ENSC 20043 Statics Lec4 Ch4 Force System Resultants

4.
Force System Resultants
CHAPTER 04
FORCE SYSTEM RESULTANTS
ENSC 20043STRUCTURAL
CIEN 3144 STATICS OF THEORY
RIGID BODIES
1
Prepared by Engr. Melvin G. Singayan
4. Force System Resultants
CHAPTER OBJECTIVES
 To discuss the concept of the moment of a force and show how to

calculate it in two and three dimensions.
 To provide a method for finding the moment of a force about a
specified axis.
 To define the moment of a couple.
 To show how to find the resultant effect of a nonconcurrent force
system.
 To indicate how to reduce a simple distributed loading to a
resultant force acting at a specified location.
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4.1 MOMENT OF A FORCE – SCALAR FORMULATION

• When a force is applied to a body it will produce a tendency for the
body to rotate about a point that is not on the line of action of the
force. This tendency to rotate is sometimes called a torque, but
most often it is called the moment of a force or simply the
moment.
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Magnitude
• The magnitude of MO is
MO = Fd
where d is the moment arm or

perpendicular distance from the axis at
point O to the line of action of the
force. Units of moment magnitude
consist of force times distance, e.g., N-
m or lb-ft.
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Direction
• The direction of MO is defined by its
moment axis, which is perpendicular to
the plane that contains the force F and its
moment arm d.
• The right-hand rule is used to establish

the sense of direction of MO.
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Resultant Moment
• For two-dimensional problems, where all the forces lie within the x–
y plane, the resultant moment (MR)O about point O (the z axis) can
be determined by finding the algebraic sum of the moments caused
by all the forces in the system.
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Resultant Moment
• As a convention, we will generally consider positive moments as
counterclockwise since they are directed along the positive z axis
(out of the page). Clockwise moments will be negative.
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SAMPLE PROBLEM | 4.1

For each case illustrated below, determine the moment of the force
about point O.
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Determine the resultant moment of the four forces acting on the rod
shown about point O.
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4.2 CROSS PRODUCT

• The moment of a force will be formulated using Cartesian vectors
in the next section. Before doing this, however, it is first necessary
to expand our knowledge of vector algebra and introduce the
cross-product method of vector multiplication, first used by Willard
Gibbs in lectures given in the late 19th century.
• The cross product of two vectors A and B yields the vector C,

which is written
C=A×B
and is read “C equals A cross B.”
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4.2 CROSS PRODUCT

Magnitude
• The magnitude of C is defined as the product of the magnitudes of
A and B and the sine of the angle q between their tails (0° ≤ q ≤
180°). Thus, C = AB sin q.
Direction
• Vector C has a direction that is perpendicular to the plane
containing A and B such that C is specified by the right-hand rule;
i.e., curling the fingers of the right hand from vector A (cross) to
vector B, the thumb points in the direction of C, as shown in the
figure.
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4.2 CROSS PRODUCT

Direction
• Knowing both the magnitude and direction
of C, we can write
C = A × B = (AB sin q)uC
where the scalar AB sin q defines the
magnitude of C and the unit vector uC
defines the direction of C.
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4.2 CROSS PRODUCT

Laws of Operation
• The commutative law is not valid; i.e., A × B ≠ B × A. Rather,
A × B = -B × A
This is shown by using the right-hand rule. The cross product B ×
A yields a vector that has the same magnitude but acts in the
opposite direction to C; i.e., B × A = -C.
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4.2 CROSS PRODUCT

Laws of Operation
• If the cross product is multiplied by a scalar a, it obeys the
associative law;
a(A × B) = (aA) × B = A × (aB) = (A × B)a
This property is easily shown since the magnitude of the resultant
vector (|a|AB sin q) and its direction are the same in each case.
• The vector cross product also obeys the distributive law of addition,
A × (B + D) = (A × B) + (A × D)
• It is important to note that proper order of the cross products must

be maintained, since they are not commutative.
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4.2 CROSS PRODUCT

Cartesian Vector Formulation
• The equation, C = A × B = (AB sin q)uC, may be used to find the
cross product of any pair of Cartesian unit vectors. For example, to
find i × j, the magnitude of the resultant vector is (i)(j)(sin 90°) =
(1)(1)(1) = 1, and its direction is determined using the right-hand
rule.
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4.2 CROSS PRODUCT

