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Client: Checked/date:
CR/December 2004
The following Codes have been used for this worked example:
BS EN 1990, Basis of Structural Design, July 2002, with UK National Annex, March 2004
BS EN 1991-1-1, Eurocode 1 – Actions on structures – Part 1.1: General actions – Densities, self-weight,
imposed loads for buildings, July 2002
BS EN 1992-1-1, Eurocode 2 – Design of concrete structures – Part 1.1: General rules and rules for
buildings, April 2003
prEN 1993-1-8, Eurocode 3 – Design of steel structures – Part 1.8: Design of joints, December 2003
prEN 10025-2, Hot rolled products of non-alloy structural steels – Part 2: Technical delivery conditions for
flat products, March 1998
The following design guidance documents have been used for this worked example:
SCI and BCSA, Joints in Steel Construction – Simple Connections, P212, 2002, SCI
BRE and Buro Happold have made every effort to ensure the accuracy and quality of all the information
in this document when first published. However, they can take no responsibility for the subsequent use
of this information, nor for any errors or omissions it may contain.
© Queen's Printer and Controller of Her Majesty's Stationery Office 2005
Project Title: Project Number: Sheet 2 of 6 Rev:
EC3 & EC4 Worked Examples 02a
Client: Checked/date:
CR/December 2004
1. Introduction
The method given in Eurocode 3 uses the same approach as BS5950-1: 2000, that is the ‘effective are
method’. The ‘T-stub model’ is used to determine the resistance in compression of the base plate and
underlying ground / concrete.
Design the base plate for a 254 x 254 x 89 UC in grade S275 steel (shown in Figure 1).
leff.2 tf
c
leff.1 tw beff.2
c
beff.1 c c
r
y y d h
tw
z
b
Figure 2. Section dimensions
Client: Checked/date:
CR/December 2004
3. Material properties
3.1. Steel
For steel grade S275 with a thickness of between 16 mm and 40 mm prEN 10025-2
2
Yield strength is fy = 265 N/mm 7.3 & Table 4
Note: The guidance given in prEN 10025-2 has been used to determine the yield strength
for steel instead of that given in Table 3.1 of EN1993-1-1, as it is assumed that the UK
National Annex to EN 1993-1-1 will specify the use of that standard instead of the values
given in Table 3.1.
3.2. Concrete
2
fck.c = 1.2 × fck = 48 N/mm
Project Title: Project Number: Sheet 4 of 6 Rev:
EC3 & EC4 Worked Examples 02
Client: Checked/date:
CR/December 2004
4. Design
4.1. Size of effective area
Determine the required dimension by considering the axial load and the strength of
the grout / concrete.
The design bearing strength of the ‘support’, considering a flange is determined from:
f jd = (! j x FRdu ) /(b eff .1 x l eff .1 ) 6.2.5(7) Eq. 6.6
Where:
beff.1 and leff.1 are shown in Figure 1.
βj is the foundation joint material coefficient
βj = 2/3 Assuming that the characteristic strength of the grout will not be less than
0.2 times that of the concrete and the thickness of the grout will not be
greater than 0.2 times the smallest width of the base plate.
FRdu is the concentrated design resistance force given in EN1992,
FRdu = A c 0 x f cd x ( A c1 / A c 0 ) ! 3 x f cd x A c 0 6.7(2) Eq. 6.63
Where:
Ac0 is the loaded area (taken as beff x leff for base plate)
Ac1 is the maximum design distribution area with a similar shape to Ac0 (defined
in Figure 6.29 of EN1992-1-1). However, for the case of a base plate A c1 = A c 0 in
order to satisfy the criteria:
• The centre of Ac1 should be in the line of action passing through the centre of
Ac0
• Areas should not overlap
Client: Checked/date:
CR/December 2004
This will provide a bearing area that is sufficiently large to avoid crushing of the
concrete under the applied axial load.
c = 41.02 mm ≥ 70 mm
≥ 49.5 mm
≥ 49.5 mm
≥ 70 mm
c = 41.02 mm
≥ 50 mm
≥ 50 mm
Therefore the size of the base plate is not governed by dimension c, rather by the
detailing requirements shown in Figure 2.
