Lecture Notes in Computer Science 3693

Commenced Publication in 1973

Founding and Former Series Editors:
Gerhard Goos, Juris Hartmanis, and Jan van Leeuwen

Editorial Board
David Hutchison
Lancaster University, UK
Takeo Kanade
Carnegie Mellon University, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
Josef Kittler
University of Surrey, Guildford, UK
Jon M. Kleinberg
Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, USA
Friedemann Mattern
ETH Zurich, Switzerland
John C. Mitchell
Stanford University, CA, USA
Moni Naor
Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot, Israel
Oscar Nierstrasz
University of Bern, Switzerland
C. Pandu Rangan
Indian Institute of Technology, Madras, India
Bernhard Steffen
University of Dortmund, Germany
Madhu Sudan
Massachusetts Institute of Technology, MA, USA
Demetri Terzopoulos
New York University, NY, USA
Doug Tygar
University of California, Berkeley, CA, USA
Moshe Y. Vardi
Rice University, Houston, TX, USA
Gerhard Weikum
Max-Planck Institute of Computer Science, Saarbruecken, Germany
Anthony G. Cohn David M. Mark (Eds.)

Spatial
Information Theory

International Conference, COSIT 2005

Ellicottville, NY, USA, September 14-18, 2005
Proceedings

13
Volume Editors

Anthony G. Cohn
University of Leeds, School of Computing
Leeds, LS2 9JT, UK
E-mail: a.g.cohn@leeds.ac.uk

David M. Mark
University at Buffalo, Department of Geography
105 Wilkeson, North Campus, Buffalo, NY 14261-0023, USA,
E-mail: dmark@geog.buffalo.edu

Library of Congress Control Number: 2005932208

CR Subject Classification (1998): E.1, I.2, F.1, H.2.8, H.1, J.2

ISSN 0302-9743
ISBN-10 3-540-28964-X Springer Berlin Heidelberg New York
ISBN-13 978-3-540-28964-7 Springer Berlin Heidelberg New York

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 Preface

This volume contains the papers presented at the “Conference on Spatial Infor-
mation Theory”, held in Ellicottville, New York in September 2005. COSIT 2005
was the 7th International Conference held under the COSIT name. When An-
drew Frank and his colleagues organized the first COSIT conference on the island
of Elba, Italy, in 1993, it represented the maturing of an international research
community that had already met four or five times in the United States, Spain,
and Italy. Of course, cognitive and computational approaches to space and spa-
tial phenomena were not themselves new topics, but a context of providing theo-
retical underpinning for geographic information systems refocused some of these
researchers and brought them up against practical and conceptual challenges.
A second international symposium under the COSIT name, held in Semmering,
Austria in 1995, established COSIT as a biennial conference series that contin-
ued at Laurel Highlands, Pennsylvania, USA (1997), Stade, Germany (1999),
Morro Bay, California, USA (2001) and Ittingen, Switzerland (2003). A produc-
tive partnership with Springer’s Lecture Notes in Computer Science has ensured
that the papers from every COSIT meeting have been widely disseminated, and
the COSIT community has contributed significantly to the development of Geo-
graphic Information Science, Geoinformatics and Spatial Information Theory in
general.
This volume contains 30 papers, carefully selected from 82 manuscripts sub-
mitted for consideration. We believe that this is the largest number of papers
ever submitted to a COSIT conference. Each submission was rigorously reviewed
by three members of the program committee, and in cases where the reviewers
disagreed on the quality of the paper or its appropriateness for COSIT, we initi-
ated debates among the reviewers to resolve the disagreements. An acceptance
rate of 37 percent meant that some solid papers were rejected, as well as some
exciting new developments that the reviewers felt were not ready for publication
in a fully refereed volume.
We believe that the authorship of the papers in this COSIT 2005 volume
reflects both the continuity and strength of the series, and its openness to new
blood and new ideas. The 30 accepted papers have a total of 58 authors. Of those,
26 have written or co-authored a paper in a previous COSIT volume, but 32 are
appearing in their first COSIT volume (55 percent new). Of the 30 first authors,
18 are entirely new to the COSIT volumes (60 percent). Eleven of the papers
have single authors, six of whom are appearing in a COSIT volume for the first
time. Among the 19 co-authored papers, 11 had a mix of new and experienced
COSIT authors, expanding the COSIT community through co-authorship; the
remaining eight papers were equally split between four with all new authors and
four with all authors having previously published in COSIT. The author list is
also highly international, and the authors list current residences in 12 countries
VI Preface

