Feb.

17
2011
DRUG STUDY
in turn activates myosins light chain kinase.. Oxytocin has specific
OXYTOCIN receptors in the muscle llining of the uterus and the receptor
concentration increases greatly during pregnancy, reaching a
Generic Names:
maximum in early labor at term.
 Pitocin; Syntocinon
Trade Names:
 Oxytocin (BAM Biotech); Pitocin (Parke-Davis); Syntocinon Absorption, Distribution, Metabolism, Elimination & Toxicity
(Sandoz)
Protein Binding-30%
Description
Chemical Properties
 Synthetic 9 residue cyclic peptide. The hormone is prepared
synthetically to avoid possible contamination with vasopressin Isomeric SMILES
(ADH) and other small polypeptides with biologic activity.  CC[C@H](C)[C@H]1C(=O)N[C@H](C(=O)N[C@H]
(C(=O)N[C@@H](CSSC[C@@H](C(=O)N[C@H]
Indication (C(=O)N1)CC2=CC=C(C=C2)O)N)C(=O)N3CCC[C@H]3C(=O)
N[C@@H](CC(C)C)C(=O)NCC(=O)N)CC(=O)N)CCC(=O)N
 To assist in labor, elective labor induction, uterine contraction
induction
FUROSIMIDE
ATC Therapeutic Category
Generic Names:
 H01BB:Oxytocin and analogues  Dihydroflumethiazide; Frusemid; Frusemide; Furosemid;
Furosemida [INN-Spanish]; Furosemidu [Polish]; Furosemidum
Pharmacology, Interactions, and Contraindications [INN-Latin]; Fursemid; Fursemida; Fursemide;
Metflorylthiazidine; Methforylthiazidine
Trade Names:
Mechanism of Action
 Aisemide; Aldalix; Aldic; Aluzine; Anfuramaide; Apo-Frusemide;
Apo-Furosemide; Aquarid; Aquasin; Arasemide; Beronald;
 Binds the oxytocin receptor which leads to an increase in Bioretic; Bristab; Bristurin; Cetasix; Depix; Desal; Desdemin; Di-
intracellular calcium levels. Ademil; Dirine; Disal; Discoid; Disemide; Diucardin; Diumide-K;
Diural; Diurapid; Diuretic Salt; Diurin; Diurolasa; Diusemide;
Pharmacology Diusil; Diuzol; Dranex; Dryptal; Durafurid; Edemid; Edenol;
Eliur; Elodrine; Endural; Errolon; Eutensin; Farsix; Finuret;
 Used to induce labor or to enhance uterine contractions during Fluidrol; Fluss; Franyl; Frumex; Frumide; Frumil; Frusedan;
labor. Uterine motility depends on the formation of the contractile Frusema; Frusemin; Frusenex; Frusetic; Frusid; Fulsix;
protein actomyosin under the influence of the Ca2+-dependent Fuluvamide; Fuluvamine; Furanthril; Furanthryl; Furantril;
phosphorylating enzyme myosin light-chain kinase. Oxytocin Furanturil; Furesis; Furetic; Furex; Furfan; Furix; Furmid; Furo-
promotes contractions by increasing the intracellular Ca2+, which Basan; Furo-Puren; Furobeta; Furocot; Furodiurol; Furodrix;
Feb. 17
2011
DRUG STUDY
Furomen; Furomex; Furomide M.D.; Furorese; Furosan; Furose;
Furosedon; Furosemix; Furoside; Furosifar; Furosix; Furoter;
Furovite; Fursol; Fusid; Golan; Hissuflux; Hydol; Hydrenox;
Hydrex; Hydro; Hydro-Rapid; Hydroled; Impugan; Jenafusid;
Katlex; Kofuzon; Kolkin; Kutrix; Lasemid; Lasex; Lasiletten;
Lasilix; Lasix; Lasix Retard; Lasix Special; Laxur; Lazix;
Leodrine; Less Diur; Liside; Logirene; Lowpston; Lowpstron;
Luscek; Macasirool; Marsemide; Mirfat; Mita; Moilarorin;
Myrosemide; Nadis; Nelsix.
Description
 A benzoic-sulfonamide-furan. It is a diuretic with fast onset and
short duration that is used for edema and chronic renal
insufficiency.
Indication
 For the treatment of edema associated with congestive heart
failure, cirrhosis of the liver, and renal disease, including the
nephrotic syndrome. Also for the treatment of hypertension alone
or in combination with other antihypertensive agents.
ATC Therapeutic Category
 C03CA:Sulfonamides, plain
Pharmacology, Interactions, and Contraindications
Mechanism of Action
 Furosemide, by inhibiting the reabsorption of sodium and chloride
in the ascending limb of the loop of Henle, increases the urinary
excretion of sodium, chloride, and water. Furosemide also
increases the excretion of potassium, hydrogen, calcium,
magnesium, ammonium, and phosphate and, as it inhibits carbonic
anhydrase, bicarbonate.
Pharmacology
 Furosemide, a sulfonamide-type loop diuretic structurally related
to bumetanide, is used to manage hypertension and edema
associated with congestive heart failure, cirrhosis, and renal