Choose plate
Width 260.3 + (49.5 x 2) + (50 x 2) = 459.3 mm say 460 mm
Length 256.3 + ( 49.5 x 2) + (50 x 2) = 455.3 mm say 460 mm
Project Title: Project Number: Sheet 1 of 13 Rev:
EC3 & EC4 Worked Examples 02
Simply supported beam with full lateral restraint – Fire Limit State
The following Eurocodes and pre-Eurocodes have been used for this worked example:
BS EN 1990, Basis of Structural Design, July 2002, with UK National Annex, March 2004
BS EN 1991-1-1, Eurocode 1 – Actions on structures – Part 1.1: General actions – Densities, self-weight,
imposed loads for buildings, July 2002
BS EN 1991-1-2, Eurocode 1 – Actions on structures – Part 1.2: General actions – Actions on structures
exposed to fire, November 2002.
prEN 1993-1-1, Eurocode 3 – Design of steel structures – Part 1.1: General rules and rules for buildings,
December 2003
prEN 1993-1-2, Eurocode 3 – Design of steel structures – Part 1.2: General rules structural fire design,
June 2004
BRE and Buro Happold have made every effort to ensure the accuracy and quality of all the information
in this document when first published. However, they can take no responsibility for the subsequent use
of this information, nor for any errors or omissions it may contain.
© Queen's Printer and Controller of Her Majesty's Stationery Office 2005
Project Title: Project Number: Sheet 2 of 13 Rev:
EC3 & EC4 Worked Examples 02
1. Introduction
The principles of the design of steel structures for the fire limit state are set out in EN1993-1-2. Many of
the concepts will be familiar to UK designers as the equivalent National standard, BS5950 Part 8, is, like
EN1993-1-2, a limit state code which takes into account uncertainties in material strength and load
distribution. It recognises the important influence of applied load on the performance in fire of structural
steel elements. A number of routes of various degrees of complexity are available to the designer in order
to provide the required performance. These range from a simple reliance on the results from standard fire
tests on isolated members to a consideration of the physical parameters influencing fire development
coupled with an analysis of the entire building. The design procedure is summarised in Figure 4.
Any fire design must take into account the following three inter-dependent relationships:
Examples of physically based thermal actions include empirically based parametric fire curves, localised
fires or mathematically based simulations of the anticipated thermal exposure. For the purpose of this
document the thermal exposure will be restricted to the familiar standard time-temperature response.
factors for loading at the fire limit state are used to assess performance against the reduced resistance to
determine whether additional protection or an alternative design (such as the use of a larger section than
required for ambient conditions) should be used. Again advanced non-linear methods are available to
determine more precisely the response of a frame or an entire building to the effects of fire but the use of
such techniques is outside the scope of this guidance.
For the purpose of this document the worked examples considered will follow the simplified design
procedure summarised in Figure 5.
For step 1 the fire resistance requirements will be as specified in Approved Document B and related to
building occupancy and height above ground. The fire resistance requirements will be provided as a
specified time to failure under standard test conditions. It is important to note that there are alternative
(physically based) methods for determining required performance not considered here.
The calculation of the load effects at the fire limit state is similar to the procedure adopted in the latest
version of BS5950 Part 8. The designer must be familiar with both EN1990 (Basis of Structural Design)
which provides the required load combinations (as for ambient temperature design) and with EN1991-1-2
(the fire part of the Actions code) which in addition to specifying the available options for thermal actions
for temperature analysis (see above) also specifies the mechanical actions for structural analysis. In
particular EN 1991-1-2 specifies the partial factor for imposed (assuming leading variable action) loading
for the fire limit state. The value chosen for use in the UK is ψ1 as detailed in Table 1 below.