• Considering the cross product of two general vectors A and B
which are expressed in Cartesian vector form, we have
A × B = (AyBz - AzBy)i – (AxBz - AzBx)j + (AxBy - AyBx)k
• This equation may also be written in a more compact determinant

form as
i j k
A×B= Ax Ay Az
Bx By Bz
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4.3 MOMENT OF A FORCE – VECTOR FORMULATION

• The moment of a force F about point O, or actually about the
moment axis passing through O and perpendicular to the plane
containing O and F, can be expressed using the vector cross
product, namely,
MO = r × F
Here r represents a position vector directed from O to any point on
the line of action of F.
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Magnitude
• The magnitude of the cross product is defined as MO = rF sin q,
where the angle q is measured between the tails of r and F.
MO = rF sin q = F(r sin q) = Fd
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Direction
• The direction and sense of MO are determined by the right-hand
rule as it applies to the cross product.
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Principle of Transmissibility
• The cross product operation is often used in three dimensions since
the perpendicular distance or moment arm from point O to the line
of action of the force is not needed.
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Principle of Transmissibility
• In other words, we can use any position vector r measured from
point O to any point on the line of action of the force F. Thus,
MO = r1 × F = r2 × F = r3 × F
• Since F can be applied at any point along its line of action and still
create this same moment about point O, then F can be considered
a sliding vector. This property is called the principle of
transmissibility of a force.
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• If we establish x, y, z coordinate axes, then the position vector r
and force F can be expressed as Cartesian vectors. We have
i j k
MO = r × F = rx ry rz
Fx Fy Fz
where
rx , ry , rz represent the x, y, z components of the position vector
drawn from point O to any point on the line of action of
the force
Fx , Fy , Fz represent the x, y, z components of the force vector
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• If the determinant is expanded, we have
MO = (ryFz - rzFy)i – (rxFz - rzFx)j + (rxFy - ryFx)k
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• If a body is acted upon by a system of forces, the resultant
moment of the forces about point O can be determined by vector
addition of the moment of each force. This resultant can be written
symbolically as
(MR)O = Ʃ(r × F)
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Determine the moment produced by the force F about point O.
Express the result as a Cartesian vector.
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Two forces act on the rod shown. Determine the resultant moment
they create about the flange at O. Express the result as a Cartesian
vector.
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4.4 PRINCIPLE OF MOMENTS

Varignon’s Theorem
• A concept often used in mechanics developed by the French
mathematician Pierre Varignon (1654 – 1722)
• States that the moment of a force about a point is equal to the sum
of the moments of the components of the force about the point.
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Determine the moment of the force about point O.
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Force F acts at the end of the angle bracket. Determine the moment of
the force about point O.
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4.5 MOMENT OF A FORCE ABOUT A SPECIFIED AXIS

Scalar Analysis
• In general, for any axis a, the moment is
Ma = Fda
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Vector Analysis
• To find the moment of force F in the figure about the y axis using a
vector analysis, we must first determine the moment of the force
about any point O on the y axis by applying MO = r × F.
The component My along the y axis is

the projection of MO onto the y axis.
It can be found using the dot product,
so that My = j ∙ MO = j ∙ (r × F), where
j is the unit vector for the y axis.
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Vector Analysis
This can be generalized by letting ua be
the unit vector that specifies the direction
of the a axis. Then the moment of F
about a point O on the axis is MO = r ×
F, and the projection of this moment
onto the a axis is Ma = ua ∙ (r × F).
This combination is referred to as the
scalar triple product.
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Vector Analysis
• If the vectors are written in Cartesian form, we have
uax uay uaz

Ma = ua ∙ (r × F) = rx ry rz
Fx Fy Fz
where
uax , uay , uaz represent the x, y, z components of the unit vector defining the
direction of the a axis
rx , ry , rz represent the x, y, z components of the position vector extended
from any point O on the a axis to any point A on the line of action
of the force
Fx , Fy , Fz represent the x, y, z components of the force vector.
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Determine the resultant moment of the three forces about the x axis,
the y axis, and the z axis.
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Determine the moment MAB produced by the force F which tends to
rotate the rod about the AB axis.
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Determine the magnitude of the moment of force F about segment OA
of the pipe assembly.
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4.6 MOMENT OF A COUPLE

