TOS 1 Introduction

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STRUCTURAL THEORY 1 STRUCTURAL THEORY 1
1. Types of Structures and Loads 6. Influence Lines for Statically Determinate Structures
 Introduction  Influence Lines
 Classification of Structures  Influence Lines for Beams
 Loads  Influence Lines for Trusses
 Structural Design  Maximum Influence at a Point due to a Series of Concentrated Loads
2. Analysis of Statically Determinate Structures

 Idealized Structure
 Determinacy and Stability
 Equations of Equilibrium
 Application of the Equations of Static Equilibrium
CIEN 3144 STRUCTURAL THEORY 1 CIEN 3144 STRUCTURAL THEORY 1
1. Types of Structures and Loads
STRUCTURAL THEORY 1
3. Analysis of Statically Determinate Trusses

 Common Type of Trusses
 Classification of Coplanar Trusses
 The Method of Joints


Zero-Force Members
The Method of Sections
1. TYPES OF STRUCTURES AND LOADS
 Compound Trusses
 Complex Trusses
 Space Trusses
1. Types of Structures and Loads
STRUCTURAL THEORY 1  INTRODUCTION
Structure - a system of connected parts used to support a load.

4. Internal Loadings Developed in Structural Members Important examples: Important to account:
 Internal Loadings at a Specified Point
 Shear and Moment Functions ‣ Buildings ‣ Safety
 Shear and Moment Diagrams for a Beam ‣ Bridges ‣ Esthetics
 Shear and Moment Diagrams for a Frame ‣ Towers ‣ Serviceability
 Moment Diagrams Constructed by the Method of Superposition ‣ Economic constraints
‣ Environmental
5. Cables and Arches
constraints
 Cables Subjected to Concentrated Loads
 Cables Subjected to a Uniform Distributed Load
 Three-Hinged Arches
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1. Types of Structures and Loads 1. Types of Structures and Loads
 CLASSIFICATION OF STRUCTURES  CLASSIFICATION OF STRUCTURES
Structural Elements Structural Elements
TIE RODS BEAMS

- structural members subjected to tensile force - usually straight horizontal members used primarily to carry vertical
loads
rod bar
angle channel
TIE RODS COLUMNS

- structural members subjected to tensile force - members that are generally vertical and resist axial compressive
loads (and bending)
BEAMS COLUMNS
- usually straight horizontal members used primarily to carry vertical - members that are generally vertical and resist axial compressive
loads loads (and bending)
simply supported beam cantilever beam
fixed-supported beam continuous beam
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Types of Structures Types of Structures
TRUSS CABLES
- structures that consist of two-force members only, where the - structures that are usually flexible and carry their loads in tension.
members are organized so that the assemblage as a whole behaves Unlike tension ties, however, the external load us not applied along
as a single object. the axis of the cable, and consequently the cable takes a form that
has a defined sag.
compression
tension
TRUSS ARCHES
- structures that consist of two-force members only, where the - structures that achieve its strength in compression. Arches must be
members are organized so that the assemblage as a whole behaves rigid, however, in order to maintain their shape, and this results in
as a single object. secondary loadings involving shear and moment.
CABLES ARCHES
- structures that are usually flexible and carry their loads in tension. - structures that achieve its strength in compression. Arches must be
Unlike tension ties, however, the external load is not applied along rigid, however, in order to maintain their shape, and this results in
the axis of the cable, and consequently the cable takes a form that secondary loadings involving shear and moment.
has a defined sag.
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 CLASSIFICATION OF STRUCTURES  LOADS
Types of Structures Design Codes
FRAMES National Structural Code of the Philippines (NSCP) 2015

- often used in buildings and re composed of beams and columns that Volume I – Buildings, Towers, and Other Vertical Structures
are either pin or fixed connected.
National Structural Code of the Philippines (NSCP)
Volume II – Bridges
DPWH Design Guidelines, Criteria, and Standards 2015