The partial factor for imposed loading at the fire limit state is a recognition of the small probability that the
full design load will be in place at the time of a fire. The relatively large influence of imposed loads on steel
construction provides benefits in terms of the reduction factor for the design load level for the fire limit
state. This relationship is illustrated in Figure 6.
The procedure is illustrated with reference to a simple worked example illustrating the use of unprotected
structural steel in fire.
Project Title: Project Number: Sheet 4 of 13 Rev:
EC3 & EC4 Worked Examples 02
Laterally restrained simply supported secondary beams are located at 3m centres. Table & clause
Carry out the design checks for a 406 x 178 x 54 UB in grade S355 steel for a fire numbers given
resistance period of 30 minutes under a uniform temperature distribution. relate to
EN1993-1-2
Uniformly distributed load
unless stated
otherwise.
6m
Figure 1. Overview of simply supported beam
Span of beam L = 6.00m
Secondary beams at centres l = 3.00 m
2. Loading
2.1. Permanent actions (G)
2
Uniformly Distributed Load over whole floor area Gk.area = 3.00 kN/m
Uniformly Distributed Load along beam (UDL) Gk = Gk.area × l = 9.00 kN/m
2.2. Variable actions (Q)
2
Uniformly Distributed Load over whole floor area Qk.area = 3.50 kN/m
Uniformly Distributed Load along beam (UDL) Qk = Qk.area × l = 10.50 kN/m
6.2. Repeat check in the temperature domain for the 457 x 178 x 54 UB
For the original member selection (406 x 178 x 82 UB). The degree of utilisation (µ0)
is determined from:
Efi.d / Rfi.d.0
For this check the effect of actions (Efi.d) is the bending moment at the fire limit state:
Mfi.d = 64.13 kNm Sheet 5
and Rfi.d.0 is the design moment resistance at time t = 0 is equal to the plastic
moment capacity:
MRd = Mpl.Rd = 374.40 kNm
µ0 = Mfi.d / MRd =0.171 4.2.4(4)
Note: This value is lower than the lowest tabulated value in Table 4.1 of EN1993-1-2
therefore it is necessary to calculate θa.cr explicitly.
3.833
θa.cr = 39.19 × ln((1 / (0.9674 × µ0 )) – 1) + 482 = 748 °C 4.2.4(2)
Note: This temperature is slightly less than the design temperature previously adopted
(760°C) and therefore some minor fire protection would be required. The time-temperature
relationship for the unprotected section is illustrated in Figure 7.
7. Temperature-time response
It is possible to calculate the temperature-time response of the bare
steel member using the formula given in EN 1993-1-2.
The steel temperature difference (Δθa.t) for the specific time step is determined from:
ksh × ((Am / V) / (ca × pa)) × hnet.d × Δt 4.2.5.1(1)
Where:
ksh is the shadow factor (for I sections under nominal fire actions, determined from:
0.9 × [Am / V]b / [Am / V] 4.2.5.1(2)
Am / V is the profiled section factor for unprotected members
[Am / V]b is the boxed value of the section factor
Am is the surface area of the member per unit length (m²)
ρa is the unit mass of steel (7850 kg/m³)
ca is the specific heat of steel (600 J/kgK)
hnet,d is the design value of the net heat flux per unit area (W/m²) – from EN1991-1-2
Δt is the time interval (seconds)
The net heat flux is composed of radiative and convective components of which
the rediative (hnet.r) is determined from:
-8 4 4
5.67 × 10 × Φεres × ((θr + 273) - (θm + 273) ) EN1991-1-2, 3.1(6)
Where:
-8
5.67 × 10 is the Stefan-Boltzmann constant
Project Title: Project Number: Sheet 8 of 13 Rev:
EC3 & EC4 Worked Examples 02
The solution is solved iteratively using a spreadsheet and a time step equal in this case to 5 seconds. The
steel temperature using the above equations is calculated as 833°C at 30 minutes and the
time/temperature relationship for the steel and atmosphere temperature is illustrated in Figure 7. Although
the method is illustrated here with reference to the standard time-temperature curve one of the main
advantages is that the procedure can be adapted to cover any known time-temperature relationship.
