2/3 Define Terms: Validity etc.

2/3 Speech Acts: Examples Which one is it and brief explanation

2/3 Construct an Argument
2/3 Definitions: What kind w/ explanation
6/7 Fallacy Point out which fallacy and explain
Chapter 1. Chapter 3 section 4 and 6 Chapter 4

Speech is an action, which is usually trying to make something happen

Appeal to
1. Emotion
2. Authority
3. Social Norms

Propositions: Sentence assertive Says something, can tell if it is true AKA Opening
sentence
Simple 1 sentence eg Tom is a student
Composite many sentences connected by and eg Tom is a student and tom is smart
Conjunctive independent assertions Tom is student but tom is not smart
Disjunctive chose 1 eg Tom is a student or he is a professor
Hypothetical If then can’t tell if it is true yet eg If it rains then there will be no class
tomorrow

Argument a group of propositions w/ structure all support conclusion

Premises and Conclusions

Indicators 12-13

Speech Acts
1) Assertive: Speaker = sincere, confident thinks he is true, Listener can tell if true/false
2) Commissive: Promise w/ intent and capacity Listener expects speaker to follow thru
3) Directive: Order or request that the speaker wants to happen
4) Expressive: Express feelings and socializing/etiquette, possible lack of sincerity,
persuade Listener
5) Evaluative: A statement evaluating backed up with reason
6) Declaration: By speaking it becomes fact, requires vested authority

Indirect Speech Act:

A Ur foot is on mine Assertive, but also Directive wants him to remove foot
B thanks that’s weird Expressive

Metaphor
Express something but has meaning can be evaluative of assertive

Appeal to listener to convince, use metaphor, hyperbole etc. eg. Emotion and reason
Sending troops to war makes children butchers
Assertive/Evaluative, but also expressive to persuade
p and q
premise/Conclusion
Arguments don’t know if Q is true need P to support
Explanation Q is true and provide more reasons

Ex p22-24
Inductive observation = probable conclusion not conclusive can be premise for argument

All men are mortal True Valid

Socrates is a man True Valid
Socrates is mortal True Valid

Sound Valid and True

Validity all premises help reach the conclusion
All creatures w/ 4 legs have wings
All spiders have 4 legs
All spiders have wings

Valid but not true

All mammals have wings

All whales have wing
All mammals are whales
Invalid and not true
Counter Eg. Man

If I owned all gold id be rich

I don’t own all the gold
IIm not true
Valid if only way to be ric is own all gold
However Invalid because can own diamonds etc, so I can be rich still
Un true

All Fish are mammals False

All Whales re fish False
All Whales are mammals True
Valid

Mbrs of class are prepared true

All prepared ppl are not Idle ttrue
Class isn’t idle true
Valid

Invertebrates are dogs False

Teriers are not dogs False
Teriers are not invertebrates

P35 8 questions Evens

Lexical: The definiendum (the term to be defined) must equal definiens (the terms doing
the defining) report how words are actually used. REAL DEFINITIONS. ASSERTIVES.

Genius-larger Species-Smaller
Man=rational(Species) animal(Genius)
Defiendum=Defiends

Stipulative: DECLARATIONS. useful when you want to coin a new word.

So unlike lexical definitions, these definitions are neither true nor false

Precising ‘Liberal’, ‘freedom of speech’, ‘individuals with disabilities’

These definitions are used to eliminate ambiguity or vagueness.
‘meter’ example.

Theoretical Definitions of key terms used in scientific theory/philosophy Initially these

are stipulative definitions. But once accepted they are lexical Definition of Planet

Persuasive
VIOLATES ONE OF THESE
• Essential attributes
• Not to be circular
• Not to be too broad or narrow
• Not to be in figurative language
• Not to be negative

Fallacies
• Appeal to Emotion: uses emotional tones instead of rational Humor , Anger
• Straw-man Argument: Attacks the argument by overstating the position and
attacks the extremist version of the original argument
• Ad Hominem: personal attack on the speaker
1. Abusive
2. Subtle: background of person skewed persons argument not their fault
• Appeal to force: use authority t

Deductive Fallacies
1. Burden of proof lies in proving false, just because it is not proven false doe not
make it true
2. Suppression of evidence hiding evidence Advertisements
3. Appealing to inappropriate authority
4. Ad populum appeal to masses
5. False causation,
a. a causes b,
 b. b causes a
c. c causes a and b
6. Hasty Generalization: Apply results of smaller data to all cases
a. Small Sample: focus groups, stereotypes
b. Biased Sample: sample is biased, not a good accurate sample group
7. Hasty Individuation: Apply the general to a specific case
8. Presumption: In premise already assumed conclusion
9. Complex Question Fallacy: The question is asked in way that presupposes the
answer.
a. A and B cause reaction D
b. Remove A and B causes reaction D
c. B causes D, False assumes no agent C
d. Who murdered him? Rather than why did he die?
e. Mean Version: Why don’t you stop beating your wife? People listening
assume he already is beating his wife.
10. Begging the Question: Has conclusion in premise CIRCULAR LOGIC
a. God exists because the bible says so
b. The bible says so because it is the word of god
c. Thus god exists
d. Valid but not sound
11. Fallacies of Meaning: Ambiguity,
a. Equivocation: meaning is changed
b. Amphiboly: Unclear grammatical Last night I caught a thief in my
pajamas. Who was wearing the pajamas?
c. Accent: emphasizing a single word or phrase, twisting the original
meaning
d. Ambiguity: A word ahs two different meanings
i. I have 2 homes. 1 here one there.
ii. Meet me at my house. Which house?
e. Vagueness: Cannot define no clear meaning. Colors, Borders of a Marsh
i. Violence is increasing
ii. What does violence mean