Volume 5 – Bridge Design
Volume 6 – Public Buildings and Other Related Structures
Types of Structures Dead Loads
FRAMES Dead loads consists of the weights of the various structural members
- often used in buildings and are composed of beams and columns and the weight of any objects that are permanently attached to the
that are either pin or fixed connected. structure.
Types of Structures Dead Loads
SURFACE STRUCTURE
- made from a material having very small thickness compared to its
other dimensions.
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 LOADS  LOADS
Dead Loads Wind Loads
When structures block the flow of wind, the wind’s kinetic energy is
converted into potential energy of pressure, which causes a wind
loading.
 LOADS  LOADS
Sample Problem No. 1 Wind Loads
A floor beam is used to support the 1.83 m width of a lightweight plain

concrete slab having a thickness of 102 mm. The slab serves as a
portion of the ceiling for the floor below, and therefore its bottom is
coated with plaster. Furthermore, a 2.44-m high, 305-mm thick
lightweight solid concrete block wall is directly over the top flange of
the beam. Determine the loading on the beam measured per meter
length of the beam.
 LOADS  LOADS
Live Loads Earthquake Loads
Live loads can vary both in their magnitude and location. They may be Earthquakes produce loadings on a structure through its interaction
caused by the weight of objects temporarily placed on a structure, with the ground and its response characteristics. These loadings result
moving vehicles, or natural forces. from the structure’s distortion caused by the ground’s motion and the
lateral resistance of the structure.
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 LOADS  LOADS
Earthquake Loads Other Natural Loads
Several other types of live loads may also have to be considered in the
design of a structure, depending on its location or use. These include
the effect of blast, temperature changes, and differential settlement of
the foundation.
 LOADS  STRUCTURAL DESIGN
Hydrostatic and Soil Pressure Load Combinations
When structures are used to retain water, soil, or granular materials, the Whenever a structure is designed, it is important to give consideration
pressure developed by these loadings becomes an important criterion to both material and load uncertainties.
for their designs.
1. Types of Structures and Loads 2. Analysis of Statically Determinate Structures
 LOADS
Hydrostatic and Soil Pressure
When structures are used to retain water, soil, or granular materials, the
pressure developed by these loadings becomes an important criterion
for their designs.
2. ANALYSIS OF STATICALLY
DETERMINATE STRUCTURES
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2. Analysis of Statically Determinate Structures 2. Analysis of Statically Determinate Structures
 IDEALIZED STRUCTURES  IDEALIZED STRUCTURES
Support Connections Support Connections
IDEALIZED MODELS IDEALIZED MODELS
P
P
L/2 L/2
L/2 L/2
typical “pin-supported” typical “fixed-supported”

connection detail connection detail actual beam idealized beam
IDEALIZED MODELS SUPPORTS FOR COPLANAR STRUCTURES
Type of Connection Idealized Symbol Reaction
(1) light cable
(2)
rollers
typical “roller-supported” typical “fixed-supported”

connection detail connection detail rocker
IDEALIZED MODELS
pin support pin-connected joint fixed support fixed-connected joint
torsional spring support torsional spring joint light cables

rollers & rocker
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SUPPORTS FOR COPLANAR STRUCTURES SUPPORTS FOR COPLANAR STRUCTURES
Type of Connection Idealized Symbol Reaction Type of Connection Idealized Symbol Reaction
(3) smooth contact surface (7)
slider
(4) smooth pin-connected collar
fixed-connected
collar
SUPPORTS FOR COPLANAR STRUCTURES
Type of Connection Idealized Symbol Reaction
(5) smooth pin or hinge
(6) fixed support
fixed-connected collar
Support Connections Idealized Structure
IDEALIZED MODELS
smooth pin or hinge fixed support
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Idealized Structure Tributary Loadings
IDEALIZED MODELS ONE-WAY SYSTEM
4.8 kN/m2
3m 1.5m
1.5m
Idealized Structure Tributary Loadings
IDEALIZED MODELS TWO-WAY SYSTEM
3m 4.8 kN/m2
3m
2. Analysis of Statically Determinate Structures
 IDEALIZED STRUCTURES
Idealized Structure
IDEALIZED MODELS
CIEN 3144 STRUCTURAL THEORY 1

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6/26/2018

STRUCTURAL THEORY 1 STRUCTURAL THEORY 1

2. Analysis of Statically Determinate Structures

CIEN 3144 STRUCTURAL THEORY 1 CIEN 3144 STRUCTURAL THEORY 1

1. Types of Structures and Loads

3. Analysis of Statically Determinate Trusses

CIEN 3144 STRUCTURAL THEORY 1 CIEN 3144 STRUCTURAL THEORY 1

1. Types of Structures and Loads

STRUCTURAL THEORY 1  INTRODUCTION

Structure - a system of connected parts used to support a load.