Clearly the examples above has been chosen to illustrate certain concepts such as:
The example chosen is not particularly practical as the very low level of utilisation means that it is very
inefficient at the ultimate limit state. For steel construction a more realistic case would be to consider the
same section (406 x 178 x 54 UB) for an increased fire resistance period. The same condition will be
assessed for a required period of fire resistance of 60 minutes.
It is clear from the above that the section will require fire protection. In this case a number of alternatives
are available to the designer, they may:
• Determine the section factor according to the Eurocode classification and utilise tabulated values such
as those in the “Yellow Book”
• Calculate the critical temperature for the appropriate fire resistance period and specify this as a target
value for fire protection
• Calculate the thickness of fire protection required using the formula in the Eurocode.
Section Factor
The section factor (Am / V) is the ratio between the exposed surface area and the volume of steel. This is
synonymous with the Hp/A value familiar to UK designers. For UK sections the section factor is tabulated in
-1
the “Yellow Book” and, for the example here the relevant figure for four sided exposure is 215m . The
value can be easily calculated using the tables in the Eurocode. As an example for the fire resistance
period required a thickness of 1.15mm of a particular water based thin film intumescent coating would
provide the required level of fire resistance.
The steel temperature at 60 minutes is approximately 937°C for an unprotected section. Clearly this is way
above the critical temperature of 748°C. The critical temperature can then be used as the target value for
fire protection manufacturers to demonstrate that the steel temperature can be kept below it for the
specified period.
Project Title: Project Number: Sheet 10 of 13 Rev:
EC3 & EC4 Worked Examples 02
For members with passive fire protection the method of calculating the heat transfer is similar to that above
for unprotected steel. The use of a highly insulating layer considerably reduces the heating rate of the
member. The appropriate formula is:
!% a.t = ((& p x A p /( V x (% g.t " % a.t ))) / (dp x c a x $ a x (1 + (# / 3)))) x ( ! t " ((e ( # / 10 ) " 1) x ! g.t ))
With:
! = ((c p x p p ) / (c a x p a )) x d p x ( A p / V )
Where
Ap / V is the section factor for protected steel member
ca is the specific heat of the steel
cp is the specific heat of the protective material
dp is the thickness of fire protection
θa,t is the temperature of the steel at time t
θg,t is the temperature of the gas at time t
Δg,t is the increase in gas temperature over the time step t
λp is the thermal conductivity of the fire protection material
ρa is the density of the steel
ρp is the density of the protection material
Using an iterative spreadsheet calculation the temperature of the insulated steelwork is calculated as
496°C after 60 minutes of the standard fire. This is within the critical temperature for the member and
therefore the protection is adequate. (Note: there is still a requirement to demonstrate the “stickability” of
the fire protection material). The results are illustrated in Figure 8.
The example above has been used to illustrate the potential use of unprotected steel and to illustrate
verification in the terms of resistance and temperature. The alternative calculation procedures are related
as the former requires a knowledge of the temperature of the member at the fire resistance period (used to
derive the reduction factor ky,θ) while the latter requires a knowledge of the degree of utilisation (μfi).
Project Title: Project Number: Sheet 11 of 13 Rev:
EC3 & EC4 Worked Examples 02
Client: Checked/date:
YW/ October 2004
Project Design
Figure 6. Relationship between reduction factor and ratio of dead and imposed load
Project Title: Project Number: Sheet 13 of 13 Rev:
EC3 & EC4 Worked Examples 02
900
800
700
600
temperature (deg C)
500
400
300
200
100
0
0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35
time (mins)
Figure 7. Unprotected steel temperature for 30 minute fire resistance period 406x178UB54
1000
900
800
700
temperature (deg C)
600
500
400
300
200
100
0
0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70
time (mins)
Figure 8. Protected steel temperature for 60 minute fire resistance period 406x178UB54
Project Title: Project Number: Sheet 1 of 9 Rev:
EC3 & EC4 Worked Examples 02
Client: Checked/date:
YW / November 2004
The following Codes have been used for this worked example:
BS EN 1990, Basis of Structural Design, July 2002, with UK National Annex, March 2004
BS EN 1991-1-1, Eurocode 1 – Actions on structures – Part 1.1: General actions – Densities, self-weight,
imposed loads for buildings, July 2002
BS EN 1991-1-2, Eurocode 1 – Actions on structures – Part 1.2: General actions – Actions on structures
exposed to fire, November 2002.
