NETWORKING 2011

REPORT ON
IP ADDRESS, CLASSES
AND DNS

Submitted to: - submitted by:-

Mrs. Sumati Sudarshan Singh

Computer science faculty Brahamjot Kaur

Gagandeep Singh (239)

Gagandeep Singh (238)
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INTRODUCTION

IP stands for Internet Protocol. It is the method by which data is transmitted over the
Internet. An Internet Protocol address (IP address) is a numerical label assigned to each
device (e.g., computer, printer) participating in a computer network that uses the Internet
Protocol for communication. An IP address serves two principal functions: host or network
interface identification and location addressing.

WHAT IS IP ADDRESS?

An IP (Internet Protocol) address is a unique identifier for a node or host connection on an

IP network. An IP address is a 32 bit binary number usually represented as 4 decimal
values, each representing 8 bits, in the range 0 to 255 (known as octets) separated by
decimal points. This is known as "dotted decimal" notation.

Example: 140.179.220.200

An IP address is a fascinating product of modern computer technology designed to allow

one computer (or other digital device) to communicate with another via the Internet. IP
addresses allow the location of literally billions of digital devices that are connected to the
Internet to be pinpointed and differentiated from other devices. In the same sense that
someone needs your mailing address to send you a letter, a remote computer needs your IP
address to communicate with your computer.

"IP" stands for Internet Protocol, so an IP address is an Internet Protocol address. What
does that mean? An Internet Protocol is a set of rules that govern Internet activity and
facilitate completion of a variety of actions on the World Wide Web. Therefore an Internet
Protocol address is part of the systematically laid out interconnected grid that governs online
communication by identifying both initiating devices and various Internet destinations,
thereby making two-way communication possible.
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FORMAT OF IP ADDRESS

An IP address is a 32-bit sequence of 1s and 0s.

This way of writing the address is called the dotted decimal format.

IP VERSIONS

Two versions of the Internet Protocol (IP) are in use:

 IP Version 4
 IP Version 6

TYPES OF IP ADDRESS

There are two types of ip address:-

 Static address
 Dynamic address
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Static address

Static address is the address which is manually input by network administrator.

It is being manageable for small networks and it requires careful check to avoid duplication.

Dynamic address

Dynamic IP addresses are most frequently assigned on LANs and broadband networks by
Dynamic Host Configuration Protocol (DHCP) servers. It is derived automatically from the
range of addresses.
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CLASSES

The designers of the Internet decided to create classes of networks based on network size.

There are different categories of classes:-

• Class A addresses begin with 0xxx, or 1 to 126 decimal.

• Class B addresses begin with 10xx, or 128 to 191 decimal.

• Class C addresses begin with 110x, or 192 to 223 decimal.

• Class D addresses begin with 1110, or 224 to 239 decimal.

• Class E addresses begin with 1111, or 240 to 254 decimal.

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WHAT IS DNS?

The Domain Name System (DNS) is a hierarchical naming system built on a distributed database for
computers, services, or any resource connected to the Internet or a private network. It associates
various information with domain names assigned to each of the participating entities. Most
importantly, it translates domain names meaningful to humans into the numerical identifiers
associated with networking equipment for the purpose of locating and addressing these devices
worldwide.

An often-used analogy to explain the Domain Name System is that it serves as the phone book for
the Internet by translating human-friendly computer hostnames into IP addresses. For example, the
domain name www.example.com translates to the addresses 192.0.32.10

TYPES OF DOMAINS

Every domain name is registered under a TLD of some kind, and the following section
describes those TLDs in more detail.

• gTLD – Generic Top-Level Domains are the most common and the most sought after
names. These include .com, .net, .org, .biz, .info, and several others.

• ccTLD – Country Code Top-Level Domains that were created specifically for a single
country’s use. That country can put any sort of restrictions on it that they choose.
Some countries only allow citizens to register domains under their ccTLD. Other
countries ‘rent’ their TLD out for use by the global public, as in the case with .cc, the
official ccTLD for the Cocos Islands, .ws, the official ccTLD for Western Samoa,
and .tv, the official ccTLD for Tuvalu.
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• sTLD – Sponsored Top-Level Domains are actually a subdivision of gTLDs. These

names are controlled by specific agencies within an industry. For example, .museum
is a sTLD regulated by the Museum Domain Management Association. They reserve
the TLD for museum websites.

• uTLD – Unsponsored Top-Level Domains consist of all the gTLDs that aren’t
sponsored. That would include .com and .info. This term is very rarely used.
Generally, when someone refers to a generic TLD, they are talking about the
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unsponsored ones.
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WORKING OF D N S
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1:- a DNS request for www.techsmb.ca is made.

2:- DNS server does not have the record , asks CIRA who is the domain authority.

3:-CIRA responds with DNS authority.

4:-DNS server requests IP address for host “www” form domain authority servers.

5:-domain authority servers respond with IP address of www.techsmb.ca .

6:- user’s DNS server respond with IP address.

7:-A request is made (HTTP in this case) using this IP address.

8:- the server at 67.215.193.69 responds to the request.

EXAMPLE OF COLLEGE

AS TOLD ABOVE IN CLASSES THAT IP ADDRESS OF CLASS C IS USED FOR PRIVATE

LAN’S

THE I P ADDRESS OS P C T E CAMPUS 2 STARTS FROM

192.168.2.1 FOR FCAULTY MEMBERS AND LAB’S

AND FOR STUDENT WIFI CONNECTION IT STARTS WITH

192.168.4.1

HOW IP ADDRESS IS ALLOCATED

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THE STUDENT WHO WATS TO AVAIL THE FICILITY OF COLLEGE WIFI

CONNECTIONS NEEDS TO WRITE AN APPLICATION AND GET IT SIGNED FROM THE
CLASS IN CHARGE.

AFTER SHOWING THE SAME TO THE LAB . ASSISTANT

THE FREE I P ADDRESS WILL BE ALLOCATED TO THE STUDENT AND IT WILL BE

SAME AS THE STUDENT HAS ITS LOGIN AND USES IT IN COLLEGE LABS
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