CIEN 3144 STRUCTURAL THEORY 1 CIEN 3144 STRUCTURAL THEORY 1

1. Types of Structures and Loads 1. Types of Structures and Loads

 CLASSIFICATION OF STRUCTURES  CLASSIFICATION OF STRUCTURES

Structural Elements Structural Elements

TIE RODS BEAMS

CIEN 3144 STRUCTURAL THEORY 1 CIEN 3144 STRUCTURAL THEORY 1

1. Types of Structures and Loads 1. Types of Structures and Loads

 CLASSIFICATION OF STRUCTURES  CLASSIFICATION OF STRUCTURES

Structural Elements Structural Elements

TIE RODS COLUMNS

CIEN 3144 STRUCTURAL THEORY 1 CIEN 3144 STRUCTURAL THEORY 1

1. Types of Structures and Loads 1. Types of Structures and Loads

 CLASSIFICATION OF STRUCTURES  CLASSIFICATION OF STRUCTURES

Structural Elements Structural Elements

simply supported beam cantilever beam

fixed-supported beam continuous beam

CIEN 3144 STRUCTURAL THEORY 1 CIEN 3144 STRUCTURAL THEORY 1

1. Types of Structures and Loads 1. Types of Structures and Loads

 CLASSIFICATION OF STRUCTURES  CLASSIFICATION OF STRUCTURES

Types of Structures Types of Structures

CIEN 3144 STRUCTURAL THEORY 1 CIEN 3144 STRUCTURAL THEORY 1

1. Types of Structures and Loads 1. Types of Structures and Loads

 CLASSIFICATION OF STRUCTURES  CLASSIFICATION OF STRUCTURES

Types of Structures Types of Structures

CIEN 3144 STRUCTURAL THEORY 1 CIEN 3144 STRUCTURAL THEORY 1

1. Types of Structures and Loads 1. Types of Structures and Loads

 CLASSIFICATION OF STRUCTURES  CLASSIFICATION OF STRUCTURES

Types of Structures Types of Structures

CIEN 3144 STRUCTURAL THEORY 1 CIEN 3144 STRUCTURAL THEORY 1

1. Types of Structures and Loads 1. Types of Structures and Loads

 CLASSIFICATION OF STRUCTURES  LOADS

Types of Structures Design Codes

FRAMES National Structural Code of the Philippines (NSCP) 2015

DPWH Design Guidelines, Criteria, and Standards 2015

CIEN 3144 STRUCTURAL THEORY 1 CIEN 3144 STRUCTURAL THEORY 1

1. Types of Structures and Loads 1. Types of Structures and Loads

 CLASSIFICATION OF STRUCTURES  LOADS

Types of Structures Dead Loads

CIEN 3144 STRUCTURAL THEORY 1 CIEN 3144 STRUCTURAL THEORY 1

1. Types of Structures and Loads 1. Types of Structures and Loads

 CLASSIFICATION OF STRUCTURES  LOADS

Types of Structures Dead Loads

CIEN 3144 STRUCTURAL THEORY 1 CIEN 3144 STRUCTURAL THEORY 1

1. Types of Structures and Loads 1. Types of Structures and Loads

Dead Loads Wind Loads

CIEN 3144 STRUCTURAL THEORY 1 CIEN 3144 STRUCTURAL THEORY 1

1. Types of Structures and Loads 1. Types of Structures and Loads

Sample Problem No. 1 Wind Loads

A floor beam is used to support the 1.83 m width of a lightweight plain

CIEN 3144 STRUCTURAL THEORY 1 CIEN 3144 STRUCTURAL THEORY 1

1. Types of Structures and Loads 1. Types of Structures and Loads

Live Loads Earthquake Loads

CIEN 3144 STRUCTURAL THEORY 1 CIEN 3144 STRUCTURAL THEORY 1

1. Types of Structures and Loads 1. Types of Structures and Loads