Chapter: 8 Case Study: 31

Almia, Francis M.
Roots of Equation
8.31 The resistivity ρ of doped silicon is based on the charge q on an electron, the electron
density n, and the electron mobility μ. The electron density is given in terms of the doping density
N and the intrinsic carrier density n_i . The electron mobility is described by the temperature T,
the reference temperature T_0, and the reference mobility μ_0. The equations required to
compute the resistivity are

𝜌=1/𝑞𝑛𝜇

Where
𝑛=1/2 (𝑁+√(𝑁^2+4𝑛_𝑖^2 )) 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝜇=𝜇_0 (𝑇/𝑇_( 0) )^(−2.42)

Determine N, given

𝑇_0=300 𝐾, 𝑇=1000 𝐾, 𝜇_0=1300 〖𝑐𝑚〗 ^2 〖 (𝑉 𝑠) 〗 ^(−1)

𝑞=1.6 𝑥 〖 10 〗 ^(−19) 𝐶, 𝑛_𝑖=6.21 𝑥 〖 10 〗 ^9 〖𝑐𝑚〗 ^(−3)

and a desired

𝜌=6 𝑥 〖 10 〗 ^6 𝑉 𝑠 𝑐𝑚/𝐶

Use (a) bisection and (b) modified secant method.

 Given:
𝑉(𝑥)=20[〈𝑥−0〉^1−〈𝑥−5〉^1 ]−15〈𝑥−8〉^0−57
〈𝑥−𝑎〉^𝑛={■8((𝑥−𝑎)^𝑛&𝑤ℎ𝑒𝑛 𝑥>𝑎@0&𝑤ℎ𝑒𝑛 𝑥≤𝑎)}

General Beam Moment Equation:

𝑀(𝑥)=−10[〈𝑥−0〉^2−〈𝑥−5〉^2 ]+15〈𝑥−8〉^1+150〈𝑥−7〉^0+57𝑥

Find: The root "x" where moment is zero

Find root: Use Graphical Method (Computer Generated)

 Computation Solutio
(1) Solving for electron mobility (u):

_0 (𝑇/𝑇_( 0) )^(−2.42)=1300 〖𝑐𝑚〗 ^2 〖 (𝑉 𝑠) 〗 ^(−1) (1000𝐾/300𝐾)^(−2.42)=70.56 〖 𝑐𝑚〗 ^2 〖 (𝑉 𝑠) 〗 ^(−1)

𝜇=70.56 〖 𝑐𝑚〗 ^2 〖 (𝑉 𝑠) 〗 ^(−1)

(2) Solving for electron density (n):

𝜌=1/𝑞𝑛𝜇→𝑛=1/𝑞𝜌𝜇

𝑛=1/(1.6 𝑥 〖 10 〗 ^(−19) 𝐶)(6 𝑥 〖 10 〗 ^6 𝑉 𝑠 𝑐𝑚/𝐶)(70.56 〖 𝑐𝑚〗 ^2 〖 (𝑉 𝑠) 〗 ^(−1) )

𝑛=1.476284958 ∗ 〖 10 〗 ^10 𝑐𝑚
mputation Solution
(3) Computing for electron density f(N):

𝑉 𝑠) 〗 ^(−1) 𝑛=1/2 (𝑁+√(𝑁^2+4𝑛_𝑖^2 ))

1.476284958 ∗ 〖 10 〗 ^10−𝑁/2−√(𝑁^2+4𝑛_𝑖^2 )/2=0

𝒇(𝑵)=1.476284958 ∗ 〖 10 〗 ^10−𝑁/2−√(𝑁^2+4(6.21 𝑥 〖 10 〗 ^9 〖𝑐𝑚〗 ^(−3) )^2 )/2

𝒇(𝑵)=1.476284958 ∗ 〖 10 〗 ^10−𝑁/2−1/2 [√(𝑁^2+1.542564 𝑥 〖 10 〗 ^20 〖𝑐𝑚〗 ^(−6) )]

𝑐𝑚〗 ^(−6) )]
 Bisection Method
𝒇(𝑵)=1.476284958 ∗ 〖 10 〗 ^10−𝑁/2−1/2 [√(𝑁^2+1.542564 𝑥 〖 10 〗 ^20 〖𝑐𝑚〗 ^(−6) )]
Equation: 𝝐_(𝒓𝒆 𝒍)=|𝑵_(𝒊+𝟏)−𝑵_𝒊 |/𝑵_(𝒊+

=1.476284958 ∗ 〖 10 〗 ^10−𝑵_𝒖/2−1/2 [√( 〖𝑵 _𝒖 〗 ^2+1.542564 𝑥 〖 10 〗 ^20 〖𝑐𝑚〗 ^(−6) )]

=1.476284958 ∗ 〖 10 〗 ^10−𝑵_𝒍/2−1/2 [√( 〖𝑵 _𝒍 〗 ^2+1.542564 𝑥 〖 10 〗 ^20 〖𝑐𝑚〗 ^(−6) )]