• A couple is defined as two parallel forces that have the same
magnitude, but opposite directions, and are separated by a
perpendicular distance d.
• Since the resultant force is zero, the only effect of a couple is to
produce an actual rotation, or if no movement is possible, there is a
tendency of rotation in a specified direction.
• The moment produced by a couple is called a couple moment.
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• The couple moment determined about O is
M=r×F
• This indicates that a couple moment is a free vector, i.e., it can

act at any point since M depends only upon the position vector r
directed between the forces and not the position vectors rA and rB,
directed from the arbitrary point O to the forces.
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Scalar Formulation
The moment of a couple, M is defined
as having a magnitude of
M = Fd
where F is the magnitude of one of the

forces and d is the perpendicular
distance or moment arm between the
forces.
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Vector Formulation
• The moment of a couple can also be expressed by the vector cross
product
M=r×F
Equivalent Couples
• If two couples produce a moment with the same magnitude and
direction, then these two couples are equivalent.
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Equivalent Couples
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Resultant Couple Moment
Since couple moments are vectors, their
resultant can be determined by vector
addition.
If more than two couple moments act
on the body, we may generalize this
concept and write the vector resultant
as
MR = Ʃ(r × F)
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Determine the resultant couple moment of the three couples acting on
the plate.
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Determine the couple moment acting on the pipe shown. Segment AB
is directed 30° below the x–y plane.
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Replace the two couples acting on the pipe column by a resultant
couple moment.
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4.7 SIMPLIFICATION OF A FORCE AND COUPLE SYSTEM

• Sometimes it is convenient to reduce a system of forces and couple
moments acting on a body to a simpler form by replacing it with an
equivalent system, consisting of a single resultant force acting at
a specific point and a resultant couple moment.
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System of Forces and Couple Moments
• In reducing a force and couple system to an equivalent resultant
force FR acting at point O and a resultant couple moment (MR)O,
we can use the following two equations.
FR = ƩF
(MR)O = ƩMO + ƩM
= =
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System of Forces and Couple Moments
• If the force system lies in the x–y plane and any couple moments
are perpendicular to this plane, then the above equations reduce to
the following three scalar equations.
(FR)x = ƩFx
(FR)y = ƩFy
(MR)O = ƩMO + ƩM
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Replace the force and couple system shown by an equivalent resultant
force and couple moment acting at point O.
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The structural member is subjected to a couple moment M and forces
F1 and F2. Replace this system by an equivalent resultant force and
couple moment acting at its base, point O.
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4.8 FURTHER SIMPLIFICATION OF A FORCE AND

COUPLE SYSTEM
Concurrent Force System
• Since a concurrent force system is one in which the lines of
action of all the forces intersect at a common point O, then the
force system produces no moment about this point.
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COUPLE SYSTEM
Coplanar Force System
• In the case of a coplanar force system, the lines of action of all
the forces lie in the same plane, and so the resultant force FR = ƩF
of this system also lies in this plane.
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COUPLE SYSTEM
Parallel Force System
• The parallel force system shown consists of forces that are all
parallel to the z axis. Thus, the resultant force FR = ƩF at point O
must also be parallel to this axis.
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COUPLE SYSTEM
Reduction to a Wrench
• This combination of a resultant force FR and collinear couple
moment M|| will tend to translate and rotate the body about its axis
and is referred to as a wrench or screw. A wrench is the simplest
system that can represent any general force and couple moment
system acting on a body.
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Replace the force and couple moment system acting on the beam by
an equivalent resultant force, and find where its line of action
intersects the beam, measured from point O.
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The slab is subjected to four parallel forces. Determine the magnitude
and direction of a resultant force equivalent to the given force system,
and locate its point of application on the slab.
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Replace the force system by an equivalent resultant force and specify
its point of application on the pedestal.
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4.9 REDUCTION OF A SIMPLE DISTRIBUTED LOADING

