Code No: RR211801 Set No.

1
II B.Tech I Semester Supplimentary Examinations, February 2008
PHYSICAL METALLURGY
(Metallurgy & Material Technology)
Time: 3 hours Max Marks: 80
Answer any FIVE Questions
All Questions carry equal marks
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1. (a) With a neat line diagram of scanning electron microscope, explain the working
principle involved in it.
(b) Mention the advantages associated with scanning electron microscope.[10+6]

2. (a) With a neat sketch, show the octahedral positions in FCC structure. Also
calculate the radius of the octahedral void in the FCC structure relative to
the radius of the atom.
(b) What is stacking sequence? Write the stacking sequence for FCC and HCP
metals. [10+6]

3. (a) What is allotropy? Discuss various allotropic forms of iron and their proper-
ties.
(b) Explain why increase of pressure may give allotropic transformation to close
packed structure? [8+8]

4. Justify the following statements:

(a) Lattice parameter of the solvent metal always increase when it forms an in-
terstitial solid solution.
(b) A perfect super lattice is possible only at a critical and simple proportion of
two types of atoms.
(c) Zn dissolves up to 38.4% in Cu, where as Cu dissolves up to only 3%.
(d) It is difficult to distinguish a pure metal from a solid solution under microscope.
[4x4=16]

5. (a) Explain why is the grain boundary irregular.

(b) Distinguish clearly between low angle, grain boundary and high angle grain
boundary. [6+10]

6. Aluminum (melting point 6600 C) and silicon (melting point 14200 C) are assumed
to be completely soluble in the liquid state and completely insoluble in the solid
state. They form an Eutectic at 5780 C, the Eutectic composition being 13% silicon
and 87% Aluminum. Draw to the scale the phase diagram of the alloy system Al-Si,
labeling the lines, fields and points. Describe the changes which take place during
fall of temperature for an A1-5% Si alloy. Draw the cooling curve for this alloy.[16]

7. (a) What is an Equilibrium diagram & mention its importance.

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Code No: RR211801 Set No. 1
(b) For an alloy of 0.3% carbon steel draw the cooling curve & microstructure at
room temperature. [8+8]

8. (a) Draw the T-T-T diagram for a eutectoid steel label the various regions &
lines. Explain the effect of various elements on the position and shape of
T-T-T diagram..
(b) Explain the Pearlitic & Martensitic transformation. [8+8]

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Code No: RR211801 Set No. 2
II B.Tech I Semester Supplimentary Examinations, February 2008
PHYSICAL METALLURGY
(Metallurgy & Material Technology)
Time: 3 hours Max Marks: 80
Answer any FIVE Questions
All Questions carry equal marks
⋆⋆⋆⋆⋆

1. Give an account on the following:

(a) Condenser system

(b) Light filters
(c) Objective lens [6+5+5]

2. (a) What is coordination number? Discuss with suitable examples.

(b) Prove that the FCC metals are more closely packed than BCC metals. [8+8]

3. (a) What is allotropy? Discuss various allotropic forms of iron and their proper-
ties.
(b) Explain why increase of pressure may give allotropic transformation to close
packed structure? [8+8]

4. (a) Explain briefly the effect of alloying elements on the properties of steel as a
substitutional and interstitial alloying element.
(b) Give a detailed account of chemical compounds and size factor compounds.
[8+8]

5. (a) Distinguish fully between Homogenous nucleation’s and heterogeneous nucle-

ation for the solidification of a pure metal.
(b) During solidification explain how does the degree of under cooling affect the
critical nucleus size? Assume Homogeneous nucleation. [8+8]

6. Two metals A & B have melting points 7500 C and 5000 C respectively. They form an
Eutectic at 75% B which melts at 4000 C. Their solubilities at Eutectic temperature
are 20% B in A and 10%A in B and 00 C, 5% B in A and 2% A in B. From the
above information draw the equilibrium diagram for the system, clearly showing
all phases present from the diagram determine what structures would be obtained
in slowly cooled alloys of the following compositias at room. Temperature.

(a) 40% B
(b) 75% B
(c) 99% B. [16]

7. Explain the following

(a) Eutectiod & peritectiod reactions in Fe-Fe3 C diagram.

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Code No: RR211801 Set No. 2
(b) Effect of Alloying elements on steel. [8+8]

8. (a) Draw the T-T-T diagram for a eutectoid steel label the various regions &
lines. Explain the effect of various elements on the position and shape of
T-T-T diagram..
(b) Explain the Pearlitic & Martensitic transformation. [8+8]

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Code No: RR211801 Set No. 3
II B.Tech I Semester Supplimentary Examinations, February 2008
PHYSICAL METALLURGY
(Metallurgy & Material Technology)
Time: 3 hours Max Marks: 80
Answer any FIVE Questions
All Questions carry equal marks
⋆⋆⋆⋆⋆

1. (a) With a neat line diagram of scanning electron microscope, explain the working
principle involved in it.
(b) Mention the advantages associated with scanning electron microscope.[10+6]

2. (a) With a neat sketch, show the octahedral positions in FCC structure. Also
calculate the radius of the octahedral void in the FCC structure relative to
the radius of the atom.
(b) What is stacking sequence? Write the stacking sequence for FCC and HCP
metals. [10+6]

3. (a) Discuss polymorphism and allotropy with suitable examples.