on four continents. Countries of residence of authors include USA (9 papers),

Germany (7), UK (4), Canada (3), France (3), Australia (2), Austria (1), China
(1), Israel (1), Italy (1), Japan (1), and The Netherlands (1). (The total adds up
to more than 30 because 3 papers had multinational co-author lists.) By country
of origin, the list would be even longer.
In addition to the refereed contributions, COSIT 2005 also featured two
keynote presentations by Wolfram Burgard and Barbara Landau; abstracts of
their talks can be found in this volume, and we thank them for their contri-
butions to the conference. The conference also included a poster session one
evening, and a Doctoral Consortium on the Sunday.
Like any other scientific conference, COSIT 2005 would not have been pos-
sible without the intellectual contributions and hard work of many people. We
can thank only a few here. Most important are the authors and the Program
Committee. The authors decided to share a significant piece of their academic
lives with the COSIT community, and we thank them. Each PC member re-
viewed four or five papers, almost all within the short time frame available.
Of the 246 reviews requested, only one failed to appear! We wish especially to
thank the COSIT Steering Committee for providing advice on policy issues and
some special cases in the review process. We also wish to thank Rich Gerber and
his excellent START conference management software, which facilitated a very
smooth review and manuscript handling process; we can certainly recommend
it to other conference organizers! Finally, a long and incomplete list of others
who contributed in many ways: Springer Lecture Notes in Computer Science
and their staff for publishing the volume; Environmental Systems Research In-
stitute (ESRI) for supporting the Doctoral Consortium, and Femke Reitsma for
organizing and chairing it; Diane Holfelner, Linda Doerfler, LaDona Knigge, Pat
Shyhalla, and others at NCGIA-Buffalo; Chip Day, Patti Perks, and other staff at
the Holiday Valley resort and conference center; and Bruce Kolesnick and Mable
Tartt Sumpter at the University at Buffalo Office of Conferences and Special
Events for handling the conference registration. We thank Matt Duckham for
continuing to maintain the www.cosit.info domain.

July 2005 Tony Cohn and David Mark

 Organization

Program Chairs
Anthony G. Cohn University of Leeds, UK
David M. Mark University at Buffalo, USA

Steering Committee
Anthony G. Cohn University of Leeds, UK (Co-chair)
David M. Mark University at Buffalo, USA (Co-chair)
Michel Denis Université de Paris-Sud, France
Max Egenhofer University of Maine, USA
Andrew Frank Technical University of Vienna, Austria
Christian Freksa University of Bremen, Germany
Stephen Hirtle University of Pittsburgh, USA
Werner Kuhn University of Münster, Germany
Benjamin Kuipers University of Texas, USA
Daniel Montello University of California, Santa Barbara, USA
Barry Smith University at Buffalo, USA
Sabine Timpf University of Zurich, Switzerland
Barbara Tversky Stanford University, USA
Michael Worboys University of Maine, USA
VIII Organization
Program Committee
Gary Allen, USA
Thomas Barkowsky, Germany
John Bateman, UK
Brandon Bennett, UK
Michela Bertolotto, Ireland
Thomas Bittner, Germany
Mark Blades, UK
Gilberto Camara, Brazil
Roberto Casati, France
Eliseo Clementini, Italy
Helen Couclelis, USA
Matteo Cristani, Italy
Leila de Floriani, Italy
Matt Duckham, Australia
Geoffrey Edwards, Canada
Max Egenhofer, USA
Carola Eschenbach, Germany
Sara Fabrikant, USA
Andrew Frank, Austria
Christian Freksa, Germany
Mark Gahegan, USA
Anthony Galton, UK
Chris Gold, UK
Reg Golledge, USA
Christopher Habel, Germany
Kathleen Hornsby, USA
Chris Jones, UK
Marinos Kavouras, Greece
Additional Referees
Maureen Donnelly
Stephen Hirtle
Dan Montello
Markus Knauff, Germany
Werner Kuhn, Germany
Lars Kulik, Australia
Gerard Ligozat, France
Reinhardt Moratz, Germany
Bernhard Nebel, Germany
Dimitri Papadias, Hong Kong, China
Juval Portugali, Israel
Jonathan Raper, UK
Martin Raubal, Germany
Jochen Renz, Australia
Andrea Rodriguez, Chile
Christoph Schlieder, Germany
Michel Scholl, France
Barry Smith, USA
David Stea, USA
John Stell, UK
Holly Taylor, USA
Andrew Turk, Australia
Barbara Tversky, USA
David Uttal, USA
Laure Vieu, France
Stephan Winter, Australia
Michael Worboys, USA
Wai-Kiang Yeap, New Zealand
May Yuan, USA
 Table of Contents