prEN1992-1-1, Eurocode 2 – Design of concrete structures – Part 1.1: General rules and rules for
buildings, April 2003
prEN 1993-1-1, Eurocode 3 – Design of steel structures – Part 1.1: General rules and rules for buildings,
December 2003
prEN 1994-1-2, Eurocode 4 – Design of composite steel and concrete structures – Part 1.2: General rules
structural fire design, October 2003
DDENV denotes a European Prestandard that was made available for provisional application, but
does not have the status of a European Standard
BRE and Buro Happold have made every effort to ensure the accuracy and quality of all the information
in this document when first published. However, they can take no responsibility for the subsequent use
of this information, nor for any errors or omissions it may contain.
© Queen's Printer and Controller of Her Majesty's Stationery Office 2005
Project Title: Project Number: Sheet 3 of 9 Rev:
EC3 & EC4 Worked Examples 02
Client: Checked/date:
YW / November 2004
1. Loading
1.1. Permanent actions (G)
2
Uniformly Distributed Load over whole floor area Gk.area = 3.92 kN/m
Uniformly Distributed Load along beam (UDL) Gk = Gk.area × l = 11.76 kN/m
1.2. Variable actions (Q)
2
Uniformly Distributed Load over whole floor area Qk.area = 5.00 kN/m
Uniformly Distributed Load along beam (UDL) Qk = Qk.area × l = 15.00 kN/m
Client: Checked/date:
YW / November 2004
– Are accounted for by conservatively chosen support models and boundary conditions
and/or implicitly considered by conservatively specified fire safety requirements.’
3.1. Design Moment – Fire limit state
2
Mfi.d = (FEd.fi × L ) / 8 = 240.75 kNm
4. Section Classification
Section: UB 406 x 178 x 60
z 1000
tf
130
12.8
y y d 7.9
h 406
tw
r
z 178
b (all dimensions in mm)
The critical temperature is related to the load level and the strength of the steel at
elevated temperature by the relationship: 4.3.4.2.3(3)
1.0" fi.t = f ay.!cr / f ay (for fire resistance periods other than 30 minutes) Eq. 4.10b
Where:
fay. θcr is the strength of the steel section at the critical temperature
Project Title: Project Number: Sheet 5 of 9 Rev:
EC3 & EC4 Worked Examples 02
Client: Checked/date:
YW / November 2004
fay is the strength of the steel section at ambient temperature (fay = fy)
! fi.t = E fi.d.t / R d (as defined in clause 4.1(7)P)
Efi.d.t is the design effect of actions in the fire situation at time t (E fi.d.t = ! fi x E d )
Ed is the design effect of actions at ambient temperature
Therefore:
ηfi = FEd.fi / ((γG × Gk) + (γQ × Qk)) = 0.502
Efi.d.t = ηfi × MEd = 240.75 kNm
ηfi.t = Efi.d.t / MRd = 0.301
Note: The use of very similar symbols for ηfi and ηfi,t is confusing. The former is the
relationship between the load (or actions) under fire conditions and the corresponding
load under normal conditions while the latter is the relationship between the effects of
actions (in this case bending moment) under fire conditions and the resistance at ambient
temperature. This is a similar concept to the load ratio as defined in BS5950: Part 8
Therefore the strength of the steel section at the critical temperature is:
2
fay. θcr = ηfi.t × fay = 106.71 N/mm 4.3.4.2.3(3)
The critical temperature at which the yield strength will reduce to a value of
2
106.5 N/mm must be determined and compared with the required fire resistance
period (60 minutes).
