利用HFSS9.

0的先进性进行微波无源器件
的设计和优化

Passive Microwave Component

Design and Optimization

Haiqiang Ding Jolly Zhou

Senior Application Engineer Senior Application Engineer
Ansoft Beijing Office Ansoft Shanghai Office
 Abstract
Š Challenges of Modern Microwave Component and
Antenna Design
Š Waveguide Slot Array Computer Aided Design and
Simulation
Š Rapid Direction-Finding Antenna Array Design
Š Satellite Communication Antennas Simulation
Š Rotary Joint Optimization
 Modern Microwave Component and
Antenna Design

Š Higher Performance
Š More Complex
Š Complex Radiation Pattern
Š System Level Design

Š Design Cost and cycle

Benefits of using Electromagnetic Field
Solvers

Š Make Good Thinking to Good Design

Š Decrease Instruments Time
Š Design Costs and Cycle
Š Human Resource
Requirements of Electromagnetic Field
Simulators for Modern Design

Š Accuracy,Reliable and Fast

Š Simulation Capacity
Š Real Arbitrary 3D Structure
Š Easy to Use
Š Technical Support
Ansoft HFSS: Golden Tool for Antenna and
Passive Microwave component Design

Š Powerful Features
Š Accuracy,Reliable and Fast
Š More than 10,000 customer all over the word

Š Adaptive Meshing
Š Technical support
Waveguide Slot Array Computer
Aided Design and Simulation
Waveguide Slot Array Antenna
Waveguide Slot Array Antennas are well used
in Defense such as Radar on Fighter, Missile or
ground.
•Good Antenna Gain, low side lobe and VSWR
•Good Mechanical performance

Radar on Aircraft
Ground Radar
 Waveguide Slot Array

Waveguide Slots

Š Slots in Waveguide Slot Array antennas

Š Every slot is different: depend on the array factor
Š Prototype for the slots is tiresome
Š Use HFSS design every slot and get design curve
 Waveguide Slot

Š Broadwall Displaced Slot

Š Broadwall inclined Slot

Š Edge Wall Slot

 Ansoft HFSS
Broadwall Displaced Slot Design
Š Y martix in the test port will equal to the Ymartrix in the center of the
slot when the distance is half of guide wave wavelength
Š To get the guided wavelength, just perform a “ports only” solve in
HFSS
Š When the slot is resonant, Im(Y(11)) =0

¼ Lg ½ Lg Lg: Guided wave

wavelength

Offset

Test Port

Short
length
 Ansoft HFSS
Broad wall Displaced Slot Design

Build the simulation model in

HFSS v9
Direct parametric
Very easy to use
Set variable in /HFSS/design
properties/local variables

Design parameters
Š length:resonant length of
slot, to be optimized
Š Offset: Slot center displace
from the waveguide center
 Ansoft HFSS
Broad wall Displaced Slot Design

Š When the slot is resonant, Im(Y)=0

Š Use ABS(Im(Y)) as cost function
Š Change offset from 1mm to 8mm, step
1mm, optimize length (resonant length)
at every point
Š Design curve is generated
 Ansoft HFSS
Broadwall Displace Slot Design
Š Optimization variable setting in
HFSS v9
Š Length will be optimized
 Ansoft HFSS
Broad wall Displaced Slot Design
Š Optimization in HFSS v9
Š Cost function changes when optimization
 Broad wall Displaced Slot Design
Generate Slot Design Curve
Š Design curve is generated by HFSS v9 and optimization
Š Resonant length of wave guide slot vs. Offset distance
Offset(mm)
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8
17
16.5
16
length(mm)

15.5
15
14.5
14
13.5
 Ansoft HFSS
Broad wall Inclined Slot Design
Š Y martix in the test port will equal to the Ymartrix in the center
of the slot when the distance is half of guide wave wavelength
Š Also, when the slot is resonant, Im(Y(11)) =0

¼ Lg ½ Lg Lg: Guided wave

wavelength

Rang

Test Port

Short leng
th
 Ansoft HFSS
Broad wall Inclined Slot Design

Š Inclined angle
changes from 10
degree to 35 degree,
5 degree step
Š Optimize resonant
length at every
inclined angle
 Broad wall Inclined Slot Design
Generate Slot Design Curve
Š Resonant length of wave guide slot vs. Inclined Angle