(b) Explain stepwise determination of Miller indices of a plane with an example.
(c) Explain why gold, copper and aluminium exhibit good ductility. [4+6+6]

4. (a) Find out electron-to-atom ratio for the following compositions.

Ag3 Al, Cu5 Zn8 , Cu9 Al4 , CuZn3 and Cu3 Sn
(b) Discuss various types of solid solutions. [8+8]

5. (a) Suppose that the solid nickel was able to nucleate homogeneously with an
under cooling of only 220 C. How many atoms would have the group together
spontaneously for this to occur.
Assume that the lattice parameter of the solid FCC nickel is 0.356 nm.
Data
Nickel freezing temperature : 14530 C
Surface energy : 255 × 10−3 J/m2
Latent heat of fusion : 2756 × 106 J/m2
(b) Explain the difference between planar growth and dendritic growth. [8+8]

6. The following data apply to binary system of A and B. Melting point of pure
A is 10500 C and pure B 19000 C. At 12500 C, the solid solution (50% B), the β-
solid solution (80% B) and liquid (30% B) are in 3- phase equilibrium. At room
temperature, the maximum solubility of B in α- phase is 30% and the maximum
solubility of A in β-phase is 10%.

(a) Sketch the phase diagram of A and B showing the phases present in each area
of the diagram.
(b) What is the reaction that takes place at 12500 C?

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Code No: RR211801 Set No. 3
(c) What are the weight fractions of the phases present in a material of overall
composition 75% B at 12500 C, 12490 C at room temperature? [16]

7. Distinguish between peritectoid & Eutectoid reaction. What is the practical im-
portance of the alloys undergoing these transformations [with examples] [16]

8. (a) Draw the T-T-T diagram for a eutectoid steel label the various regions &
lines. Explain the effect of various elements on the position and shape of
T-T-T diagram..
(b) Explain the Pearlitic & Martensitic transformation. [8+8]

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Code No: RR211801 Set No. 4
II B.Tech I Semester Supplimentary Examinations, February 2008
PHYSICAL METALLURGY
(Metallurgy & Material Technology)
Time: 3 hours Max Marks: 80
Answer any FIVE Questions
All Questions carry equal marks
⋆⋆⋆⋆⋆

1. (a) What are the fundamental assumptions and laws on which light optical theory
depends? Briefly explain each one of them.
(b) Differentiate between upright and inverted microscopes. [10+6]

2. (a) Define octahedral and tetrahedral sites and discuss with reference to BCC and
FCC structures.
(b) Give an account on bonding and material property. [8+8]

3. (a) Define planar density and estimate the planar density value of (111) plane in
BCC and FCC unit cells. Support with due calculations.
(b) Which crystallographic planes and directions in BCC, FCC and HCP struc-
tures have highest atomic density? [8+8]

4. (a) What is the necessity of alloying?

(b) Distinguish between substitutional and interstitial solid solutions.
(c) Explain the Hume-Rothery rules for the formation of extensive solid solution.
[2+6+8]

5. (a) What is coring? Which alloys show cored structure and under what condi-
tions?
(b) Is coring describle? If no explain methods of eliminating coring? [8+8]

6. Bismush (Melting point 2700 C) and cadmium (melting point 3200 C) are assumed
to be completely soluble in liquid state and completely insoluble in the solid state
they form an eutectic at 1450 C containing 40% cadmium.

(a) Draw the phase diagram to scale an a graph paper labelling all points, lines
and areas.
(b) For an alloy containing 70% cadmium.
i. Give the temperature of initial solidification.
ii. Give the temperature of final solidification.
iii. Give the chemical composition and relative amonts of the phases present
at a temperature 400 C below the liquids.
iv. Sketch the Microstructure at room temperature.
v. Draw the cooling curve for the alloy. [8+8]
7. (a) What is an Equilibrium diagram & mention its importance.

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Code No: RR211801 Set No. 4
(b) For an alloy of 0.3% carbon steel draw the cooling curve & microstructure at
room temperature. [8+8]

8. (a) Draw the T-T-T diagram for a eutectoid steel label the various regions &
lines. Explain the effect of various elements on the position and shape of
T-T-T diagram..
(b) Explain the Pearlitic & Martensitic transformation. [8+8]

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