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Foundations
• Feature common to
bridge and building
structures
• Deep vs. shallow
• Safely transfer dead
and live loads with
acceptable levels of
settlement
Foundations
Shallow Foundations
– spread footings: column,
combined, mat
– strip footings: walls
• placed on undisturbed or
well-compacted soil
• below frost line
• consider effects of
groundwater
• typically reinforced or plain
concrete
Foundations
Deep Foundations
• Piles
– driven or drilled
– bearing capacity from end-bearing or skin
friction: usually combination of both
– driven plum or battered (1:6 to 1:3)
– driven to attain minimum tip elevation or
required resistance in blows per foot (bpf)
Foundations
Piles
• Types
– timber piles
– precast/prestressed
concrete piles
– cast-in-place concrete
– steel H-piles
– steel pipe piles
– composite
– minipiles or micro piles
Foundations
Pile Driving
• Equipment
– mobile crane (usually crawler)
– leads: fixed or swinging
– hammer, helmet, & cushion
– compressor (if air driven)
– hydraulic unit (if vibratory)
– steam plant (becoming
obsolete)
Foundations
Pile Driving
• Equipment
– follower
– mandrel
• Pile accessories
– point attachments
– splices
– pile to cap connections
Foundations
Pile Driving
• Hammers
– steam or air: single-
acting, double-acting,
differential
– diesel hammer: single-
acting (open end) or
double-acting (closed
end)
– vibratory
Pile Driving