=1.476284958 ∗ 〖 10 〗 ^10−𝑵_𝒎/2−1/2 [√( 〖𝑵 _𝒎 〗 ^2+1.542564 𝑥 〖 10 〗 ^20 〖𝑐𝑚〗 ^(−6) )]

i 𝑵_𝒖 𝑵_𝒍 𝒇(𝑵_𝒖) 𝒇(𝑵_𝒍) 𝑵_𝒎

0 10000000000 20000000000 1790139877.52 -7008475749 15000000000
1 10000000000 15000000000 1790139877.52 -2474403626.12 12500000000
2 10000000000 12500000000 1790139877.52 -297746313.582 11250000000
3 11250000000 12500000000 759023588.252 -297746313.582 11875000000
4 11875000000 12500000000 233608996.742 -297746313.582 12187500000
5 11875000000 12187500000 233608996.742 -31353802.583 12031250000
6 12031250000 12187500000 101309698.356 -31353802.583 12109375000
7 12109375000 12187500000 35023044.8723 -31353802.583 12148437500
8 12148437500 12187500000 1845842.2815 -31353802.583 12167968750
9 12148437500 12167968750 1845842.2815 -14751181.4783 12158203125
10 12148437500 12158203125 1845842.2815 -6451969.10502 12153320313
11 12148437500 12153320312.5 1845842.2815 -2302888.18515 12150878906
12 12148437500 12150878906.3 1845842.2815 -228479.132261 12149658203
13 12149658203.1 12150878906.3 808692.531124 -228479.132261 12150268555
14 12150268554.7 12150878906.3 290109.438356 -228479.132261 12150573730
15 12150573730.5 12150878906.3 30815.8377533 -228479.132261 12150726318
16 12150573730.5 12150726318.4 30815.8377533 -98831.4760818 12150650024

thus we estimate the root to be at 𝑵 =𝟏.𝟐𝟏𝟓 〖𝒙𝟏𝟎〗 ^𝟏𝟎at 16 Iterations at tolerance err
 where:
also, let's say that
𝑚〗 ^(−6) )]
𝝐_(𝒓𝒆 𝒍)=|𝑵_(𝒊+𝟏)−𝑵_𝒊 |/𝑵_(𝒊+𝟏) ∗𝟏𝟎𝟎%

𝑵_𝒖=𝒖𝒑𝒑𝒆𝒓 𝒃𝒓𝒂𝒄𝒌𝒆𝒕

𝝐_𝒔=𝟎.𝟎𝟎𝟏% 𝒐𝒓 𝟎.𝟎𝟎𝟎𝟎𝟏
𝑵_𝒍 =𝒍𝒐𝒘𝒆𝒓 𝒃𝒓𝒂𝒄𝒌𝒆𝒕

〗 ^(−6) )]

𝒇(𝑵_𝒎) Ꜫ(rel) check if N_u = 1E+10 and

-2474403626.12 0.2 N_l = 2E+10 are good
candidates…..
-297746313.582 0.11111111111
759023588.252 0.05263157895 𝒇(𝑵_𝒖 ")"∗𝒇(𝑵_𝒍 ")"<0
233608996.742 0.02564102564 [1.79𝐸10]∗[−𝟕𝑬𝟏𝟎]<0
-31353802.583 0.01298701299
−𝟏.𝟐𝟓𝟑𝑬𝟐𝟎<𝟎→
101309698.356 0.0064516129
𝑶𝒌𝒂𝒚…
35023044.8723 0.00321543408
1845842.2815 0.00160513644
-14751181.4783 0.00080321285 where:
-6451969.10502 0.00040176778
-2302888.18515 0.00020092425
-228479.132261 0.00010047222𝑵_𝒎=(𝑵_𝒖−𝑵_𝒍)/𝟐=𝒎𝒊𝒅𝒑𝒐𝒊𝒏𝒕
808692.531124 5.02335862E-05
290109.438356 2.51161623E-05
30815.8377533 1.25579234E-05
-98831.4760818 6.27900114E-06
-34007.776371

at 16 Iterations at tolerance error of 0.0001 %

 Computation Sol
(1) Solving for electron mobility (u):

_0 (𝑇/𝑇_( 0) )^(−2.42)=1300 〖𝑐𝑚〗 ^2 〖 (𝑉 𝑠) 〗 ^(−1) (1000𝐾/300𝐾)^(−2.42)=70.56 〖 𝑐𝑚〗 ^2 〖 (𝑉 𝑠) 〗 ^(−1)

𝜇=70.56 〖 𝑐𝑚〗 ^2 〖 (𝑉 𝑠) 〗 ^(−1)

(2) Solving for electron density (n):

𝜌=1/𝑞𝑛𝜇→𝑛=1/𝑞𝜌𝜇

𝑛=1/(1.6 𝑥 〖 10 〗 ^(−19) 𝐶)(6 𝑥 〖 10 〗 ^6 𝑉 𝑠 𝑐𝑚/𝐶)(70.56 〖 𝑐𝑚〗 ^2 〖 (𝑉 𝑠) 〗 ^(−1) )