The increase in temperature of the various parts of an unprotected steel beam during
the time interval Δt is given by:
•
!# a.t = k shadow x (1 / (c a x " a ) x ( A / Vi ) x h net x !t 4.3.4.2.2(3) Eq 4.6
Where:
kshadow is the correction factor for the shadow effect
ca is the specific heat of steel (600 J/kgK)
3
ρa is the density of steel (700 kg/m )
Project Title: Project Number: Sheet 6 of 9 Rev:
EC3 & EC4 Worked Examples 02
Client: Checked/date:
YW / November 2004
Ai is the exposed surface area of the part i of the steel cross-section per unit
2
length (m /m)
-1
Ai / Vi is the section factor of the part I of the steel cross section (m )
3
Vi is the volume of the part I of the steel cross-section per unit length (m /m)
Δt is the time interval (seconds)
•
2
h net is the design value of the net heat flux per unit area (W/m )
(obtained from EN1991-1-2) EN1991-1-2
• • •
h net = h net.c + h net.r 3.1 (2)
•
h net.r = # m x # f x 5.67 x 10 "8 x ((! t + 273 ) 4 " (! a.t + 273 ) 4 )
-8
Where 5.67 x 10 is the Stefan-Boltzmann constant
θt is the ambient gas temperature at time t(°C)
θa.t is the steel temperature at time t (assumed uniform in each part of the
cross-section) (°C)
εm is the emissivity of the material (0.7) 2.2 (2)
EN1991-1-2
εf is the emissivity of the fire (1.0) 3.1 (6)
•
h net.c = # c x (! g " ! m )
Client: Checked/date:
YW / November 2004
z
e1
y y hw h
ew
r
b1
An iterative method using an excel spread sheet is used to calculate the increase in
temperature of the uninsulated steel section. The time-temperature response is
illustrated in Figure 6.
1000
900
800
700
600
500
400
300
200
100
0
0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70
FURNACE steel
From Figure 6 it can be seen that the critical temperature of 670 °C corresponding to
a reduction in the effective yield stress to a value of 106.5 N/mm² occurs after
Project Title: Project Number: Sheet 8 of 9 Rev:
EC3 & EC4 Worked Examples 02
Client: Checked/date:
YW / November 2004
This can be achieved either by applying a sprayed or boarded fire passive fire
protection system, an intumescent paint or by providing partial protection by filling
between the flanges with reinforced concrete. In this instance a sprayed passive fire
protection system is used. As with the EN1993 example the iterative calculation
procedure for determining the rise in the steel temperature needs to be carried out
taking into account the properties of the fire protection system. For protected
members the relevant formula is:
Where
w = 0.419 = (c p / ! p / (c a x ! a )) x d p x (A p.i / Vi )
where:
λp is the thermal conductivity of the fire protection material (0.174 W/mK)
dp is the thickness of the fire protection material (0.025m)
Api is the area of the inner surface of the fire protection material per unit length
of the relevant part of the steel member
cp is the specific heat of the fire protection material (1200 J/kgK)
Δθa.t is the increase in the ambient gas temperature during time interval t (°C)
ρp is the density of the fire protection material ( 430 kg/m³)
Therefore:
w = 0.419
As sprayed protection is applied directly to the surface of the steel member the
-1
section factor remains unchanged at 167.5m .
For a similar time step the temperature rise is similarly calculated for the protected
section using a spreadsheet. The results are illustrated in Figure 7 (on sheet 9).
In this instance the temperature at 60 minutes is just over 450°C and the critical
temperature is not exceeded even for the 90 minute period. Consequently the design
is acceptable for the fire resistance period. However, the design is not particularly
efficient and the designer may wish to complete the calculation using a smaller
section size.
Project Title: Project Number: Sheet 9 of 9 Rev:
EC3 & EC4 Worked Examples 02
Client: Checked/date:
YW / November 2004
1200
1000
800
600
400
200
0
0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90