Rang(deg)
10 15 20 25 30 35
14.98
14.975
length(mm)

14.97

14.965
14.96
14.955
14.95
 Ansoft HFSS
Waveguide Slot Array Antenna Simulation

Š The whole simulation

model in HFSS v9,
Frequency is 3cm band
Š All coupling between the
slots are taken into account
Š More than 200 radiation
slots and 40 coupling slots
Š Very large in electric size
Š Symmetry can be used to
reduce computation time
 Ansoft HFSS
Waveguide Slot Array Antenna Simulation

Š 3D radiation pattern
when two ports are in
same phase
Š Simulation time(PC):
Š 2:30 CPU time
Š 212,305 Tetrahedral
 Ansoft HFSS
Waveguide Slot Array Antenna Simulation

Š 3D radiation pattern when

two ports are 180 degree
different in phase
Š Zero lobe in Z axies
Š Being a frequency domain
solve, HFSS can get this
without re-solve the project:
just set the phase of the
ports
 Ansoft HFSS
Waveguide Slot Array Antenna Simulation

Š Compare with test result (two ports in

same phase)
Š Simulation Result:
Š3dB lobe width: 3.7 degree
Š back lobe level: -34dBc

Š Test Result:
Š3dB lobe width: 3.67 degree
Š back lobe level: -34dBc
Rapid Direction Finding
Antenna Array Design
 The Principle of Direction Finding
Š In the traditional interferometer
Direction-Finding r r r
1 0 2

4#
φ
1#

D
2#

3#
 The Principle of Direction_Finding
Š The electric field of “incident wave” at the various
antennas is as follows:
jIl sin θ k × k i = (1, 2 ,3 , 4 )
E θi = exp( − jkr i )
4 π ωε ri
E θ i = E ( r 0 ) exp( − jkr i )
Š The propagating path differences between various
antennas by the “incident wave” ：
2πD
φ 12 = sin ϕ cos ϑ
λ
2πD
φ 34 = cos ϕ cos ϑ
λ
D—length of the baseline, λ—wavelength ,θ—the elevation
of “incident wave”,φ—the azimuth of “incident wave”
 The Principle of
Direction_Finding
Š The azimuth of “incident wave”
φ 12
ϕ = arctg ( )
φ 34

Š The accuracy of DF is very low when the incident wave

comes from the specific direction (in parallel with the
baselines)
 The PPD of pair at the invariant D
Š The propagating path difference (PPD)VS the azimuth
angle of “incident wave”

0～12.9％

0～3.3％

All terminals load 50Ω

 The PPD of pair at the invariant D
Š The propagating path difference VS the azimuth angle
of “incident wave”
0～6.9％；
0～-28.7％

0～37.3％

Pair terminals load 50Ω

 The Principle of High DF
Accuracy
Š Muti-coordinates systems can be implemented by
rotating
Š DF baseline (AiBi) system,
2
A3 A4

A2 B n

1 3
A1 B1

An B2

n 4
B4 B3
F1
 Design DF Array Completely in Software
Š Obtain the high DF antenna array system
Š using muti-coordinates systems theory

Š Design parameters of the length of baseline, antenna and

matching and compensating network using calibration projects

Š Simulate phase Š Obtain the phase characteristic of

Š Distortion of the any array with coupling between
Š incident wave in Š antennas by any incident
Š a real DF system Š wave in the real DF system .
 The PPD of pair at the invariant D
Š The propagating path difference VS the azimuth angle
of “incident wave”

0～2.5％

0～3.2％

pair terminals are opened

 The PPD of pair at the invariant D
Š The propagating path difference VS the azimuth angle
of “incident wave”

0～9.3％
0～-2％

0～9.7％
All terminals are opened
 The PPD of pair at the variant D
Š The propagating path difference VS the azimuth angle
of “incident wave”

5.5～8.3％
-2.9～-27％

31～76.7％
pair terminals load 50Ω
 The PPD of pair at the variant D
Š The propagating path difference VS the azimuth angle
of “incident wave”