Loading Along a Single Axis
• The most common type of distributed loading encountered in
engineering practice can be represented along a single axis.
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Magnitude of Resultant Force
• The magnitude of FR is equivalent to the sum of all the forces in
the system.
FR = w(x) dx = dA = A
L A
• The magnitude of the resultant force is equal to the area A under

the loading diagram.
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Location of Resultant Force
xw(x) dx x dA
L A
x̅ = =
w(x) dx dA
L A
• The resultant force has a line of action which passes through the
centroid (geometric center) of the area under the loading diagram.
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Determine the magnitude and location of the equivalent resultant
force acting on the shaft.
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A distributed loading of p = (800x) Pa acts over the top surface of the
beam shown. Determine the magnitude and location of the equivalent
resultant force.
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The granular material exerts the distributed loading on the beam as
shown. Determine the magnitude and location of the equivalent
resultant of this load.
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4.

Force System Resultants

FORCE SYSTEM RESULTANTS

 To discuss the concept of the moment of a force and show how to

4.1 MOMENT OF A FORCE – SCALAR FORMULATION

4.1 MOMENT OF A FORCE – SCALAR FORMULATION

where d is the moment arm or

4.1 MOMENT OF A FORCE – SCALAR FORMULATION

• The right-hand rule is used to establish

4.1 MOMENT OF A FORCE – SCALAR FORMULATION

4.1 MOMENT OF A FORCE – SCALAR FORMULATION

SAMPLE PROBLEM | 4.1

SAMPLE PROBLEM | 4.2

4.2 CROSS PRODUCT

• The cross product of two vectors A and B yields the vector C,

and is read “C equals A cross B.”

4.2 CROSS PRODUCT

4.2 CROSS PRODUCT

4.2 CROSS PRODUCT

4.2 CROSS PRODUCT

• It is important to note that proper order of the cross products must

4.2 CROSS PRODUCT

4.2 CROSS PRODUCT

A × B = (AyBz - AzBy)i – (AxBz - AzBx)j + (AxBy - AyBx)k

• This equation may also be written in a more compact determinant

4.3 MOMENT OF A FORCE – VECTOR FORMULATION

4.3 MOMENT OF A FORCE – VECTOR FORMULATION

MO = rF sin q = F(r sin q) = Fd

4.3 MOMENT OF A FORCE – VECTOR FORMULATION

4.3 MOMENT OF A FORCE – VECTOR FORMULATION

4.3 MOMENT OF A FORCE – VECTOR FORMULATION

4.3 MOMENT OF A FORCE – VECTOR FORMULATION

4.3 MOMENT OF A FORCE – VECTOR FORMULATION

MO = (ryFz - rzFy)i – (rxFz - rzFx)j + (rxFy - ryFx)k

4.3 MOMENT OF A FORCE – VECTOR FORMULATION

SAMPLE PROBLEM | 4.3

SAMPLE PROBLEM | 4.4

4.4 PRINCIPLE OF MOMENTS

SAMPLE PROBLEM | 4.5

SAMPLE PROBLEM | 4.6

4.5 MOMENT OF A FORCE ABOUT A SPECIFIED AXIS

4.5 MOMENT OF A FORCE ABOUT A SPECIFIED AXIS

The component My along the y axis is

4.5 MOMENT OF A FORCE ABOUT A SPECIFIED AXIS

4.5 MOMENT OF A FORCE ABOUT A SPECIFIED AXIS

uax uay uaz

SAMPLE PROBLEM | 4.7

SAMPLE PROBLEM | 4.8

SAMPLE PROBLEM | 4.9

4.6 MOMENT OF A COUPLE

• The moment produced by a couple is called a couple moment.

4.6 MOMENT OF A COUPLE

• This indicates that a couple moment is a free vector, i.e., it can

4.6 MOMENT OF A COUPLE

where F is the magnitude of one of the

4.6 MOMENT OF A COUPLE

4.6 MOMENT OF A COUPLE

4.6 MOMENT OF A COUPLE

SAMPLE PROBLEM | 4.10

SAMPLE PROBLEM | 4.11

SAMPLE PROBLEM | 4.12

4.7 SIMPLIFICATION OF A FORCE AND COUPLE SYSTEM