𝑛=1.476284958 ∗ 〖 10 〗 ^10 𝑐𝑚
 Computation Solution
(3) Computing for electron density f(N):

〖 (𝑉 𝑠) 〗 ^(−1) 𝑛=1/2 (𝑁+√(𝑁^2+4𝑛_𝑖^2 ))

1.476284958 ∗ 〖 10 〗 ^10−𝑁/2−√(𝑁^2+4𝑛_𝑖^2 )/2=0

𝒇(𝑵)=1.476284958 ∗ 〖 10 〗 ^10−𝑁/2−√(𝑁^2+4(6.21 𝑥 〖 10 〗 ^9 〖𝑐𝑚〗 ^(−3) )^2 )/2

𝒇(𝑵)=1.476284958 ∗ 〖 10 〗 ^10−𝑁/2−1/2 [√(𝑁^2+1.542564 𝑥 〖 10 〗 ^20 〖𝑐𝑚〗 ^(−6) )]

〗 ^9 〖𝑐𝑚〗 ^(−3) )^2 )/2

〖 10 〗 ^20 〖𝑐𝑚〗 ^(−6) )]

 Bisection Method
Equation:
𝒇(𝑵)=1.476284958 ∗ 〖 10 〗 ^10−𝑁/2−1/2 [√(𝑁^2+1.542564 𝑥 〖 10 〗 ^20 〖𝑐𝑚〗 ^(−6) )]
𝝐_(𝒓𝒆 𝒍)=|𝑵_(𝒊+𝟏)−𝑵_𝒊 |/𝑵_(𝒊+
Let:
𝑵_𝟎=𝟏𝟎𝟎𝟎𝟎𝟎𝟎𝟎𝟎𝟎

𝛿=1

i 𝑁_𝑖 𝑓(𝑁_𝑖) 𝛿𝑁_𝑖 𝑓(𝑁_𝑖+𝛿𝑁_𝑖) 𝑁_(𝑖+1)

0 1000000000 8032753272.56 1000000000 7472849580 15346669578
1 15346669578 -2781866408.29 15346669577.9 -17139313561 12373133675
2 12373133675 -189429392.89 12373133675.4 -11454363586 12165068971
3 12165068971 -12286689.235 12165068971.2 -11060660118 12151540426
4 12151540426 -790549.036034 12151540425.8 -11035083582 12150669832
5 12150669832 -50837.298027 12150669831.8 -11033437767 12150613847
6 12150613847 -3269.04264832 12150613846.6 -11033331930 12150610246
7 12150610246 -210.212100983 12150610246.5 -11033325124 12150610015

thus we estimate the root to be at𝑵 =𝟏.𝟐𝟏𝟓 〖𝒙𝟏𝟎〗 ^𝟏𝟎 at 7 Iterations at tolerance er
 where:
also, let's say that

𝑚〗 ^(−6) )]
𝝐_(𝒓𝒆 𝒍)=|𝑵_(𝒊+𝟏)−𝑵_𝒊 |/𝑵_(𝒊+𝟏) ∗𝟏𝟎𝟎%
𝝐_𝒔=𝟎.𝟎𝟎𝟏% 𝒐𝒓 𝟎.𝟎𝟎𝟎𝟎𝟏

𝝐_(𝒓𝒆 𝒍)
0.934839282560536 where:
0.240321973438377
0.017103454542571
𝑁_(𝑖+1)=𝑁_𝑖−(𝛿𝑁_𝑖 𝑓(𝑁_𝑖))/(𝑓(𝑁_𝑖+𝛿𝑁_𝑖 )−𝑓(𝑁_𝑖))
0.001113319379002
7.16498715764329E-05
4.60760894103416E-06
2.9628806661919E-07

at 7 Iterations at tolerance error of 0.0001 %

 Conclusion and Final Answer
Based on the numerical methods used namely bisection and modified secant
method, we conclude that modified secant method obtains the desired root with
lesser iterations compared to bisection method.

Bisection Method: 𝝐_𝒔=𝟎.𝟎𝟎𝟏% 𝒐𝒓 𝟎.𝟎𝟎𝟎𝟎𝟏

(A) 𝑰𝒕𝒆𝒓𝒂𝒕𝒊𝒐𝒏𝒔=𝟏𝟔 𝑵 =𝟏.𝟐𝟏𝟓 〖𝒙𝟏𝟎〗 ^𝟏𝟎

Modified Secant Method: 𝝐_𝒔=𝟎.𝟎𝟎𝟏% 𝒐𝒓 𝟎.𝟎𝟎𝟎𝟎𝟏

(B) 𝑰𝒕𝒆𝒓𝒂𝒕𝒊𝒐𝒏𝒔=𝟕 𝑵 =𝟏.𝟐𝟏𝟓 〖𝒙𝟏𝟎〗 ^𝟏𝟎

r Graph from MATLAB:
nd modified secant
the desired root with