disease, including the nephrotic syndrome.
Food Interaction
 Avoid alcohol.
 Avoid excess salt/sodium unless otherwise instructed by your
physician.
 Increase potassium intake; add a banana or orange juice; unless
instructed otherwise.
 Take with food to reduce irritation.
Absorption, Distribution, Metabolism, Elimination & Toxicity
Protein Binding- 99%
Chemical Properties
Isomeric SMILES
 c1cc(oc1)CNc2cc(c(cc2C(=O)O)S(=O)(=O)N)Cl
DIPHENHYDRAMINE HCL
Generic Names:
 Diphenhydramine Base; Diphenhydramine Hcl; Diphenhydramine
Salicylate; Diphenylhydramine
Trade Names:
 Aleryl; Alledryl; Aller-Med; Allerdryl; Allergan B; Allergeval;
Allergical; Allergin; Allergina; Allergival; Allermax Caplets;
Ambodryl; Amidryl; Antistominum; Antitussive; Antomin;
Automin; Bagodryl; Banophen; Banophen Caplets; Baramine;
Beldin; Belix; Ben-Allergin; Bena; Benachlor; Benadrin;
Benadryl; Benadryl Allergy; Benadryl Preservative Free; Benapon;
Benodin; Benodine; Benylan; Benylin; Benzantine;
Benzhydramine; Benzhydraminum; Benzhydril; Benzhydroamina;
Benzhydryl; Betramin; Compoz; Dabylen; Debendrin; Dermistina;
Dermodrin; Desentol; Diabenyl; Diabylen; Dibendrin; Dibenil;
Dibondrin; Difedryl; Difenhydramin; Difenidramina; Dihidral;
Dimedrol; Dimedryl; Diphantine; Diphen; Diphen Cough;
Diphenhist; Diphenhist Captabs; Dormarex 2; Dryistan; Drylistan;
Dylamon; Etanautine; Genahist; Histaxin; Hyadrine; Hydramine;
Hyrexin; Ibiodral; Medidryl; Mephadryl; Nausen; Nervine
Nighttime Sleep-Aid; Novamina; Nytol Quickcaps; Nytol
Quickgels; Probedryl; Restamin; Rigidil; Rigidyl; Siladryl;
Silphen; Sleep-Eze D; Sleep-Eze D Extra Strength; Sominex;
Soverin; Syntedril; Syntodril; Torinal; Twilite Caplets; Unisom
Sleepgels Maximum Strength; Vena; Vicks Formula 44
Brand Mixtures:
 Ambenyl Cough Syrup (Ammonium Chloride +
Bromodiphenhydramine Hydrochloride + Codeine Phosphate +
Diphenhydramine Hydrochloride + Potassium Guaiacol
Sulphonate); Benadryl Decongestant Tablets (Diphenhydramine
Hydrochloride + Pseudoephedrine Hydrochloride); Bye Bye Bite
Feb. 17
2011
DRUG STUDY
Lot (Benzocaine + Diphenhydramine Hydrochloride + Menthol);
Caladryl Cream (Calamine + Diphenhydramine Hydrochloride);
Caladryl Lotion (Calamine + Diphenhydramine Hydrochloride);
Calamine Lotion W Antihistamine (Calamine + Diphenhydramine
Hydrochloride)
Description
 A histamine H1 antagonist used as an antiemetic, antitussive, for
dermatoses and pruritus, for hypersensitivity reactions, as a
hypnotic, an antiparkinson, and as an ingredient in common cold
preparations. It has some undesired antimuscarinic and sedative
effects.
Indication
 For the treatment of symptoms associated with Vertigo/Meniere's
disease, nausea and vomiting, motion sickness and insect bite.
Food Interaction
ATC Therapeutic Categories
 D04AA:Antihistamines for topical use
 R06AA:Aminoalkyl ethers
Absorption, Distribution, Metabolism, Elimination & Toxicity
 Diphenhydramine is an antihistamine of the ethanolamine class.
Ethanolamine antihistamines have significant antimuscarinic
activity and produce marked sedation in most patients. In addition
to the usual allergic symptoms, the drug also treats irritant cough
and nausea, vomiting, and vertigo associated with motion sickness.
It also is used commonly to treat drug-induced extrapyramidal
symptoms as well as to treat mild cases of Parkinson's disease.
Rather than preventing the release of histamine, as do cromolyn
and nedocromil, diphenhydramine competes with free histamine
for binding at HA-receptor sites. Diphenhydramine competitively
antagonizes the effects of histamine on HA-receptors in the GI
tract, uterus, large blood vessels, and bronchial muscle.
Ethanolamine derivatives have greater anticholinergic activity than
do other antihistamines, which probably accounts for the
antidyskinetic action of diphenhydramine. This anticholinergic
action appears to be due to a central antimuscarinic effect, which
also may be responsible for its antiemetic effects, although the
exact mechanism is unknown.
 Avoid alcohol.
 Take with food

