a Function
The value a function takes on when the input comes
arbitrarily close to the stated value
Limit of f(x) as x Î x a is f (x a ) if both one sided
limits also equal this value
One Sided Limit or Left and Right Hand Limits
The Limit of a function f(x) as x approaches from
either the right hand side or left hand side
Written Limit f(x) as x => a+ or x => a-
If the One Sided Limits are NOT the same, the
Limit does not exist for that value of x = a
The Language of Science [ Natural Philosophy ]
The Language of Nature ….. The Natural World
Integration
Multiplication when one of the factors is changing
The process of finding the area under a curve
or the volume under a surface; any multiplicative process
4 x 3 = 4+4+4 = 3+3+3+3 = 12
Definition of a Derivative
The Limit as dx => 0 of [ f( x+dx ) - f( x ) ] / dx
Definition of an Integral
Limit as dx => 0 of the Sum of f(x) dx
The Limit of the Reimann Sum as dx => 0
Definite Integral
An integral that specifies an interval of integration
This is a number found numerically or with F(x)
Indefinite Integral
An integral that does not specify an interval
This will be a function = Antiderivative F(x)
Numerical Integration
Integrating using only ( x , y ) data [rather than F(x)]
Only possible for calculating Definite Integrals
Reimann Sums; Numerical Method
The sum of the areas of the rectangles under a curve
defined by f(x) repeatedly using the leftmost value
of f(x) for the rectangle height
Midpoint Rule; Numerical Method
A Numerical Integration method that uses a rectangle height
of value = f ( x at the midpoint of the dx region )
Trapezoidal Rule; Numerical Method
A Numerical Integration method that uses the sum of
the areas of trapezoids rather than rectangles.
Simpson's Rule; Numerical Method
A Numerical Integration method that uses repeated quadratic
approximations to f(x) and yields EXACT answers for n < 4
Argument of a Function
The "x" in f(x) For sin (3x) , the argument is 3x
For Ln (sin [4x+2]), sin[4x+2] is the argument of the Ln
And 4x+2 is the argument for Sin (4x+2)
Chain Rule of Differentiation
A differentiation rule or technique that requires taking the
derivative of the argument of a function and multiplying
that times the derivative of the function
Product Rule of Differentiation
The Derivative of u v = v du/dx + u dv/dx
Quotient Rule of Differentiation
2
The Derivative of u / v = [ v du/dx - u dv/dx ] / v
Integration By Parts Formula
Integral u dv = u v - Integral v du
DETAIL The Elementary Functions
Pneumonic for choosing "dv" for an Integration By Parts
E=Exponential, T=Trigonometric, A=Algebraic,
I = Inverse Trig, L=Logarithmic D is where dv is easiest
LIATE Similar to DETAIL but for the choice for "u"
Improper Integral
A definite integral over an interval that contains a point of
discontinuity or infinity. It involves finding a Limit whose
value may converge or diverge
Oct 12, 2010
Teacher Paul Freda, Assumption College
Techniques of Integration L'Hospital's Rule
U Substitution Complete The Square A method for finding the Limit of a rational expression
Integration By Parts Long Division f(x) / g(x) that equates this ratio to f ' (x) / g ' (x)
Tabular Integration By Parts Factoring i.e take the derivatives and then find that Limit
Trig Substitution Trig Identities In practice, it is often repeated several times
Partial Fraction Decomposition Tangent Half Angle Averaging Numerical Integration Method
One can evaluate ANY definite integral numerically by
Notations for the Derivative of f(x) simply averaging the y values of the function over
Reimann df / dx Euler Dx the interval and multiplying this average by the
Newton f with dot over it LaGrange f ' (x) size of the interval. This is equivalent to the
Reimann Sum result
Velocity, Acceleration and Jerk You can check the validity of any integration
are the 1st, 2nd and 3rd Derivatives of Position AND by simply taking the derivative of the Antiderivative and
Velocity and Position are the 1st and 2nd Integrals seeing if it equals the original integrand as it should.