0～3.4％
0～-1％

0～-37.3％

pair terminals load 50Ω

 The PPD of pair at the variant D

Š So, it is the effective way to improve the DF

accuracy
Š to enlarge the length of the baseline

We find that：
When D = 0.5m = 0.17λ ， The PPD are extended to 176.7％；
When D = 0.5λ ， The PPD are extended to 130 ％
or, reduced to 70％；
When D → 1λ ， The PPD’s are almost equal to 0
 The PPD of pair at the Five Array
Š The propagating path difference (PPD)VS the azimuth
angle of “incident wave”

-0.8～-5.5％
0.9～6.5％

0～2.8％

All terminals load 50Ω,D=3m

 The PPD of pair at the Five Array
Š The propagating path difference (PPD)VS the azimuth
angle of “incident wave”

1.5～-6％
1.8～42％。

-0.8～-18％,0.4～15％
All terminals load 50Ω,D=3m
 The Matching and Compensating
Network
Š The topological chart of antenna matching

1 n:1 2 n:1

R C
L1 L2 L R

4 n:1 3 n:1

R1 C
L R2 R L
 The Five Cells Array of DF
Š All terminals load matching and compensating
Network ,D=3m

R1

4：1
L R2 Z0=50Ω

R1

antenna cell with

matching network

the azimuth angle of “incident wave”

 The Five Cells Array of DF
Š The PPD VS the azimuth angle of “incident wave”

All terminals load matching

and compensating network ,
D=3m
2.3～2.8％

-1.9～2.9％
 The Five Cells Array of DF
Š The PPD VS the azimuth angle of “incident wave”
All terminals load matching
and compensating network ,
D=3m
-2.2～9.2％

-2～30％
 The Five Cells Array of DF
Š The error of the PPD VS the azimuth angle of
“incident wave”
Satellite Communication Antennas
Simulation
 Satellite Communication Antennas
Simulation(1)

Š Initial Design
Š Scalar Horn
Antenna
 Satellite Communication Antennas
Simulation(1)
Š Radiation pattern
Š Simulation time:
Š 00:5:15 CPU time
Š 00:2:38 real time on dual
CPU computer
Š 17,433 tetrahedral
 Satellite Communication Antennas
Simulation(1)

Š Add a dielectric len on

the horn
 Satellite Communication Antennas
Simulation(1)

Š The radiation pattern on

Phi=90degree is expanded
Š Simulation time:
Š 00:9:05 Simulation time on
Desktop PC
Š 30,028 Tetrahedral
 Satellite Communication Antennas
Simulation(2)

Š The initial design

Š Circle Waveguide feeded
Š Cone and the Circle plane reflector
 Satellite Communication Antennas
Simulation(2)
Š Initial Design result
Š The radiation pattern does not meet design goal
Š The VSWR is OK, but the best t is not at the desired
frequency

Desired working
Best frequency frequency
 Satellite Communication Antennas
Simulation(2)

Š At the best VSWR frequency,

the radiation pattern seems
closer to the desired
 Satellite Communication Antennas
Simulation(2)

Š Improved design
Š We get the desired radiation
pattern
Š All this can be done in one
morning
 Ansoft HFSS
Rotary Joint Optimization
Š Initial Design in HFSS v8.5
Rotary Joint Simulation and
Optimization
 Ansoft HFSS
Rotary Joint Optimization

Š Model in HFSS v9
Š Direct parametric
Š Easier to optimize
 Ansoft HFSS
Rotary Joint Optimization

Š Optimized result
Š From 3.01GHz to
3.62GHz VSWR<l.5
Š Resonant in 3.84GHz
VSWR=1.5
 Ansoft HFSS
Rotary Joint Optimization

Š Phase animation in
HFSS v9 post
processor
Š From the Complex Mag
E plotting, we can get
and calculate the
maximum work power of
this device: 103KW
 Conclusion
Š HFSS: the golden tool for
Microwave Component Design
Š Accuracy, reliable and fast
Š Real Arbitrary 3D Structure
Š You Build the Structure, Ansoft
Solve the Maxwell’s Equation
Š Happy Electromagnetics Design!