HKDSE Chemistry – A Modern View

Part II Microscopic World I

Chemistry: Chapter 8 Chemical bonding: covalent bonding

Combined Science (Chemistry Part): Chapter 8 Chemical bonding: covalent bonding

Sections 8.1−8.4
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A part of the Periodic Table is shown below.

Group
I II III IV V VI VII 0
Period
2 A B
3 C D E F
4 G H
5 I J

Answer the following questions with the letters given in the table.
(a) Which element has the greatest atomic number?

(b) Which elements can be found as monoatomic molecule in nature? Explain your
answer.

(c) Which element is the most reactive metal?

(d) Which element(s) is/are semi-metal(s)?

(e) Why elements C, D, E and F are put in the same period?

(f) Which element, C or I, is more reactive? Explain your answer.

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(g) Group 0 elements are sometimes called inert gases. Explain why they are so
inert.

(h) Elements G and H form a compound. What are the formula and the nature of
bonding in the compound?

(i) Element D can form a compound with oxygen. Name the compound and its
structure.

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(a) J [1]
(b) B and F [1+1] Atoms of B and F have octet structures / fully-filled outermost
shell which are stable. [1] They will not form bonds with other atoms, neither by
transferring nor by sharing of outermost shell electrons. [1]
(c) I [1]
(d) D [1]
(e) They all have three/same number of occupied electron shells. [1]
(f) I is more reactive. [1] It is because I has a greater atomic size, hence there is a
greater distance between positively charged nucleus and outermost shell
electrons within the atom, and therefore weaker attractive force between the
nucleus and outermost shell electrons is resulted. [2] Element I, as a result, loses
outermost shell electrons to undergo reaction more easily than Element C does.
[1]
(g) All elements in Group 0 have their outermost shell electron shells fully-filled. [1]
This accounts for their stability.

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(h) The formula of the compound is GH2. [1] It is an ionic compound. [1]
(i) The compound is silicon(IV) oxide. [1] It has a giant covalent structure. [1]
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Given the following information about two elements X and Y of the same group.

Element Atomic number Relative atomic mass

X 17 35.5
Y 35 79.9

(a) Deduce the group number of the two elements based on the information given.

(b) State the names, colours and physical states at room conditions of the element X
and Y.

(c) Explain why the relative atomic masses of the elements are not integers.

(d) With the aid of electron diagrams (showing only the outermost shell electrons),
explain how element X can form
(i) an ionic compound with sodium, and

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(ii) a covalent compound with hydrogen.

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(a) Atomic number of element X is 17, which is equal to the number of protons in an
atom. [1] As atom is electrically neutral, so there are 17 electrons in the atom of
X. [1] The electronic arrangement of atom X is 2,8,7, [1] there are 7 outermost
shell electrons in the atom, so it belongs to Group VII. [1] As element Y belongs
to the same group as element X, so element Y also belongs to Group VII. [1]
(b) Element X is chlorine, a greenish yellow gas. [2] Element Y is bromine, a dark
red liquid. [2]
(c) The relative atomic masses are not integers because of the existence of isotopes
in the elements. [1] Relative atomic mass of an element is the weighted average
of the relative isotopic masses of the element. [1]
(d) (i) A sodium atom transfers one electron to a chlorine atom and both can attain
the stable octet structure. [1] Thus, Na+ ion and Cl ion are formed and they
are held together by ionic bond. [1]

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[1]

(ii) Hydrogen and chlorine atom each contributes one electron for sharing to
form a covalent bond, and both get the electronic arrangements of the
nearest noble gases. [1]

[1]
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Write a chemical formula and draw an electron diagram for each of the following
compounds.
(a) Sodium chloride

(b) Carbon dioxide

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(c) Calcium oxide

(d) Water

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(a) NaCl [1]
+

Na Cl
[1]
(b) CO2 [1]

O C O
[1]
(c) CaO [1]
2+ 2

Ca O
[1]
(d) H2O [1]

H O H
[1]
##

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Hydrogen reacts with oxygen to form a compound X.

(a) Name the compound formed between hydrogen and oxygen.

(b) Is it an ionic or covalent compound?

(c) Write the molecular formula of the compound X.

(d) Draw the electron diagram of compound X.

(e) Write down the number of bond pairs and lone pairs on the oxygen atom in
compound X.

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(a) Water [1]
(b) Covalent compound [1]
(c) H2O [1]
(d)

H O H
[1]
(e) Two bond pairs [1] and two lone pairs [1].
##

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G is the only liquid non-metal element in the Periodic Table.
(Look up the Periodic Table, and use the real chemical symbol to answer this

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question.)
(a) Name the element G.

(b) State the colour of G.

(c) What is the group number of G?