of Acceleration Two different methods can yield results that
differ by a constant. This is a correlary of the
Fundamental Theorem of Calculus
Integrating Rational Expressions n(x) / d(x) Numerical Integration
n(x) = numerator polynomial & d(x) = denominator polynomial All definite integrals can be evaluated numerically
1. If the degree of n(x) > or = degree d(x) then use using the y=f(x) values of the points of the function
Long Division to simplify. The result is quite often easy to integrate. Four of the Rules / Methods available are
2. If d(x) is a polynomial of degree > or = 2, and can be Factored , use Reimann, Midpoint, Trapezoid, Simpson Rules
Partial Fraction Decomposition to simplify Trapezoid ; [ (b-a) / 2n ] [1 2 2 2 …… 2 1]
3. If d(x) is a Prime polynomial of degree 2, Complete the Square Simpson ; [ (b-a) / 3n ] [1 4 2 4 2 …. 4 2 1]
to change it to the form (x - b) 2 +/- a2 Integration Identities
Then use Trig Substitution to simplify OR 1/ Integral f(x) dx from a to a = 0
If n(x) = a it will integrate to Inverse Tan / Tanh , OR 2/ Integral f(x) dx from b to a =
If n(x) = x it will integrate to Ln [ (x - b ) 2 +/- a2 ] OR minus Integral f(x) dx from a to b
If n(x) = x2 or higher in degree, use Long Division to simplify 3/ Integral f(x) dx from - a to a =
4. If d(x) or n(x) has a even root of a binomial like Sqrt [ x 2 + or - a2 ] 2 times Integral f(x) dx from 0 to a
Trig Substitution and Trig Identities can remove the radical and if …… f(x) is an even function, symmetric
convert the binomial to a monomial. about the Y Axis
5. Often overlooked is using Tabular IBP with u = n(x) & dv = 1 / d(x) Reduction Formula
A recursive formula for repeated reduction of
Integration Analytic Techniques ……. powers of a factor of an integrand. It automates
U Substitution a process that would otherwise be done with
Very effective when both f (x) and f ' (x) are present in the integrand repeated steps of one of the integration
This method is derived from the Chain Rule for Differentiation techniques; U Sub, IBP, Trig Sub, etc.

Integration By Parts IBP

Best used when there are 2 different functions in the integrand. Complete the Square
Pick "u" and "dv" so that dv is easy to integrate and u is easy to differentiate For rational algebraic integrands
This method is derived from The Product Rule of Differentiation Converts a quadratic denominator to
a binomial that will easily integrate
Tabular Integration By Parts to a Log or ArcTrig Function
Very effective when "u" is Algebraic and "dv" is either ….
Exponential, Trigonometric or Algebraic Long Division
It quickly goes thru repeated IBP steps for an fast solution Simplifies a rational algebraic
integrand when the numerator
Trig Substitution degree is equal to or larger than
A special U Substitution that converts a binomial radical such as Sqrt [x 2 + a 2 ] the denominator degree
to a simple Trig monomial. It does this using Pythagorean identities
and one of three Trig substitutions x = a tan u , x = a sin u or x = a sec u. Tangent Half Angle / Weierstrass
Converts a rational trigonometric
Partial Fraction Decomposition integrand in to a rational algebraic
A technique that is the reverse of adding rational algebraic fractions with different integrand allowing USub, IBP,
denominators. One factors the denominator , d(x), of a rational algebraic PartFractions & Complete the Square
expression; n(x) / d(x) then becomes the sum of simple fractional binomials techniques to be used
such as [ 1 / (x + a) ] or [ 1 / (x + a) 2 ] that are easy to integrate because they
are elementary functions. Note that d(x) can be any degree due to the
Fundamental Theorem of Algebra which says all polynomials are factorable.
Oct 12, 2010
Teacher Paul Freda, Assumption College