I Vagueness, Uncertainty, and Gradation

Anchoring: A New Approach to Handling Indeterminate Location in GIS

Antony Galton, James Hood . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1

Gradation and Map Analysis in Area-Class Maps

Barry J. Kronenfeld . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 14

Simulation of Obfuscation and Negotiation for Location Privacy

Matt Duckham, Lars Kulik . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 31

II Paths and Routes

Investigating the Need for Eliminatory Constraints in the User Interface

of Bicycle Route Planners
Hartwig H. Hochmair, Claus Rinner . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 49

Path Memory in Real-World and Virtual Settings

Adam Hutcheson, Gary L. Allen . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 67

Shortest Path Search from a Physical Perspective

Takeshi Shirabe . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 83

III Ontology and Semantics

Operationalising ‘Sense of Place’ as a Cognitive Operator for Semantics

in Place-Based Ontologies
Pragya Agarwal . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 96

Data-Driven Matching of Geospatial Schemas

Steffen Volz . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 115

The Role of Spatial Relations in Automating the Semantic Annotation

of Geodata
Eva Klien, Michael Lutz . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 133
X Table of Contents

IV Ontology and Spatial Relations

Anatomical Information Science

Barry Smith, Jose L.V. Mejino Jr., Stefan Schulz, Anand Kumar,
Cornelius Rosse . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 149

Matching Names and Definitions of Topological Operators

Catharina Riedemann . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 165

Spatial Relations Between Classes of Individuals

Maureen Donnelly, Thomas Bittner . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 182

V Spatial Reasoning

Casl Specifications of Qualitative Calculi

Stefan Wölfl, Till Mossakowski . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 200

A Spatial Form of Diversity

Christophe Claramunt . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 218

Structure and Semantics of Arrow Diagrams

Yohei Kurata, Max J. Egenhofer . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 232

VI Cognitive Maps and Spatial Reasoning

Cognitive Maps Are over 60

Juval Portugali . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 251

Categorical Methods in Qualitative Reasoning: The Case for Weak

Representations
Gérard Ligozat . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 265

On Internal Cardinal Direction Relations

Yu Liu, Xiaoming Wang, Xin Jin, Lun Wu . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 283

VII Time, Change, and Dynamics

Dynamic Collectives and Their Collective Dynamics

Antony Galton . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 300
 Table of Contents XI

A Linguistics-Based Framework for Modeling Spatio-temporal

Occurrences and Purposive Change
Jeff T. Howarth, Helen Couclelis . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 316

Ordering Events for Dynamic Geospatial Domains

Suzannah Hall, Kathleen Hornsby . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 330

VIII Landmarks and Navigation

Structural Salience of Landmarks for Route Directions

Alexander Klippel, Stephan Winter . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 347

Expert and Non-expert Knowledge of Loosely Structured Environments

Sylvie Fontaine, Geoffrey Edwards, Barbara Tversky, Michel Denis . . . 363

Landmark Extraction: A Web Mining Approach

Taro Tezuka, Katsumi Tanaka . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 379

IX Geographic Information

Satellite Images - A Source for Social Scientists? On Handling Multiple

Conceptualisations of Space in Geographical Information Systems
Anders Wästfelt . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 397

3D Topographic Data Modelling: Why Rigidity Is Preferable to

Pragmatism
Friso Penninga . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 409

Morse-Smale Decompositions for Modeling Terrain Knowledge

Lidija Čomić, Leila De Floriani, Laura Papaleo . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 426

X Spatial Behavior

2D-3D MultiAgent GeoSimulation with Knowledge-Based Agents of

Customers’ Shopping Behavior in a Shopping Mall
Walid Ali, Bernard Moulin . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 445

Memory for Spatial Location: Influences of Environmental Cues and

Task Field Rotation
Sylvia Fitting, Douglas H. Wedell, Gary L. Allen . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 459

Network and Psychological Effects in Urban Movement

Bill Hillier, Shinichi Iida . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 475
XII Table of Contents

XI Abstracts of Keynote Talks

Probabilistic Techniques for Mobile Robot Navigation

Wolfram Burgard . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 491

Spatial Language, Spatial Thought: Parallels in Path Structure

Barbara Landau . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 492

Author Index . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 493