Sync separator

APPRATUS: Circuit board, CRO, CRO Probe, Frequency Generator.

THEORY:

SYNC PULSES:

We know that the horizontal &vertical sync pulses appear on the top 25%of their respective
blanking signals which are sandwiched between of picture signals & extend in to blacker than
black region. The shaped vertical sync pulses hold the picture frame locked in vertically by
synchronizing the frame(vertical) oscillator that is design to operate at 50hz.Similarly the DC
control voltage hold the line structure of the picture together by blocking in the line oscillator that
operate at 15625hz.

SYNC SEPARATION:

To separate the vertical & horizontal sync pulses two separate

Filters are used. A high pass filter permits the only horizontal pulse to reach the horizontal
sweep oscillator section. While vertical pulses are passed through low pass filter to the vertical
sweep section. the action consist of biasing the device used in the circuit in such a way that only
top portion of the video signal cause current flow in the device.

BASIC SYNC SEPARATION CIRCUIT:

Self biasing or automatic bias means that the DC bias voltage is produced by the ac signal
itself. The requirement is to charge the input capacitor by rectifying the input signal while it
approaches its maximum value &have EC time constant long enough to maintain bias on the
capacitor between peaks of AC signals in the bias circuit shown in the fig. C1, R1 coupling
provides self bias between the base emitter of the transistor. The capacitor charges because
the base current that flows during sync

Amplitude levels of the composite video signal

NOISE IN SYNC PULSES: With weak signal the noise can act ass false synchronizing pulses.
More, when noise pulses have much higher amplitude than the sync voltage, large bade current
flows which charges coupling capacitor at a much higher voltage than is normal and this result
in noise setup. Because of the large time constant of self biasing circuit the sync separator is
held much beyond cutoff for period which depends on the amplitude and width of the noise
pulses & the time constant of the input circuit. During strong noise pulses the picture does not
hold still until synchronization is restored again. Thus in order to reduce the effect of noise sync
circuit generally employs one or more of the following techniques:

(1)DOUBLE TIME CONSTANT FOR SIGNAL BIAS

The time constant of the base leak bias circuit, at the input of the sync separator must be long
enough to maintain bias from line to line and through the time of vertical sync pulses in order to
maintain a constant clipping level. too long time constant will tend to increase the negative bias
than its normal value during vertical sync interval when the compost video signal voltage stay
close to its peak value. This result in shortening of the horizontal sync pulses soon after the
vertical pulse train during the each field. if the time constant is made too small than it result in
inadequate sync operation during and immediately after vertical sync time. This problem is
solved by providing double time constant circuit at the input of the sync separator. The circuit is
shown below

(2)USE OF NOISE CALCULATION:

 The use of double time constant circuit as a noise suppressor is only suitable for non recurring
noise. If noise pulses are periodic the small charge on C1 contributed by each noise pulse will
be cumulative and noise setup will still occurs. There for in many sync separator circuit some
from of suppression is provided.

CIRCUIT:

In the above circuit the transistor is used as an amplifier with heavy reverse bias to the base.
Input is supplied from the video amplifier. The positive going video signal is fed to the base
through R-C base combination. The negative signal developed a heavy reverse bias to the base
and result the transmitter does not conduct for lower value of the input voltage i.e. up to the
sync level (75%) the transmitter is at the cutoff. Hence the current flows only during the sync
period. It produce negative going pulses signal at the collector. The R-C combination at the
base circuit produced necessary reverse bias by adjusting R-C values and the time constant.

PROCEDURE:

1. Connect the circuit as per shown in the dig.

2. Apply the composite video signal at the input of the circuit.

3. Observe the waveform of the horizontal & vertical sync on the CRO

4. Determine the time duration between two horizontal sync pulses

5. Determine the time duration between two vertical sync pulses

ASSIGNMENT QUESTIONS:

1. What is the double time constant & what is the advantage of it?
2. If we use NPN transistor instead of PNP then what happen?
3. What is the time constant of given circuit?

ASSIGNMENT QUESTIONS:

• What is the double time constant & what is the advantage of it?

Ans: the time constant of the base leak bias circuit at the input of the sync separator must
be long enough to maintain bias from line and through the time of vertical sync pulses in
order to maintain a constant clipping level. Too long time constant will tend to increase the
negative bias than its normal value during vertical sync interval when the composite video
signal voltage stay close to its peak value. This result in shortening of the horizontal sync
pulses soon after the vertical pulse train during the each field. If the time constant is made
too small than it result in inadequate sync operation during and immediately after vertical
sync time. This problem is solved by providing double time constant circuit at the input of the
sync separator.

• If we use NPN transistor instead of PNP then what happen?

Ans: If we use NPN transistor then the current does not flow after the amplifier stage.

• What is the time constant of given circuit?

Ans: Time constant=RC
 =3.3K*4uf
 =13.2ms
ASSIGNMENT QUESTIONS:

1. Why vertical frequency is kept 50 Hz?

A. Normally 24 frames/second is enough to make illusion for continuity. But in
This flicker during retrace period can be easily identified. So to reduce this flicker as
well as the line frequency is also 50 Hz and hence we need not to use any
frequency divider.

2. What happens if any component value changes?

A. Trace and retrace period changes and thus it might happen vertical frequency
Cannot be synchronized with horizontal frequency and this will cause clipping or
blurring of picture frames.

3. Why there is no signal applied during retrace period?

A. During retrace period we are returning to original location from where new Trace is
going to be started. So this period should be zero but practically this is not possible
so for this short duration we are not applying any input signal.