Biotransformation
Pharmacology, Interactions, and Contraindications
 Hepatic and renal
Mechanism of Action
Protein Binding
 Diphenhydramine competes with free histamine for binding at HA-
receptor sites. This antagonizes the effects of histamine on HA-  98 to 99%
receptors, leading to a reduction of the negative symptoms brought
on by histamine HA-receptor binding.
Absorption

Pharmacology
 Quickly absorbed with maximum activity occurring in
approximately one hour.
Feb. 17
2011
DRUG STUDY
Toxicity Pharmacology, Interactions, and Contraindications

 LD 50=500 mg/kg (orally in rats). Considerable overdosage can Mechanism of Action

lead to myocardial infarction (heart attack), serious ventricular
dysrhythmias, coma and death.  Vasopressin acts on three different receptors, vasopressin receptor
V1a (which initiates vasoconstriction, liver gluconeogenesis,
Chemical Properties platelet aggregation and release of factor VIII), vasopressin
receptor V1b (which mediates corticotrophin secretion from the
Isomeric SMILES pituitary) and vasopressin receptor V2 which controls free water
 CN(C)CCOC(c1ccccc1)c2ccccc2 reabsorption in the renal medullar. The binding of vasopressin to
the V2 receptor activates adenylate cyclase which causes the
VASOPRESSIN release of aquaporin 2 channels into the cells lining the renal
medullar duct. This allows water to be reabsorbed down an
osmotic gradient so the urine is more concentrated.
Generic Names:
 3-Isoleucyl vasopressin; Arginine oxytocin; Arginine vasotocin;
Argiprestocin; Pitressin tannate; Vasopressin, isoleucyl; Pharmacology
Vasopressin, non-mammalian; Vasotocin
Trade Names:  Vasopressin is an antidiuretic hormone indicated for the prevention
 Pitressin; Pressyn and treatment of postoperative abdominal distention, in abdominal
roentgenography to dispel interfering gas shadows, and in diabetes
Description insipidus. Vasopressin can cause contraction of smooth muscle of
the gastrointestinal tract and of all parts of the vascular bed,
especially the capillaries, small arterioles and venules. It has less
 Antidiuretic hormone, also known as vasopressin, is a nine amino effect on the smooth musculature of the large veins. Vasopressin
acid peptide secreted from the posterior pituitary. Antidiuretic may also be used to control bleeding in some forms of von
hormone binds to receptors in the distal or collecting tubules of the Willebrand disease and to treat extreme cases of bed wetting in
kidney and promotes reabsorbtion of water back into the children. It may also play a role in memory formation although the
circulation mechanism is unknown.

Indication Absorption, Distribution, Metabolism, Elimination & Toxicity

 For the treatment of enuresis, polyuria, diabetes insipidus, Biotransformation

polydipsia and oesophageal varices with bleeding
 The majority of a dose of vasopressin is metabolized and rapidly
ATC Therapeutic Category destroyed in the liver and kidneys.

 H01BA:Vasopressin and analogues Protein Binding

Feb. 17
2011
DRUG STUDY
 1%

Chemical Properties

Isomeric SMILES

 CC[C@@H]([C@H]1NC(=O)[C@H](NC(=O)[C@H]
(CSSC[C@H](NC(=O)[C@@H](NC(=O)[C@H]
(NC1=O)CCC(=O)N)CC(=O)N)C(=O)N2[C@H]
(CCC2)C(=O)N[C@@H]
(C(=O)NCC(=O)N)CCC/N=C(\N)/N)N)CC3=CC=C(C=C3)O)C