(d) Give the chemical formula and electron diagram (showing only the outermost
shell electrons) of element G at room conditions.

(e) Can G form a compound of any kind with the element just next to it in the
Periodic Table? Explain your answer.

(f) G reacts with the element just above it in the Periodic Table to give compound A.
(i) Write the chemical formula of compound A.

(ii) Draw the electron diagram of compound A (showing only the outermost
shell electrons).

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(g) G reacts with a Group II element of the same period to form another compound
B.
(i) Write the chemical formula of compound B.

(ii) Draw the electron diagram of compound B (showing only the outermost
shell electrons).

(h) Which compound, A (in (f)) or B (in (g)), has a higher melting point? Explain
your answer.

(i) State and explain whether compound B is an electrolyte.

(Hints: Refer to the Periodic Table if necessary.)

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(a) Bromine [1]
(b) Dark red [1]

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(c) Group VII [1]

(d) Br2 [1]

[1]

(e) No, [1] the element just next to Br is a noble gas which is unreactive. The atoms
of this noble gas have fully-filled outermost electron shells. [1] They will not
lose, gain or share electrons with other atoms to form bonds. [1]
(f) (i) ClBr / BrCl [1]
(ii)

[1]

(g) (i) CaBr2 [1]

(ii)

[1]

(h) Compound B has a higher melting point. [1]

Compound B is an ionic compound, and ions are held together by strong ionic
bonds. [1] To melt this compound, a lot of energy is needed to break the ionic
bonds and separate the ions, thus, compound B has a higher melting point. [1]
Compound A has a lower melting point. [1]
Compound A is a molecular substance and molecules are held together by weak
intermolecular forces. [1] To melt this compound, little energy is needed to
overcome these forces and separate the molecules, thus, compound A has a lower
melting point. [1].
(i) Compound B is an electrolyte. [1] In the solid state, the ions of compound B are

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not mobile, so they cannot conduct electricity. [1] But when molten or in
aqueous solution, ions become mobile and conduct electricity, so it is an
electrolyte. [1]
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Four elements are represented by the letters P, Q, R and S. They have atomic numbers
less than 20 and belong to Groups I, IV, VI and VII of the Periodic Table respectively.
(a) What is the number of outermost shell electrons in an atom of P, Q, R and S?

(b) Which element is a metal?

(c) Write a formula for the compound formed between the following elements:
(i) P and R

(ii) P and S

(iii) Q and R

(iv) Q and S

(d) Draw electron diagrams for the compounds formed in (c), showing electrons in
the outermost shell only.
(i)

(ii)

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(iii)

(iv)

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##
(a) 1, 4, 6, 7 [2]
(b) P [1]
(c) (i) P2R [1]
(ii) PS [1]
(iii) QR2 [1]
(iv) QS4 [1]
(d) (i)

[1]
(ii)

[1]
(iii)

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[1]
(iv)

[1]
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Elements P, Q, R and S (letters only, not chemical symbols) have atomic numbers of
11, 6, 17 and 10 respectively. Write the formula of the compound (if any) you would
expect to form between the following elements.
(a) P and S

(b) P and R

(c) Q and R

(d) Q and S

In each product, state all the attractive forces you would expect to find between the
particles in the solid state.

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(a) P and S do not react. [2]
(b) PR; ionic bond [2]
(c) QR4; covalent bonds within molecule; van der Waals' forces between molecules
[2]

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(d) Q and S do not react。 [2]

##

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In each of the following cases, state whether the substance consists of atoms,
molecules or ions:
(a) bromine

(b) zinc

(c) carbon dioxide

(d) magnesium sulphate

(e) carbon

(f) sulphur dioxide

(h) potassium sulphide

[8M]
##
(a) molecules [1]
(b) atoms [1]
(c) molecules [1]
(d) ions [1]
(e) atoms [1]
(f) molecules [1]
(g) atoms [1]
(h) ions [1]
##

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(a) Identify the sketches shown as representing:

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B
A

(i) (ii)

D E
C

(iii) (iv) (v)

(i) Metal

(ii) Noble gas

(iii) Ionic substance

(iv) Covalent substances

(v) Sodium chloride

(vi) Oxygen

(vii) Water

(viii)Neon

(b) Identify the particles A, B, C, D and E by name, and state whether they are atoms
or ions.

[10M]

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##
(a) (i) (i) [1]
(ii) (v) [1]
(iii) (ii) [1]
(iv) (iii), (iv) [1]
(v) (ii) [1]
(vi) (iii) [1]
(vii) (iv) [1]
(viii)(v) [1]
(b) A: chloride ion; B: sodium ion; C: oxygen atom; D: hydrogen atom; E: neon
atom [2]
##

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